This policy proposal aspires to:
Create more credible, representative, and non-partisan media outlets;
Redesign the laws and standards of governance for the media sector; and
Eliminating censorship and proposing alternative regulatory policies.
This policy brief recommends a three-pronged approach to reshape the citizen-state relationship in Lebanon and eradicate sectarianism through electoral law reform, civic education reform, and civil status law reform. The brief argues that reforming the electoral law to ensure free, fair, and non-sectarian political representation is the most urgent priority. It also recommends promoting a new civil status law to reshape citizens' relationship with the state independent of religious affiliation, and improving civic education to promote citizenship values over sectarianism. Together, these reforms aim to empower citizens at the political, personal, and cultural levels to overcome sectarian divisions and advance a just, democratic system in Lebanon. The brief calls on civil society groups to advocate for
The Sectarian Political system.Towards Eradicating Confessional Tensions.Engl...PACE LEBANON
Executive Summary
Lebanese citizens are bound socially, economically, politically and personally to a sectarian system that perpetuates itself in continuous cycles of violence and subjugation. In its preamble, the Lebanese Constitution states that “Lebanon is a democratic, parliamentary republic founded on respect for public liberties, the foremost of which are freedom of opinion and belief, and on social justice and equality in rights and in duties for all citizens without discrimination or distinction.” Yet existing government policies and practices do not reflect the principles of justice, fairness, and equality.
Civil society organizations (CSOs) play an essential role in promoting citizenship and democratic values, and should deploy efforts to free citizens from the binds of religious sects as a first step to eradicating confessionalism and reducing sectarian tensions.
With the 2013 parliamentary elections approaching, there is a golden opportunity for civil society to pressure Members of Parliament (MPs) for electoral law reform and better political representation. Advocates of a civil status law also have an opportunity to capitalize on a 2009 Ministerial Decree that allows citizens to remove reference to their sect in personal records. Moreover, civil society should strengthen its demands for citizenship education and a unified history book, especially since the Ministry of Education is currently in the process of reforming civic education in public schools.
This brief proposes three mutually reinforcing policy areas promoting a non-confessional proportional electoral system, a civil status law, and a civic education curriculum.
In light of the above, this policy proposal aspires to:
Ensure free, fair, and non-sectarian political representation that promotes citizen rights;
Reshape citizen-state relationships through civil status reform; and
Promote citizenship values and social cohesion through education reform and adoption of a unified history book.
These interrelated steps will help overcome sectarian tensions and advance efforts to replace the confessional system with a just, democratic, and civic system.
Adoption and implementation of these policies requires a long-term process that involves new, innovative strategies at the local and national levels aimed at linking the suggested reforms to the legitimacy and stability of the Lebanese democratic system. CSOs and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should work on multiple fronts to raise awareness of these issues, pilot actions with a maximum number of citizens, and support government in implementing reforms.
Inclusive process, rigourous methodology and policy uptake are the key issues raised in this power point presentation by Paul van Hoof, senior advisor on local governance with IDASA, at the Cairo workshop on assessing governance in sectors, June 2009.
The document discusses media coverage of a double suicide bombing near the Iranian embassy in Beirut. It notes that Al-Manar TV, which is affiliated with Hezbollah, and Future TV, which is affiliated with the Future Movement, presented differing ideological views of the incident in line with their political affiliations. It also provides background on the two TV stations and their relationships with external actors involved in the Syrian civil war.
La Unión Europea ha anunciado nuevas sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen prohibiciones de viaje y congelamiento de activos para más funcionarios rusos, así como restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de acero y tecnología. Los líderes de la UE esperan que estas medidas adicionales aumenten la presión sobre Rusia para poner fin a su guerra contra Ucrania.
Lebanon is a small country located in Western Asia along the Mediterranean coast. It has a long history dating back thousands of years to the Phoenicians. Today, Lebanon has a population of over 4 million people and Arabic is the official language. Some of Lebanon's most important cities include Beirut, the capital, as well as Sidon, Byblos, and Baalbek, which are home to ancient ruins. Lebanese culture has been influenced by its history of occupation and is known for foods like hummus, kibbeh, and tabbouleh.
Centro Presente, a Latino immigrant rights organization, underwent a major transformation in its governance model to become more community-centered and democratic. It shifted from a top-down, hierarchical structure led by experts to a system-wide governance model where major decisions are made jointly by members, staff, and board. This included electing a board comprised of active members. Centro also established membership and flexible team structures to promote community empowerment and participation in decision-making. As a result, Centro became more responsive to its constituents and a stronger advocate for immigrant rights.
This policy brief recommends a three-pronged approach to reshape the citizen-state relationship in Lebanon and eradicate sectarianism through electoral law reform, civic education reform, and civil status law reform. The brief argues that reforming the electoral law to ensure free, fair, and non-sectarian political representation is the most urgent priority. It also recommends promoting a new civil status law to reshape citizens' relationship with the state independent of religious affiliation, and improving civic education to promote citizenship values over sectarianism. Together, these reforms aim to empower citizens at the political, personal, and cultural levels to overcome sectarian divisions and advance a just, democratic system in Lebanon. The brief calls on civil society groups to advocate for
The Sectarian Political system.Towards Eradicating Confessional Tensions.Engl...PACE LEBANON
Executive Summary
Lebanese citizens are bound socially, economically, politically and personally to a sectarian system that perpetuates itself in continuous cycles of violence and subjugation. In its preamble, the Lebanese Constitution states that “Lebanon is a democratic, parliamentary republic founded on respect for public liberties, the foremost of which are freedom of opinion and belief, and on social justice and equality in rights and in duties for all citizens without discrimination or distinction.” Yet existing government policies and practices do not reflect the principles of justice, fairness, and equality.
Civil society organizations (CSOs) play an essential role in promoting citizenship and democratic values, and should deploy efforts to free citizens from the binds of religious sects as a first step to eradicating confessionalism and reducing sectarian tensions.
With the 2013 parliamentary elections approaching, there is a golden opportunity for civil society to pressure Members of Parliament (MPs) for electoral law reform and better political representation. Advocates of a civil status law also have an opportunity to capitalize on a 2009 Ministerial Decree that allows citizens to remove reference to their sect in personal records. Moreover, civil society should strengthen its demands for citizenship education and a unified history book, especially since the Ministry of Education is currently in the process of reforming civic education in public schools.
This brief proposes three mutually reinforcing policy areas promoting a non-confessional proportional electoral system, a civil status law, and a civic education curriculum.
In light of the above, this policy proposal aspires to:
Ensure free, fair, and non-sectarian political representation that promotes citizen rights;
Reshape citizen-state relationships through civil status reform; and
Promote citizenship values and social cohesion through education reform and adoption of a unified history book.
These interrelated steps will help overcome sectarian tensions and advance efforts to replace the confessional system with a just, democratic, and civic system.
Adoption and implementation of these policies requires a long-term process that involves new, innovative strategies at the local and national levels aimed at linking the suggested reforms to the legitimacy and stability of the Lebanese democratic system. CSOs and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should work on multiple fronts to raise awareness of these issues, pilot actions with a maximum number of citizens, and support government in implementing reforms.
Inclusive process, rigourous methodology and policy uptake are the key issues raised in this power point presentation by Paul van Hoof, senior advisor on local governance with IDASA, at the Cairo workshop on assessing governance in sectors, June 2009.
The document discusses media coverage of a double suicide bombing near the Iranian embassy in Beirut. It notes that Al-Manar TV, which is affiliated with Hezbollah, and Future TV, which is affiliated with the Future Movement, presented differing ideological views of the incident in line with their political affiliations. It also provides background on the two TV stations and their relationships with external actors involved in the Syrian civil war.
La Unión Europea ha anunciado nuevas sanciones contra Rusia por su invasión de Ucrania. Las sanciones incluyen prohibiciones de viaje y congelamiento de activos para más funcionarios rusos, así como restricciones a las importaciones de productos rusos de acero y tecnología. Los líderes de la UE esperan que estas medidas adicionales aumenten la presión sobre Rusia para poner fin a su guerra contra Ucrania.
Lebanon is a small country located in Western Asia along the Mediterranean coast. It has a long history dating back thousands of years to the Phoenicians. Today, Lebanon has a population of over 4 million people and Arabic is the official language. Some of Lebanon's most important cities include Beirut, the capital, as well as Sidon, Byblos, and Baalbek, which are home to ancient ruins. Lebanese culture has been influenced by its history of occupation and is known for foods like hummus, kibbeh, and tabbouleh.
Centro Presente, a Latino immigrant rights organization, underwent a major transformation in its governance model to become more community-centered and democratic. It shifted from a top-down, hierarchical structure led by experts to a system-wide governance model where major decisions are made jointly by members, staff, and board. This included electing a board comprised of active members. Centro also established membership and flexible team structures to promote community empowerment and participation in decision-making. As a result, Centro became more responsive to its constituents and a stronger advocate for immigrant rights.
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of governance from the 1990s to 2000s. It summarizes that:
1. Governance expanded beyond just government to include the roles of citizens, organizations, and groups in pursuing collective goals.
2. Key factors that pushed the governance paradigm included development failures, environmentalism, globalization, and peacebuilding.
3. "Good governance" emerged as an international development principle promoting accountability, participation, predictability, transparency, and the rule of law.
4. Kofi Annan affirmed that good governance is essential for sustainable development and eradicating poverty.
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The proposed policy aspires to bolster public services through local participation aimed at:
Improving administrative performance;
Enhancing municipal financial autonomy; and
Ensuring free and fair local representation.
Innovative approaches to researching governanceresyst
This presentation was given at the 3rd RESYST annual meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2013, during a workshop on Universal Health Coverage (UHC). It gives a background to RESYST research on Governance issues and how these relate to the UHC debates.
The presentation was given by Professor Lucy Gilson from the Health Economics Unit at the University of Cape Town
Public Engagement In Public Services By Ayesha SaeedAyesha Saeed Haq
This document discusses public engagement in public services. It begins by defining public engagement according to different governments and noting its importance for good governance. It then covers best practices for public engagement, including core principles like planning, inclusion, collaboration, openness, transparency, impact and sustained engagement. It provides examples of communication engagement models and discusses challenges of public engagement and its implications for the United Arab Emirates. The document aims to provide a framework and overview of effective public engagement.
Corruption in Public Institutions-EnglishBRDIGROUP
The proposed policy aims at enhancing government transparency by ensuring citizens’ access to information, particularly about the legislative process and public finances, thereby allowing greater civic participation, government transparency and accountability.
The document discusses concepts of governance and good governance. It defines governance as the exercise of authority through economic, political and administrative means. Good governance entails sound management, accountability, transparency, and respect for human rights. It lists key characteristics of good governance as legitimacy, accountability, competence, and respect for law. Good governance promotes democracy, rule of law, human rights, transparency, and effective public service delivery.
This document provides background information on social media and issues related to its use by law enforcement agencies. It discusses how social media can be used for investigations, community outreach, and information sharing. However, it also notes legal issues surrounding privacy and free speech that departments must consider when developing social media policies to regulate employee usage and official department use. The document aims to educate law enforcement executives on developing appropriate social media policies and guidelines.
This document discusses characteristics of good governance according to global institutions. It identifies 11 key characteristics: participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus orientation, equity, effectiveness and efficiency, and accountability. For each characteristic there is a brief explanation of its meaning in the context of good governance. The document also discusses related concepts like consensus decision-making and different types of accountability and corruption.
Social networks and the government forecasts for 2011gencat .
The document discusses predictions for how governments will utilize social networks in 2011. Key points include:
- Governments will need to actively engage on social networks to reach the public, listen to opinions, and develop policies accordingly.
- Public participation in government decisions will increase through social networks connected to geolocation devices.
- Governments will work to standardize their social network procedures and control their online presence in order to be more effective.
- Social networks will help governments increase efficiency by freeing up resources for innovation.
The document discusses the concepts of governance and good governance. It defines governance as the exercise of authority through formal and informal institutions to make decisions that affect citizens. Good governance entails sound management, accountability, transparency, and respect for human rights. The key aspects of good governance identified include legitimacy, competence, accountability, participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus, equity, effectiveness, and protection of human rights.
The document discusses the concepts of governance and good governance. It defines governance as the exercise of authority through formal and informal institutions and the participation of citizens and groups. Good governance entails sound management, accountability, transparency, and respect for human rights. The key aspects of good governance discussed are legitimacy, competence, accountability, and respect for the rule of law. Citizen participation, protection of rights, democratic processes, and media freedom are seen as indispensable characteristics of good governance.
The department of health in taiwan initiated community health developmentMaricris Santos
The document discusses community health development (CHD) in Taiwan and the appropriateness of using participatory action research (PAR) to evaluate CHD. It explores the theoretical concepts of CHD and finds that PAR is a flexible approach that can capture the complex social and health phenomena in the CHD framework. PAR is appropriate for both the methodological framework of CHD evaluation and enhancing the actualization of CHD.
The document summarizes the key components of the Philippine Administrative System (PAS). It defines the PAS as a network of public organizations with specific goals, policies, structures, resources and programs. It identifies five main components: 1) public organizations created by law to undertake defined functions, 2) internal processes and interactions between organizations, 3) implementing, helping formulate and assessing public policies, 4) individuals, groups and communities as clients, and 5) the greater socio-political and economic environment. The power of the PAS stems from being an arm of the government, enforcing public policy, providing services, participating in policy formulation, technical expertise, and nationwide presence.
Using Social Media to Enhance Civic Engagement in U.S. Federal AgenciesYasmin Fodil
This report was created by Yasmin Fodil and Anna York for their Harvard Kennedy School masters thesis, and looks at the use of social media to enhance civic participation in the United States and the United Kingdom in order to make recommendations to U.S. federal agencies on how to move forward.
The document discusses the concepts of governance and good governance. It states that governance refers to the processes of decision-making and implementation. Good governance has eight major characteristics including participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus orientation, equity, effectiveness and efficiency, and accountability. It explains each of these characteristics in more detail and how they are important for good governance.
The document discusses the concepts of governance and good governance. It states that governance refers to the processes of decision-making and implementation. Good governance has eight major characteristics: it is participatory, consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive, and follows the rule of law. It ensures corruption is minimized and the voices of vulnerable groups are heard in decision-making. The document also examines some of these characteristics in more detail, including participation, transparency, responsiveness, consensus building, and accountability. It notes that accountability requires transparency and adherence to the rule of law.
This document discusses the concept of good governance. It defines governance as the exercise of authority through economic, political, and administrative mechanisms. Good governance has several key characteristics including participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus building, equity, effectiveness, and accountability. It also examines frameworks for good governance from the UN, World Bank, and other organizations. Several components are identified, including pillars, actors, and indicators of good governance. Overall, the document provides an overview of the concept of good governance and its various dimensions.
The Good Practices Brief for Responses to Refugees BRDIGROUP
This document provides recommendations for good practices that local and international organizations can implement to better respond to the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon. It summarizes research conducted through literature reviews, case analyses, interviews with local activists and organizations, and focus groups with refugees, civil society members, and international agencies. The recommendations focus on practices to mitigate tensions between Syrian refugees and Lebanese host communities, strengthen coordination among response organizations, and improve access to basic services for refugees.
The document discusses the evolution of the concept of governance from the 1990s to 2000s. It summarizes that:
1. Governance expanded beyond just government to include the roles of citizens, organizations, and groups in pursuing collective goals.
2. Key factors that pushed the governance paradigm included development failures, environmentalism, globalization, and peacebuilding.
3. "Good governance" emerged as an international development principle promoting accountability, participation, predictability, transparency, and the rule of law.
4. Kofi Annan affirmed that good governance is essential for sustainable development and eradicating poverty.
Assessment Help Online | Assessment Help Online#essaywriting
Get top-notch Assessment Help Online for academic success! Our platform offers expert assistance in various subjects. Whether it's exams, assignments, or quizzes, our experienced tutors ensure quality results. Timely delivery, affordable rates, and 24/7 support make us the go-to choice. Excell in assessments with our online help today!
The proposed policy aspires to bolster public services through local participation aimed at:
Improving administrative performance;
Enhancing municipal financial autonomy; and
Ensuring free and fair local representation.
Innovative approaches to researching governanceresyst
This presentation was given at the 3rd RESYST annual meeting in Hanoi, Vietnam, 2013, during a workshop on Universal Health Coverage (UHC). It gives a background to RESYST research on Governance issues and how these relate to the UHC debates.
The presentation was given by Professor Lucy Gilson from the Health Economics Unit at the University of Cape Town
Public Engagement In Public Services By Ayesha SaeedAyesha Saeed Haq
This document discusses public engagement in public services. It begins by defining public engagement according to different governments and noting its importance for good governance. It then covers best practices for public engagement, including core principles like planning, inclusion, collaboration, openness, transparency, impact and sustained engagement. It provides examples of communication engagement models and discusses challenges of public engagement and its implications for the United Arab Emirates. The document aims to provide a framework and overview of effective public engagement.
Corruption in Public Institutions-EnglishBRDIGROUP
The proposed policy aims at enhancing government transparency by ensuring citizens’ access to information, particularly about the legislative process and public finances, thereby allowing greater civic participation, government transparency and accountability.
The document discusses concepts of governance and good governance. It defines governance as the exercise of authority through economic, political and administrative means. Good governance entails sound management, accountability, transparency, and respect for human rights. It lists key characteristics of good governance as legitimacy, accountability, competence, and respect for law. Good governance promotes democracy, rule of law, human rights, transparency, and effective public service delivery.
This document provides background information on social media and issues related to its use by law enforcement agencies. It discusses how social media can be used for investigations, community outreach, and information sharing. However, it also notes legal issues surrounding privacy and free speech that departments must consider when developing social media policies to regulate employee usage and official department use. The document aims to educate law enforcement executives on developing appropriate social media policies and guidelines.
This document discusses characteristics of good governance according to global institutions. It identifies 11 key characteristics: participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus orientation, equity, effectiveness and efficiency, and accountability. For each characteristic there is a brief explanation of its meaning in the context of good governance. The document also discusses related concepts like consensus decision-making and different types of accountability and corruption.
Social networks and the government forecasts for 2011gencat .
The document discusses predictions for how governments will utilize social networks in 2011. Key points include:
- Governments will need to actively engage on social networks to reach the public, listen to opinions, and develop policies accordingly.
- Public participation in government decisions will increase through social networks connected to geolocation devices.
- Governments will work to standardize their social network procedures and control their online presence in order to be more effective.
- Social networks will help governments increase efficiency by freeing up resources for innovation.
The document discusses the concepts of governance and good governance. It defines governance as the exercise of authority through formal and informal institutions to make decisions that affect citizens. Good governance entails sound management, accountability, transparency, and respect for human rights. The key aspects of good governance identified include legitimacy, competence, accountability, participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus, equity, effectiveness, and protection of human rights.
The document discusses the concepts of governance and good governance. It defines governance as the exercise of authority through formal and informal institutions and the participation of citizens and groups. Good governance entails sound management, accountability, transparency, and respect for human rights. The key aspects of good governance discussed are legitimacy, competence, accountability, and respect for the rule of law. Citizen participation, protection of rights, democratic processes, and media freedom are seen as indispensable characteristics of good governance.
The department of health in taiwan initiated community health developmentMaricris Santos
The document discusses community health development (CHD) in Taiwan and the appropriateness of using participatory action research (PAR) to evaluate CHD. It explores the theoretical concepts of CHD and finds that PAR is a flexible approach that can capture the complex social and health phenomena in the CHD framework. PAR is appropriate for both the methodological framework of CHD evaluation and enhancing the actualization of CHD.
The document summarizes the key components of the Philippine Administrative System (PAS). It defines the PAS as a network of public organizations with specific goals, policies, structures, resources and programs. It identifies five main components: 1) public organizations created by law to undertake defined functions, 2) internal processes and interactions between organizations, 3) implementing, helping formulate and assessing public policies, 4) individuals, groups and communities as clients, and 5) the greater socio-political and economic environment. The power of the PAS stems from being an arm of the government, enforcing public policy, providing services, participating in policy formulation, technical expertise, and nationwide presence.
Using Social Media to Enhance Civic Engagement in U.S. Federal AgenciesYasmin Fodil
This report was created by Yasmin Fodil and Anna York for their Harvard Kennedy School masters thesis, and looks at the use of social media to enhance civic participation in the United States and the United Kingdom in order to make recommendations to U.S. federal agencies on how to move forward.
The document discusses the concepts of governance and good governance. It states that governance refers to the processes of decision-making and implementation. Good governance has eight major characteristics including participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus orientation, equity, effectiveness and efficiency, and accountability. It explains each of these characteristics in more detail and how they are important for good governance.
The document discusses the concepts of governance and good governance. It states that governance refers to the processes of decision-making and implementation. Good governance has eight major characteristics: it is participatory, consensus-oriented, accountable, transparent, responsive, effective and efficient, equitable and inclusive, and follows the rule of law. It ensures corruption is minimized and the voices of vulnerable groups are heard in decision-making. The document also examines some of these characteristics in more detail, including participation, transparency, responsiveness, consensus building, and accountability. It notes that accountability requires transparency and adherence to the rule of law.
This document discusses the concept of good governance. It defines governance as the exercise of authority through economic, political, and administrative mechanisms. Good governance has several key characteristics including participation, rule of law, transparency, responsiveness, consensus building, equity, effectiveness, and accountability. It also examines frameworks for good governance from the UN, World Bank, and other organizations. Several components are identified, including pillars, actors, and indicators of good governance. Overall, the document provides an overview of the concept of good governance and its various dimensions.
The Good Practices Brief for Responses to Refugees BRDIGROUP
This document provides recommendations for good practices that local and international organizations can implement to better respond to the Syrian refugee crisis in Lebanon. It summarizes research conducted through literature reviews, case analyses, interviews with local activists and organizations, and focus groups with refugees, civil society members, and international agencies. The recommendations focus on practices to mitigate tensions between Syrian refugees and Lebanese host communities, strengthen coordination among response organizations, and improve access to basic services for refugees.
، يسعى هذا المقترح السياساتي إلى:
ضمان تمثيلٍ سياسي حرّ، عادل وغير طائفي يصون حقوق المواطنين؛
إعادة رسم العلاقة بين المواطن والدولة، عبر إصلاح قانون الأحوال الشخصية؛
تعزيز قيم المواطنة واللُحمة الإجتماعية عبر إصلاحات تربوية منها إعتماد كتاب تاريخ موحّد.
وتطمح السياسة المقترحة إلى الإرتقاء بالخدمات العامة من خلال المشاركة المحلية الرامية إلى:
تحسين الأداء الإداري؛
تعزيز الإستقلالية المالية للبلديات؛
ضمان التمثيل المحلي الحر والعادل.
وتهدف هذه السياسة المقترحة إلى ما يلي:
خلق وسائل إعلامٍ أكثر مصداقيّة وتمثيلًا وحياديّة.
إعادة النظر بالقوانين ومعايير الحوكمة الخاصة بقطاع الإعلام.
إلغاء الرقابة وإقتراح سياسات تنظيميّة بديلة.
تهدف السِّياسات المقترحة إلى رفع مستوى الشفافيَّة الحكوميّة، وذلك عبر ضمان وصول المواطنين إلى المعلومات، وخاصةً تلك المتعلقة بالعمليّة التشريعية أو المال العام، ما يسمح بمزيدٍ من المشاركة المدنية والشفافية الحكوميَّة والمساءلة.
Your Go-To Press Release Newswire for Maximum Visibility and Impact.pdfPressReleasePower4
This downloadable guide explains why press releases are still important for businesses today and the challenges you might face with traditional distribution methods. Learn how [Your Website Name] offers a comprehensive solution for crafting compelling press releases, targeting the right media outlets, and maximizing visibility.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Youngest c m in India- Pema Khandu BiographyVoterMood
Pema Khandu, born on August 21, 1979, is an Indian politician and the Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh. He is the son of former Chief Minister of Arunachal Pradesh, Dorjee Khandu. Pema Khandu assumed office as the Chief Minister in July 2016, making him one of the youngest Chief Ministers in India at that time.
The Biggest Threat to Western Civilization _ Andy Blumenthal _ The Blogs.pdfAndy (Avraham) Blumenthal
Article in The Times of Israel by Andy Blumenthal: China and Russia are commonly considered the biggest military threats to Western civilization, but I believe that is incorrect. The biggest strategic threat is a terrorist Jihadi Caliphate.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
2. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Lebanese media institutions are This policy proposal aspires to:
an extension of sectarian politics
and partisan public officials. Rather Create more credible,
than creating an issue-based representative, and non-partisan
accountability and participation media outlets;
culture, media outlets are the
mouthpiece of political leaders Redesign the laws and standards
and a powerful tool for sectarian of governance for the media sector;
incitement and polarization at the
social, political, ideological, and Eliminating censorship and
socio-economic levels. proposing alternative regulatory
policies.
While Lebanon’s Constitution and
ratified international statutes Adoption and implementation of
emphasize freedom of belief and these policies requires a long-term
expression, current governing process that starts by documenting
frameworks make it impossible for and researching relevant tools and
citizens to access and influence the decisions, gaining the support of a
media industry. maximum number of citizens, and
pushing for reforms of media-related
Media, a cornerstone of civil laws, regulations, and practices.
society and democratic liberties,
needs to be transformed to reflect This policy briefs takes a first step
public interests and enable public in this direction by identifying a
participation. However, this is multifaceted approach focused on
hindered by three main challenges: removing licensing and censorship
a weak regulatory framework, lack restrictions to enhance freedom
of proper infrastructure for internet of expression, protect media
usage and speed, and a vague practitioners, and facilitate the entry
censorship policy in the hands of of new actors to the media industry
General Security. in Lebanon.
With the advent of social media and
increased demands for youth and
civil society participation, there is an
opportunity to deploy national and
This policy brief was developed by Beyond Reform & Development , part of BRD/I Group S.A.L., local efforts aimed at overcoming the
in close collaboration with experts, activists and civil society organizations.
monopoly over the media scene in
Lebanon, 2012 Lebanon.
1
3. FRAMING THE ISSUE
The Problem .
Historically, Lebanon has been
portrayed as a center of human rights
and freedoms in the Arab world.
Freedom of expression is enshrined
in the Lebanese Constitution as well
as in international treaties to which
Lebanon is a party.
In practice, however, the country’s Situation Brief The Urgency
media industry presents a different
image, with serious threats to There are many challenges facing With the evolution of social media,
freedom of expression, lack of freedom of expression and Lebanese citizens display a
media objectivity, and constraints independent media in Lebanon, strong interest and willingness to
to the growth of independent media. including: contribute more freely to media
Contrary to other Arab countries, content, but are unable to do
1. Media ownership and content is
the state does not control media so. The rise in sectarianism and
controlled by political figures.
outlets, and state media is among polarization calls for issue-based
the least viewed. Instead, Lebanon 2. Vague and outdated press and and citizen-centric media.
has in place a number of media broadcasting laws lead to low
Opening up media spaces can
institutions that are an extension of accountability in media performance
reposition Lebanon as a true
its sectarian politics, a reflection of and the media sector in general.
sanctuary of press liberties
foreign interests, and a mouthpiece
3. Overlapping roles and unclear and freedom of expression. At
for public officials. There is a broad
jurisdiction of public institutions the same time, an alternative
consensus that the Lebanese
and media regulating bodies. and inclusive post-production
media is politicized, partisan,
regulatory framework is essential
unrepresentative and unregulated, 4. Inefficiency of professional unions
for enhancing the quality of media
and used as a tool for political control in protecting the rights of journalists
outlets and creating accountability
and polarization. and bloggers.
mechanisms.
5. Inconsistent censorship system
In addition, a Censorship Bureau
without clear standards and ”
within General Security controls
regulations, contributing to the The continuous decline in the
content and deprives citizens
restriction of rights. role of the media in Lebanon
from access to various cultural,
educational, and political sources 6. Distribution of media ownership will lead to the decline of
licenses highly dependent on political the role of the state, and
of information. It also suffers from
consequently, to its death.
lack of clear regulations, poor
management, and subjective content
decisions.
7. Absence of access to information
”
Abdel Hadi Mahfouz,
Director of the National
analysis. laws. Council for Media
2 3
4. LOOKING AT EXISTING POLICIES, LAWS
AND PRACTICES
Despite the protection of freedom of expression and civil liberties in Lebanon’s
Constitution, this has not been institutionalized into proper frameworks to
1 Press Freedom & Civil Liberties
regulate and support media content. This section presents existing policies and
2 Protect Media Practitioners
their shortcomings. In assessing these policies, we used three key indicators
that are essential for any policy option aimed at enhancing freedom of expression
and improving the quality and performance of media institutions: 3 Enable Entry To Media Industry
1. preserve press freedoms and civil liberties
2. protect media practitioners Policy
3. enable entry to the media industry Law Assessment
Practice
Policy
> There are highly complex and intertwined relationships between
Law Assessment
Public Institutions’ Jurisdictions
different institutions, causing an overlap in roles, responsibilities,
Practice and jurisdiction.
> The Ministry of Information and regulating bodies (including
Lebanese Constitution:
Introduction & Article 13
> As overarching pieces of legislation, the Lebanese Constitution and
International Declaration for Human Rights state that freedom of the judiciary) reflect political and sectarian divisions in their
expression is a guaranteed citizen right. management and in the distribution of licenses to media outlets.
> However, they are not translated into existing laws and legal > Censorship bodies lack autonomy from political and sectarian
frameworks, and are therefore not enforced properly. influence, and lack clear orientations in censorship principles.
> Nevertheless, they can be used to build arguments for suggested > Media councils operate on a minimal basis due to limited funding
policy amendments. and unclear roles.
> A limited number of journalists are part of unions due to outdated
> The Press Law and Broadcast Law limit the creation of new media
Role of Media
procedures and restricted benefits, as well as the prevalence of
1994 Broadcast Law
outlets by introducing a licensing system with extremely high fees. partisan influence.
1960 Press Law
Unions
> They include vaguely formulated constraints and censorship > Unions do not have power or competencies to support journalists
mechanisms that result in random filtering of information, content, or monitor media outlets.
and ideas.
> Heads of unions are assigned based on sectarian quotas.
> They allow financial control by the state and do not properly protect
the rights of media workers and content developers.
Internal Governance
> From ownership to hiring, content development, and internal
of Media Outlets
governance, political parties and political figures are involved in
> Censorship regulations include vague and unclear mechanisms overall media management, making media outlets inaccessible to
Regulations
Censorship
for censorship, resulting in subjective influence over the flow of the younger generation of media practitioners and aspiring media
information. owners.
> They enable a high level of state interference in the transmission of > This affects content, transparency, and the politicized role played
information. by existing outlets.
4 5
5. CONSIDERING POLICY OPTIONS “ Media outlets should focus on solutions rather than transmitting
negative messages and spreading despair.
” Dr. Arda Ekmekji,
The following table describes policy options for enhancing freedom of expression Dean of the Faculty of Arts& Sciences
thorough research and participatory consultations with stakeholders around the Haigazian University
country. Each policy is based on different assumptions, has a specific objective
and strategies, and presents both advantages and disadvantages.
Policy Assumptions Objectives Strategies Advantages Disadvantages Experts’ Take Policy
options options
1 1
Reforming Media Legislation
Reforming Media Legislation
> Reforming press and
“The continuous decline
broadcasting laws can in the role of the media
> Pass a new media > Long-term process
guarantee freedom > Creates a democratic in Lebanon will lead
law with clear division that requires a clear
of expression and > Support and advocate means of regulating the to the decline of the
of mandates among lobbying strategy role of the state, and
promote transparency for a new media law media industry while
regulatory agencies, with no guarantee of consequently, to its
and accountability in through direct lobbying protecting the rights of
transparent decision- proper implementation, death."
the media sector, while of decision-makers. journalists and media
making mechanisms, and particularly if the Abdel Hadi Mahfouz,
allowing new, non- professionals.
new licensing practices. judicial system is weak. Director of the National
politicized voices to enter Council for Media
the media sphere.
2 2
ture and Internet Freedom
ture and Internet Freedom
Improving ICT Infrastruc-
Improving ICT Infrastruc-
> Improving the state “Improving internet
> Provide basic infrastructure is the
of the internet will > Faces resistance,
infrastructure and a > Create a legislative > Can lead to rapid quickest and most
allow easy access to specifically from
regulatory framework framework to protect change in the media efficient method we
information, foster government and public can use to achieve the
to empower newcomers internet freedom, while sphere, promote freedom
the growth of new and institutions, slowing change we aim for in
to the media scene improving broadband of expression, and expand
unconventional media down the change the media sphere.”
and protect freedom of and telecom services. access to information.
channels, and enhance process. Rouba Helou, Communication
expression.
freedom of expression. Expert and Journalist
3 3
Alternative Regulatory Policies
Alternative Regulatory Policies
> Faces resistance
Eliminating Censorship with
Eliminating Censorship with
from religious groups “Internet censorship and
media restrictions are
> Eliminating censorship who will loose their increasing as a result
> Support campaigns
will encourage citizens > Foster respect for > Can lead to concrete control over cultural of sectarianism and
against General
to have constructive freedom of expression to change in a short period aspects, and from partisan interests, and
Security censorship there is a strong need
discussions about respond to citizen needs, of time, while creating a the existing political
and propose legal to join efforts and
sensitive issues and aspirations, and main more open and tolerant groups who will no
reforms and decrees to speak up to change this
limit the state’s political concerns. environment. longer have the ability reality.”
eliminate censorship..
interference. to use censorship as Ayman Mhanna, SKeyes
a means to create Executive Director
sectarian balance.
6 7
6. RECOMMENDING POLICY
Enhancing Freedom of Expression and Independent Media
The challenges to freedom of expression and the growth of independent media
in Lebanon are complex, multilayered, and tied to the financial interests of
“ The rise of sectarianism and polarization calls for issue-based and
citizen-centric media.
political and sectarian groups. Addressing these challenges thus requires
a multidimensional approach that draws on all three of the policy options ”
mentioned above.
While all of the suggested policy options are important to enhancing free
expression, this policy brief focuses on three critical pillars that are most urgent
and actionable by civil society organizations (CSOs):
Pillar Pillar
Open up media ownership Eliminating censorship and proposing This approach will advance freedom In the long run, complementary
by removing the monopoly over media alternative regulatory policies. of expression and the growth of efforts should include:
through reforming media legislation, This offers citizens the means independent media by removing
which includes licensing and to engage freely with traditional barriers to entry in the media industry,
ownership regulations. Current media and social media as a means decreasing media monopolization Modernizeing outdated and
licensing and ownership practices of political participation, while in the hands of political figures, sometimes contradictory media-
constrain the role of the media as alternative post-production eliminating government censorship, related laws,
platforms for free expression and regulations create accountability and creating a more enabling
meaningful exchange of information. mechanisms for media outlets. Improving ICT infrastructure and
environment for social and online
access, and
media.
Preserving internet freedom.
Pillar
Improve internet infrastructure
and speed to facilitate the growth
of alternative media channels and
expand the space for citizens to
express their ideas.
8 9
7. THE WAY FORWARD
Pillar Pillar
Open Up Media Ownership Eliminating censorship Existing Anti-Censorship Efforts
and proposing alternative
regulatory policies
> SKeyes is exposing government censorship and fostering dialogue on this
Under current media regulations, it is Vague censorship policies place issue through periodic reports, events, and the web series “Mamnoo3”
extremely difficult for new television ample discretionary powers in (“Forbidden”).
stations and newspapers to obtain the hands of General Security’s
licenses due to legal and financial Censorship Bureau, which is > MARCH, a local NGO, has researched and compiled cases of government
barriers. The Maharat Foundation influenced by religious institutions censorship in a “Virtual Museum of Censorship” (www.censorshiplebanon.
developed a draft law to reform the and political parties. CSOs have org), among other awareness activities and publications.
media sector in collaboration with launched several campaigns
other CSOs and non-governmental criticizing the mandate of the Social Media Exchange (SMEX) and Ontornet, among other NGOs, have
>
organizations (NGOs), which is being Censorship Bureau and its decisions launched a campaign against the Lebanese Internet Regulation Act
discussed within parliamentary to censor movies, books, theater (LIRA), which has yet to be passed but which has in its current form high
committees. The proposed law performances, and other forms of degrees of censorship over online content.
includes a set of reforms, the most expression. These have included The
important of which is modification of Virtual Museum of Censorship and > The media law is currently being debated in parliamentary committees.
licensing rules to foster the growth the web series Mamnou3!
of independent media outlets. The
current situation presents two The current situation calls for an
challenges: approach focused on:
During parliamentary committee Designing a policy that respects
discussions, it is important to freedom of expression while taking
maintain the integrity of the law into consideration the realities of the
proposal developed by civil society local context.
and prevent major changes that
would dilute the impact of key Forming an alternative and
reforms, particularly those related to inclusive structure to oversee a post-
media licensing and ownership. production regulatory framework
instead of prior censorship.
The timeframe between
concluding parliamentary committee Convincing the executive branch
discussions, placing the new law on to reform current censorship
the agenda of the General Assembly, policies and practices.
and voting on it might be long,
especially since there is a backlog of
300 law proposals that Parliament
has yet to vote on.
10 11
8. THE WAY FORWARD
Pillar Existing Studies and Proposals on Media Governance,
Improve Internet Censorship, and Media Reforms
Infrastructure and Speed
One of the main obstacles to Civil society can support existing > Recommendations from the Internews Network, published in 2009, are
better internet infrastructure is initiatives to increase internet speed a solid starting point for setting new internal governance standards for
governance of the sector. There such as the “Ontornet” campaign the media industry.
are overlapping responsibilities demanding the implementation of af-
fordable, high-speed internet across > The Heinrich Böll Foundation presented recommendations for fighting
between the Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) the country (www.ontornet.org) and censorship in a study titled “Censorship in Lebanon: Law and Practice.”
Strategy Coordination Unit within the the “Broadband Manifesto” issued by
> In 2011, the Maharat Foundation presented a media law reform proposal
Prime Minister’s Office, the Ministry the Internet Society-Lebanon Chap-
of Telecommunications, the state- ter (ISOC, www.isoc.org.lb). based on a consensual process that involved all major stakeholders in
run telecom provider OGERO, the the media sector.
Telecom Regulatory Authority, and
> The Lebanese Association for Democratic Elections (LADE), in partnership
the Office of the Minister of State for
Administrative Reform (OMSAR). The with media entities and with support from the European Union Afkar
government thus exercises a virtual program, launched a code of conduct for Lebanese journalists, which
monopoly over the internet sector. was signed but not endorsed as a binding policy.
The main reason behind low internet
speed is the weak infrastructure for > The Arab Rule of Law Initiative published a study on the state of the
broadband access. In light of these media in Lebanon highlighting limitations over ownership and content.
factors, civil society efforts should
> The International Press Initiative published a report titled “Media in
focus on:
Lebanon: Reporting on a Nation Divided” describing how the media is
In the short term, advocate a reflection of sectarian politics, but the recommendations were not
improvements of the internet translated into concrete initiatives.
infrastructure to the Ministry of
> OMSAR developed in 2003 an ICT strategy with seven pillars for
Telecommunications and OGERO.
reforming the ICT sector.
In the long term, push for > ISOC issued the “Broadband Manifesto” calling for better broadband
restructuring governance of the connectivity.
internet sector to liberate it from
government monopoly. > Law Proposal Number 435 calls for regulating and reforming the
telecom sector.
> Ontornet launched a campaign in 2011 calling for faster internet speed.
12 13
9. FUTURE ACTION
SHORT TO MEDIUM TERM LONG TERM
National Level Local Level National Level Local Level
Outcome
Expected
Outcome
Expected
A new media law is passed that includes open media ownership with low Grassroots community-level media outlets are created and spread across
financial barriers for new entrants the country
Open Up Media
Open Up Media
Ownership
Ownership
Build a coalition of CSOs, NGOs, and Support the establishment of Create a collaborative, inclusive,
Foster networking between local
Strategy
social media activists to monitor new local media outlets, and progressive, and sustainable
Strategy
media outlets to feed into a national
parliamentary committee discussions assist existing ones in expanding media outlet that can contribute
outlet and share technical and
and General Assembly voting on the their reach and increasing their to elevating citizen concerns and
financial resources.
proposed law sustainability issues
Eliminating Censorship with
Outcome
Expected
Alternative regulatory policy reforms are adopted by the Cabinet, all types
Eliminating Censorship with
Outcome
Expected
A new regulatory framework to guarantee freedom of expression and curb
of censorship are eliminated, and a committee is formed to implement new
Regulatory Policies
censorship is developed and endorsed by a large number of stakeholders
Regulatory Policies
regulations
Develop a new inclusive regulatory
Launch a campaign bringing
framework to replace censorship Develop a social media platform
Strategy
together CSOs, NGOs, and social Encourage local media outlets to
Strategy
policy, based on documented cases that documents and exposes
media activists to put pressure expose and publicize government
and practices by General Security’s the government’s censorship
on government to adopt the policy censorship practices
Censorship Bureau and benchmarks practices
and create a committee
with other countries
Outcome
Expected
Improve Internet Infrastructure
Improve Internet Infrastructure
Outcome
Expected
Internet speed is improved due to development of the network and The internet sector is liberated and not monopolized by government, and the
infrastructure as well as the availability of the needed budget to sustain it sector is organized within an effective governance model
Research and recommend a
Leverage and strengthen existing
Organize and mobilize local governance model for the internet Decentralize national campaigns
campaigns by expanding outreach to
Strategy
Strategy
stakeholders to increase pressure sector and increase pressure on to multiply their effects locally to
other stakeholders such as the private
on local MPs, linking internet government to liberate the sector increase internet access and speed
sector, NGOs, and the media and use
speed to local development through direct actions led by at the local level
direct actions to call for faster internet
existing campaigns
14 15
10. ILLUSTRATIVE ACTIVITIES
During the last decade, several initiatives have sought to further freedom of
expression and independent media, including attempts to establish a code of “ An alternative and inclusive post-production regulatory framework
conduct for journalists and legislative proposals to improve media regulations. is essential for enhancing the quality of media outlets and creating
These have yet to translate into concrete results. The advent of social media and accountability mechanisms.
its popularity among youth, coupled with an increase in online news agencies, are ”
indicators of interest and readiness by citizens to play a more influential role in
media. Removing licensing restrictions, curbing censorship, and improving the
internet infrastructure are critical steps for Lebanon to open the media industry
to new entrants and aspiring groups.
The following are suggestions for illustrative activities based on expert roundtables,
interviews, and focus groups, which can be adopted by NGOs, CSOs, and CBOs to
foster freedom of expression and independent media.
Illustrative Activities at the Illustrative Activities at the
National Level: Local Level:
Expose documented cases of media Establish a committee of experts to Link media freedoms and internet Invite municipalities to support media
censorship. review and reform governance of the rights to basic standards of living and projects and purchase of new licenses.
ICT sector. local development.
Document and raise awareness on Lobby MPs to adopt new proposals
mismanagement of General Security’s Support innovative television and radio Provide incentives for municipalities to curb censorship and open media
Censorship Bureau. programs that encourage freedom of to start new media outlets focusing ownership to new entrants.
expression. on democratic dialogue and local Work with universities to establish
Advocate for reforms aimed at curbing
development issues. media clubs.
government censorship. Initiate creative platforms to encourage
dialogue and free expression on Showcase successful cases of local
Create a lobbying group of new
priority issues, including current use of media and internet to raise
aspiring media owners and content
censorship policies. awareness and influence the national
developers.
agenda of MPs and Cabinet members.
Lobby MPs and parliamentary
Propose amendments to existing
committees to review and endorse Advocate to improve internet speed
licensing and media ownership
Law Proposal 435 for reform of the and access.
practices.
telecom sector.
Encourage the dissemination of
Launch loan and incubator projects for
Increase pressure on government to citizen-generated content online and
interested new media owners.
enhance broadband infrastructure via national news agencies.
Monitor media performance and through creative direct action and
alliances with international internet Help establish small online media
expose biased coverage and sectarian
activists. outlets covering local issues.
incitement.
16 17
11. ENGAGING WITH DIFFERENT PARTIAL LIST OF REFERENCES
STAKEHOLDERS
The suggested policy option must be endorsed by key stakeholders and policy- Arab Rule of Law Initiative. State of Media in Lebanon. Retrieved from http://www.arabruleoflaw.
org/Files/PDF/Media/Arabic/P2/MediaLebanonReportP2S2_AR.pdf
makers to be implemented. The influence that the various stakeholders yield
on the decision-making process will determine how they should be engaged “Artist Facing Jail Time: ‘Freedom of Expression Is a Myth in Lebanon.’” (April 6, 2012). Ya
Libnan. Retrieved from http://www.yalibnan.com/2012/04/06/artist-facing-jail-time-over-graffiti-freedom-of-
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considered.
Chahine, J. (May 5, 2004). “Lebanese Media Fractured, Politicized.” The Daily Star.
> President of the Republic > International > Media development Retrieved from http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Politics/May/05/Lebanese-media-fractured-politicized.ashx
> Cabinet of Ministers media associations organizations
“Circumventing Censors” (September 2012). Al-Ahram Weekly Online, Issue 1114. Cairo.
> Ministry of Information > NGOs, CSOs, CBOs > Syndicates of
> Other Ministries > International journalists & editors Ekmekji, A., Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences at Haigazian University (September 19,
> Parliamentary Committee media agencies > Production companies 2012). Personal interview by A. Hmayed, BRD/I.
on Media > Lebanese diaspora & publishing houses Feintuck, M. (1999) Media Regulation, Public Interest and the Law. Edinburgh: University of
> National Council for > Existing media > Academia & research Edinburgh Press.
Media outlets institutes
Freedom in the World 2005 - Lebanon (2005). Freedom of Expression, Freedom House. Article
> Political parties > New small media > Advertising agencies 19. London.
> Municipalities outlets
> ICT Coordination Unit at > Bloggers Helou, R., Communication Expert and Journalist (October 5, 2012).
the Prime Minister’s office Personal interview by N. Menhall, BRD/I.
> General Security Internews Network (2009). Behind the Scenes: Transparency in Lebanese Media Business
Practices.
Each of these entities requires a different strategy and approach to ally it with Kraidy, M. (2011). Media Reform in Lebanon: New Media, New Politics? Annenberg School
the suggested policy. The following table highlights the incentives for the key for Communication University of Pennsylvania.
stakeholders to adopt or support the proposed policy. These incentives can form Krischer, O. (August 2012). Censorship in Lebanon. Art Asia Pacific. Lebanon.
the basis for developing communication messages to persuade the stakeholders Retrieved from http://artasiapacific.com/News/CensorshipInLebanon
to take action. Maharat Foundation, http://maharatfoundation.org
Mahfouz, A., Director of the National Council for Media (September 3, 2012). Personal
Stakeholders Incentives interview by A. Hmayed, BRD/I.
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Regulatory engage citizens in the process Media Situation in Lebanon (2006). The National Commission on Electoral Law. Retrieved
Authority from http://www.elections-lebanon.org/elections/docs_6_G_4_4a_25.aspx
Rebuild trust and credibility in the media sector and Media Sustainability Index: Developing Independent and Sustainable Media in Lebanon
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NGOs, CSOs, &
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CBOs
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Mouhanna, A., SKeyes Executive Director (September 3, 2012).
Personal interview by N. Menhall, BRD/I.
Moukhayber, G. (2010). Motives of the Law Proposal.
Murr, A., Chief Executive Officer of El Nashra (September 7, 2012).
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Open Society Foundation. Digital Media in Lebanon. Retrieved from http://www.
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20