This document discusses various concepts related to media ideology. It begins by defining ideology and explaining how Marxist theorists view it as a tool used by the powerful to distort and misrepresent reality. It then examines how ideology relates to media studies and how media texts reflect certain values and worldviews. Several normative approaches to understanding media ideology are explored, including authoritarian, libertarian, and social responsibility theories. Specific cases like Rupert Murdoch's media ownership and the role of media in promoting the Iraq war are analyzed to show how ideology functions and can be manipulated in practice.
Presented to ma'am Noshina Saleem (the acting Director of ICS, PU, Lahore).
This presentation will give an picture of ideology and its link to media and then how can it get power when ideology and media mix together. This is purely for academic purposes.
This document discusses the importance of sources in journalism and provides guidance on working with different types of sources. It notes that sources provide timely information to reporters and are essential to creating reports. However, reporters must be careful in protecting source identities and maintaining objectivity. The document cautions about types of unreliable sources like liars seeking publicity, hoaxsters spreading misinformation, and promoters pushing agendas. It advises reporters to verify information from multiple sources and be skeptical of leaks and online information. Finally, it outlines different types of sources reporters may use, including other reporters, primary witnesses, documents, and secondary sources like police, while being wary of anonymous tips.
An introductory lecture in ideological analysis of media, covering works of Marx, Gramsci, Adorno & Horkheimer, Hall, given to BA-1 students at the Erasmus University Rotterdam
The Media Dependency Theory proposes that the more dependent an individual is on media to have their needs met, the more important media will be to that person. The theory was developed by Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur and is widely applicable today given society's overwhelming use of media. There is debate around what exactly causes media dependency, with some pointing to factors like age, occupation, or geographic location.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in the media industry, including different sectors, delivery methods, and the types of content. It identifies the main sectors as film, television, radio, press, advertising, music and literature. It also explains that media content can be delivered physically, via broadcast, or online. The document aims to help students identify appropriate terminology, understand the different sectors, and recognize various delivery methods in the media industry.
Media Representation Theory discusses how media constructs representations of reality through various processes. Some key aspects of representation theory are:
1) Representation involves the construction of people, places, events and identities in any medium like mass media.
2) Representations involve how identities are constructed in the text as well as in the processes of production and reception.
3) Representations aim to seem 'natural' by positioning subjects in particular ways that serve ideologies.
Analyzing representations involves considering whose realities are represented and whose are denied through semiotics and other formal analysis methods.
This document provides an overview of three key audience theories:
1. The Effects Model views audiences as passive recipients who are directly influenced by media texts. It has been criticized for ignoring audience agency.
2. The Uses and Gratifications Model positions audiences as active, using media to fulfill needs like diversion, escapism, and social comparison. It suggests consumption can help address personal issues.
3. Reception Theory recognizes that meanings encoded by producers may be decoded differently by audiences, who can have dominant, negotiated, or oppositional readings of texts. It acknowledges multiple possible interpretations.
Kurt Lewin originally developed the concept of gatekeeping theory to describe how information is filtered for dissemination through various channels of communication. Gatekeeping refers to the process by which individuals or organizations make decisions about allowing or blocking information to pass through different gates. At each gate, a gatekeeper determines what information is appropriate or inappropriate to pass through based on various influences like social norms, ethics, and policies. Gatekeeping theory is now widely used in fields like journalism and mass media to understand how and why certain information gets selected for publication or broadcasting while other information gets rejected.
Presented to ma'am Noshina Saleem (the acting Director of ICS, PU, Lahore).
This presentation will give an picture of ideology and its link to media and then how can it get power when ideology and media mix together. This is purely for academic purposes.
This document discusses the importance of sources in journalism and provides guidance on working with different types of sources. It notes that sources provide timely information to reporters and are essential to creating reports. However, reporters must be careful in protecting source identities and maintaining objectivity. The document cautions about types of unreliable sources like liars seeking publicity, hoaxsters spreading misinformation, and promoters pushing agendas. It advises reporters to verify information from multiple sources and be skeptical of leaks and online information. Finally, it outlines different types of sources reporters may use, including other reporters, primary witnesses, documents, and secondary sources like police, while being wary of anonymous tips.
An introductory lecture in ideological analysis of media, covering works of Marx, Gramsci, Adorno & Horkheimer, Hall, given to BA-1 students at the Erasmus University Rotterdam
The Media Dependency Theory proposes that the more dependent an individual is on media to have their needs met, the more important media will be to that person. The theory was developed by Sandra Ball-Rokeach and Melvin DeFleur and is widely applicable today given society's overwhelming use of media. There is debate around what exactly causes media dependency, with some pointing to factors like age, occupation, or geographic location.
This document provides an introduction to key concepts in the media industry, including different sectors, delivery methods, and the types of content. It identifies the main sectors as film, television, radio, press, advertising, music and literature. It also explains that media content can be delivered physically, via broadcast, or online. The document aims to help students identify appropriate terminology, understand the different sectors, and recognize various delivery methods in the media industry.
Media Representation Theory discusses how media constructs representations of reality through various processes. Some key aspects of representation theory are:
1) Representation involves the construction of people, places, events and identities in any medium like mass media.
2) Representations involve how identities are constructed in the text as well as in the processes of production and reception.
3) Representations aim to seem 'natural' by positioning subjects in particular ways that serve ideologies.
Analyzing representations involves considering whose realities are represented and whose are denied through semiotics and other formal analysis methods.
This document provides an overview of three key audience theories:
1. The Effects Model views audiences as passive recipients who are directly influenced by media texts. It has been criticized for ignoring audience agency.
2. The Uses and Gratifications Model positions audiences as active, using media to fulfill needs like diversion, escapism, and social comparison. It suggests consumption can help address personal issues.
3. Reception Theory recognizes that meanings encoded by producers may be decoded differently by audiences, who can have dominant, negotiated, or oppositional readings of texts. It acknowledges multiple possible interpretations.
Kurt Lewin originally developed the concept of gatekeeping theory to describe how information is filtered for dissemination through various channels of communication. Gatekeeping refers to the process by which individuals or organizations make decisions about allowing or blocking information to pass through different gates. At each gate, a gatekeeper determines what information is appropriate or inappropriate to pass through based on various influences like social norms, ethics, and policies. Gatekeeping theory is now widely used in fields like journalism and mass media to understand how and why certain information gets selected for publication or broadcasting while other information gets rejected.
The Uses and Gratifications Theory focuses on what audiences gain from media rather than how media affects them. It suggests that audiences are active in choosing media to fulfill needs like information, entertainment, social interaction, or escape. The theory proposes that people use different media sources to meet cognitive, affective, personal, social, and tension release needs. Modern applications continue to demonstrate how new media technologies allow audiences to gratify these various needs.
Ideology refers to the ideals that society feels pressure to conform to, which are influenced by institutions like the mass media. Althusser saw ideology as shaping people's thoughts and awareness. The media promotes certain ideals, like the nuclear family, by disproportionately representing it on TV. This continual exposure strengthens the belief that the nuclear family is the ideal, which the media then uses to market products that conform to this ideal lifestyle.
This document provides an overview of libertarian theory as a normative theory of mass communication. It discusses how libertarian theory views the press as operating in a self-regulating marketplace of ideas where anyone can publish to discover truth, as long as they do not defame or be obscene. The theory is based on principles of free speech and limited government intervention dating back to Enlightenment thinkers. It assumes individuals should be free and sees the press's role as a check on government without restrictions on importing/exporting messages. Strengths are freedom of expression and criticism of government, but weaknesses include lack of social responsibility and potential for propaganda.
The document discusses representation in media. It makes three key points:
1. All media texts are representations of reality that are intentionally composed by their producers and are artificial versions of reality.
2. It is important to remember that every media form, from videos to magazines, represents someone's concept of existence through signs and symbols.
3. Representation is a fluid, two-way process where producers position a text in relation to reality and audiences assess the text based on its relationship to their own reality. Representation mediates ideas of people, places, and events in various ways.
The Uses and Gratifications theory views audiences as active in their media consumption choices. It posits that people select media to fulfill certain needs and gratifications. The theory assumes audiences are goal-oriented in their selections and can articulate the reasons behind their choices. It also acknowledges that media compete with other sources for fulfilling needs. Common gratifications sought from media include information, entertainment, social interaction, and escape from problems. The degree to which media gratify the reasons people seek them (gratifications sought vs. gratifications obtained) determines audience satisfaction. Media dependency theory extends this by arguing people rely more on media that fulfill important goals and needs.
The document discusses the flow of political interests and influence in democratic landscapes. It outlines how interest groups like media, pressure groups, and lobby groups can influence structural political representatives in parliament and public opinion. Pressure groups aim to influence government policies from outside rather than exercising power directly. Media are both interest groups themselves as well as shaping public discourse. The ownership and ideology of media outlets influence the topics covered and their political stances.
Citizen journalism allows non-journalists to report and share information through writing, blogging, photos, videos, and commentary. It has become significant due to its ability to report news when large organizations are unable to. While it provides immediate perspectives, citizen journalism lacks the training of professional journalists in verification and impartiality. Anyone with internet access can be a citizen journalist by posting online.
The Two-Step Flow Theory proposes that the influence of mass media on public opinion occurs in two stages. First, media messages are received by opinion leaders in social groups who influence and filter information for their networks. These opinion leaders interpret and discuss the media's content with other group members, acting as the primary influencers. This second stage of interpersonal communication among ordinary group members ultimately shapes public opinion more so than direct exposure to the media. The theory helped explain how mass media influences audiences indirectly through social relationships and informal discussions within people's networks.
Postmodern media rejects the idea that any media product is more valuable than another. It argues that our sense of reality is now dominated by popular media images, and the distinction between media and reality has collapsed. Postmodern media is characterized by hybridity, bricolage, simulation, and disjointed narratives that mimic the uncertainties of postmodernity. Experts claim that economic and cultural changes have led to a society dominated by images and short attention spans.
Representation theory examines how media represent people, places, events and concepts through images, words and sounds. It considers how representations are constructed and how they seem natural to audiences. Representations are selective and involve processes of production, distribution and reception that shape meaning. Audiences interpret representations based on their own experiences and backgrounds.
The document summarizes several normative theories of mass communication:
- Authoritarian theory describes media controlled by the government to not publish anything against it.
- Libertarian theory advocates for total freedom of press and speech.
- Social responsibility theory sees media as having obligations to society like truth and balance.
- Soviet media theory views media as serving the interests of the working class and disseminating propaganda.
- Additional theories include development media theory prioritizing national development, and democratic participant theory focusing on audiences' needs for information and interaction.
The document discusses propaganda and the propaganda model of communication. The propaganda model explains how 5 filters - size and ownership of mass media, funding sources, reliance on specific news sources, threats of flak, and anti-communist ideology - shape the type of news that is disseminated in order to manipulate public opinion and support certain economic and political policies. These filters determine what is considered newsworthy and how events will be covered in order to favor the interests of large media corporations and their advertisers.
UAL Media Unit 4: Structuralism - binary opposites, genre and narrativeKBucket
The document provides information about media language and structuralism. It discusses how media texts are constructed to create meaning through the use of codes/signs like camerawork, mise-en-scene, and words. It explains that codes can have two levels of meaning - denotation, which is the literal meaning, and connotation, which refers to further implied meanings and associations. The document then discusses how structuralism views media texts and meanings as being determined by underlying social and psychological structures. It provides examples of how binary oppositions and genres are structural elements that help create and organize meaning in media texts.
This document discusses several narrative theories, beginning with a definition of narrative as a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events presented to an audience. It then examines Tzvetan Todorov's theory that narratives follow five steps: equilibrium is disrupted, the disruption is recognized, an attempt is made to fix the damage, and a new resolution or equilibrium is reached. However, some narratives like the film "Se7en" deliberately avoid resolution. Vladimir Propp's theory identified common character archetypes in narratives like villains, helpers, and heroes. Claude Levi-Strauss's theory was that narratives rely on binary oppositions like strong vs. weak and good vs. evil.
The document discusses the theory of auteurism in film. It began in 1950s France where critics argued that directors had a personal creative vision that shaped their films, and that certain directors like Howard Hawks, Alfred Hitchcock, and Jean Renoir should be considered "auteurs". The theory was popularized by François Truffaut and other critics writing for Cahiers du Cinéma. It was later adopted by American critic Andrew Sarris and influenced how directors were analyzed. However, the theory was later criticized for overlooking collaboration and privileging the director's role too much.
The document discusses Critical Theory and its contributions to Media Studies and Media Education. It begins by outlining three main questions to address regarding Critical Theory, its role in Media Studies, and how it can benefit media education students. It then provides background on Critical Theory, noting it originated from the Frankfurt School and opposes capitalism and domination. Key concepts from Critical Theory are also listed. The document focuses on Theodor Adorno's theories around mass culture, the culture industry, and the standardization and commodification of culture through capitalism. It argues Critical Theory continues to be relevant today across various fields and can help media educators develop a critical pedagogy.
The document analyzes India's private FM radio industry. It notes that while the industry has experienced rapid growth since being privatized in the late 1990s, it remains far smaller than international standards. The industry is highly competitive with many players engaging in price wars. Differentiation is limited due to regulatory restrictions on content. However, future drivers for growth include proposed Phase III licensing that could add over 600 new stations, foreign investment, and development of more localized advertising. Risks include threats from internet advertising and potential delays from issues around music royalty payments.
Cultivation Theory & Gatekeeping DiscussionJuli Whetstone
This document discusses cultivation theory and gatekeeping in media. Cultivation theory suggests that television shapes viewers' perceptions of social reality by presenting attitudes already present in culture. It was developed in the 1960s by George Gerbner who studied the relationship between television, violence, and viewers' perceptions. Cultivation theory can also apply to social media which easily spreads repetition of images and brand portrayals. Gatekeeping refers to how media outlets select which information to present to audiences and influence the salience of issues. The theory originated in the 1920s-1950s and examined propaganda and family discussions, and now applies to how social media users act as gatekeepers by controlling what they see.
The document discusses four normative theories of the press:
1) Authoritarian theory views media as controlled by authorities to strengthen the government through censorship and licensing.
2) Libertarian theory sees people as rational and able to judge information freely without restrictions.
3) Social responsibility theory supports private ownership but with self-regulation and ethical standards to benefit society.
4) Soviet communist theory treats media as owned by the state to spread propaganda and ideology in support of communist rule.
Karl Marx suggested that true freedom only exists under communism and that wealth is determined by skill and social status. Neo-Marxism updated traditional Marxism by addressing criticisms of only two classes and recognizing a more complex class structure. Marxism is a philosophy and analysis of history and capitalism that views society through a materialist lens and theorizes social change. Stuart Hall argued that dominant ideologies are not automatically adopted by audiences. Pluralism posits that society is diverse with many beliefs, while hegemony describes one group dominating through popular consent. Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership. Louis Althusser was a structural Marxist who argued Marxism underwent an epistemological break and analyzed threats to
The Uses and Gratifications Theory focuses on what audiences gain from media rather than how media affects them. It suggests that audiences are active in choosing media to fulfill needs like information, entertainment, social interaction, or escape. The theory proposes that people use different media sources to meet cognitive, affective, personal, social, and tension release needs. Modern applications continue to demonstrate how new media technologies allow audiences to gratify these various needs.
Ideology refers to the ideals that society feels pressure to conform to, which are influenced by institutions like the mass media. Althusser saw ideology as shaping people's thoughts and awareness. The media promotes certain ideals, like the nuclear family, by disproportionately representing it on TV. This continual exposure strengthens the belief that the nuclear family is the ideal, which the media then uses to market products that conform to this ideal lifestyle.
This document provides an overview of libertarian theory as a normative theory of mass communication. It discusses how libertarian theory views the press as operating in a self-regulating marketplace of ideas where anyone can publish to discover truth, as long as they do not defame or be obscene. The theory is based on principles of free speech and limited government intervention dating back to Enlightenment thinkers. It assumes individuals should be free and sees the press's role as a check on government without restrictions on importing/exporting messages. Strengths are freedom of expression and criticism of government, but weaknesses include lack of social responsibility and potential for propaganda.
The document discusses representation in media. It makes three key points:
1. All media texts are representations of reality that are intentionally composed by their producers and are artificial versions of reality.
2. It is important to remember that every media form, from videos to magazines, represents someone's concept of existence through signs and symbols.
3. Representation is a fluid, two-way process where producers position a text in relation to reality and audiences assess the text based on its relationship to their own reality. Representation mediates ideas of people, places, and events in various ways.
The Uses and Gratifications theory views audiences as active in their media consumption choices. It posits that people select media to fulfill certain needs and gratifications. The theory assumes audiences are goal-oriented in their selections and can articulate the reasons behind their choices. It also acknowledges that media compete with other sources for fulfilling needs. Common gratifications sought from media include information, entertainment, social interaction, and escape from problems. The degree to which media gratify the reasons people seek them (gratifications sought vs. gratifications obtained) determines audience satisfaction. Media dependency theory extends this by arguing people rely more on media that fulfill important goals and needs.
The document discusses the flow of political interests and influence in democratic landscapes. It outlines how interest groups like media, pressure groups, and lobby groups can influence structural political representatives in parliament and public opinion. Pressure groups aim to influence government policies from outside rather than exercising power directly. Media are both interest groups themselves as well as shaping public discourse. The ownership and ideology of media outlets influence the topics covered and their political stances.
Citizen journalism allows non-journalists to report and share information through writing, blogging, photos, videos, and commentary. It has become significant due to its ability to report news when large organizations are unable to. While it provides immediate perspectives, citizen journalism lacks the training of professional journalists in verification and impartiality. Anyone with internet access can be a citizen journalist by posting online.
The Two-Step Flow Theory proposes that the influence of mass media on public opinion occurs in two stages. First, media messages are received by opinion leaders in social groups who influence and filter information for their networks. These opinion leaders interpret and discuss the media's content with other group members, acting as the primary influencers. This second stage of interpersonal communication among ordinary group members ultimately shapes public opinion more so than direct exposure to the media. The theory helped explain how mass media influences audiences indirectly through social relationships and informal discussions within people's networks.
Postmodern media rejects the idea that any media product is more valuable than another. It argues that our sense of reality is now dominated by popular media images, and the distinction between media and reality has collapsed. Postmodern media is characterized by hybridity, bricolage, simulation, and disjointed narratives that mimic the uncertainties of postmodernity. Experts claim that economic and cultural changes have led to a society dominated by images and short attention spans.
Representation theory examines how media represent people, places, events and concepts through images, words and sounds. It considers how representations are constructed and how they seem natural to audiences. Representations are selective and involve processes of production, distribution and reception that shape meaning. Audiences interpret representations based on their own experiences and backgrounds.
The document summarizes several normative theories of mass communication:
- Authoritarian theory describes media controlled by the government to not publish anything against it.
- Libertarian theory advocates for total freedom of press and speech.
- Social responsibility theory sees media as having obligations to society like truth and balance.
- Soviet media theory views media as serving the interests of the working class and disseminating propaganda.
- Additional theories include development media theory prioritizing national development, and democratic participant theory focusing on audiences' needs for information and interaction.
The document discusses propaganda and the propaganda model of communication. The propaganda model explains how 5 filters - size and ownership of mass media, funding sources, reliance on specific news sources, threats of flak, and anti-communist ideology - shape the type of news that is disseminated in order to manipulate public opinion and support certain economic and political policies. These filters determine what is considered newsworthy and how events will be covered in order to favor the interests of large media corporations and their advertisers.
UAL Media Unit 4: Structuralism - binary opposites, genre and narrativeKBucket
The document provides information about media language and structuralism. It discusses how media texts are constructed to create meaning through the use of codes/signs like camerawork, mise-en-scene, and words. It explains that codes can have two levels of meaning - denotation, which is the literal meaning, and connotation, which refers to further implied meanings and associations. The document then discusses how structuralism views media texts and meanings as being determined by underlying social and psychological structures. It provides examples of how binary oppositions and genres are structural elements that help create and organize meaning in media texts.
This document discusses several narrative theories, beginning with a definition of narrative as a sequence of fictional or non-fictional events presented to an audience. It then examines Tzvetan Todorov's theory that narratives follow five steps: equilibrium is disrupted, the disruption is recognized, an attempt is made to fix the damage, and a new resolution or equilibrium is reached. However, some narratives like the film "Se7en" deliberately avoid resolution. Vladimir Propp's theory identified common character archetypes in narratives like villains, helpers, and heroes. Claude Levi-Strauss's theory was that narratives rely on binary oppositions like strong vs. weak and good vs. evil.
The document discusses the theory of auteurism in film. It began in 1950s France where critics argued that directors had a personal creative vision that shaped their films, and that certain directors like Howard Hawks, Alfred Hitchcock, and Jean Renoir should be considered "auteurs". The theory was popularized by François Truffaut and other critics writing for Cahiers du Cinéma. It was later adopted by American critic Andrew Sarris and influenced how directors were analyzed. However, the theory was later criticized for overlooking collaboration and privileging the director's role too much.
The document discusses Critical Theory and its contributions to Media Studies and Media Education. It begins by outlining three main questions to address regarding Critical Theory, its role in Media Studies, and how it can benefit media education students. It then provides background on Critical Theory, noting it originated from the Frankfurt School and opposes capitalism and domination. Key concepts from Critical Theory are also listed. The document focuses on Theodor Adorno's theories around mass culture, the culture industry, and the standardization and commodification of culture through capitalism. It argues Critical Theory continues to be relevant today across various fields and can help media educators develop a critical pedagogy.
The document analyzes India's private FM radio industry. It notes that while the industry has experienced rapid growth since being privatized in the late 1990s, it remains far smaller than international standards. The industry is highly competitive with many players engaging in price wars. Differentiation is limited due to regulatory restrictions on content. However, future drivers for growth include proposed Phase III licensing that could add over 600 new stations, foreign investment, and development of more localized advertising. Risks include threats from internet advertising and potential delays from issues around music royalty payments.
Cultivation Theory & Gatekeeping DiscussionJuli Whetstone
This document discusses cultivation theory and gatekeeping in media. Cultivation theory suggests that television shapes viewers' perceptions of social reality by presenting attitudes already present in culture. It was developed in the 1960s by George Gerbner who studied the relationship between television, violence, and viewers' perceptions. Cultivation theory can also apply to social media which easily spreads repetition of images and brand portrayals. Gatekeeping refers to how media outlets select which information to present to audiences and influence the salience of issues. The theory originated in the 1920s-1950s and examined propaganda and family discussions, and now applies to how social media users act as gatekeepers by controlling what they see.
The document discusses four normative theories of the press:
1) Authoritarian theory views media as controlled by authorities to strengthen the government through censorship and licensing.
2) Libertarian theory sees people as rational and able to judge information freely without restrictions.
3) Social responsibility theory supports private ownership but with self-regulation and ethical standards to benefit society.
4) Soviet communist theory treats media as owned by the state to spread propaganda and ideology in support of communist rule.
Karl Marx suggested that true freedom only exists under communism and that wealth is determined by skill and social status. Neo-Marxism updated traditional Marxism by addressing criticisms of only two classes and recognizing a more complex class structure. Marxism is a philosophy and analysis of history and capitalism that views society through a materialist lens and theorizes social change. Stuart Hall argued that dominant ideologies are not automatically adopted by audiences. Pluralism posits that society is diverse with many beliefs, while hegemony describes one group dominating through popular consent. Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership. Louis Althusser was a structural Marxist who argued Marxism underwent an epistemological break and analyzed threats to
This document provides an overview of Marxist theories and concepts in international relations. It discusses key aspects of Marxism like historical materialism, division of labor, and world-systems theory. Dependency theory is explained as focusing on the redistribution of resources from poor peripheral countries to wealthy core countries, creating dependency. The document also references several important Marxist theorists and their works, such as Karl Marx, Paul Baran, Paul Sweezy, Andre Gunder Frank, and Immanuel Wallerstein.
The document discusses several key concepts in Marxism and media theory, including representation of Karl Marx and his ideas, traditional and neo-Marxism, Marxism and ideology, Stuart Hall's perspective on media constructing reality rather than reflecting it, the concepts of pluralism and hegemony in media representation, capitalism, Louis Althusser's focus on the role of ideology, repression and its effects, theorists Laura Mulvey, Gaye Tuchman on symbolic annihilation, David Gauntlett's perspective on media and identity, Noam Chomsky's propaganda model, and the definition of ideology.
The Soviet media theory originated after the 1917 Russian Revolution as a way to structure the media based on Marxist-Leninist principles. It held that the state should control all media and communication to serve the interests of the working classes. The government ended private media ownership and used media as a way to educate the masses and promote a strong socialist society. While similar to authoritarian theory in centralizing media control, Soviet media theory still allowed for some public feedback and was intended to benefit the people under the leadership of the nation.
This document summarizes 15 theories of communication and mass media:
1) Structural/functional, cognitive/behavioral, interactionist, interpretive, and critical theories examine how social structures, individual psychology, social interaction, meaning-making, and power dynamics influence communication.
2) Classical theories include the authoritarian, libertarian, and social responsibility theories, which are based on political philosophies and view the role of media differently.
3) Early 20th century theories like the magic bullet theory and two-step flow theory posited direct and indirect effects of media on audiences. Later theories examined uses and gratifications, agenda-setting, dependency, cultivation effects, and diffusion of innovations.
4) Contemporary theories
The document discusses different conceptions of democracy and the role of media and propaganda. It summarizes that some theorists view democracy as the public being barred from managing their own affairs and information being strictly controlled. Another view is that the public should have means to participate and access open information. The document outlines how early 20th century US government propaganda successfully turned public opinion to support entering WWI. This taught leaders that propaganda supported by elites can influence people. Some theorists then argued that a small group of "responsible men" understand the public interest better than the "bewildered herd" of citizens. They believe democracy works by the public occasionally choosing leaders, but otherwise being distracted spectators. The document critiques this view that the
The document discusses different conceptions of democracy and the role of media and propaganda. It summarizes that some theorists argue democracy requires a "bewildered herd" of citizens who are spectators rather than participants in decision making, which is left to an elite "specialized class". The successes of Woodrow Wilson's Creel Commission in manipulating public opinion through propaganda showed how the public could be influenced en masse. Some theorists like Walter Lippmann argued this system of "manufacturing consent" was necessary, as the interests of the majority elude them and are best determined by experts. Propaganda was thus seen as important in democracies to keep the public distracted while an elite few make decisions.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Marxist media theory, including opposition to functionalism and liberal pluralism, the base/superstructure model, ideology, and the constitution of subjects. It discusses different schools of Marxist thought, including the Frankfurt School, Althusser, Gramsci, Stuart Hall, and the limitations and strengths of Marxist analysis. Overall, the document outlines some of the major theoretical frameworks and debates within Marxist approaches to understanding the role and power of mass media.
The document discusses four normative theories of the press: the authoritarian theory, libertarian theory, social responsibility theory, and Soviet communist theory. Under the authoritarian theory, all forms of communication are controlled by governing elites or authorities to protect national interests. The libertarian theory advocates for complete press freedom with no government control. The social responsibility theory balances press freedom with reasonable controls and social obligations. Finally, the Soviet communist theory views media as an instrument of the state to promote communist ideology and governance.
The PPT discusses on the press conditions in the world. It also explains the working conditions of press & media and its professionals in western countries as well as developing countries.
The document discusses freedom of the press and whether it can oppress and deceive the masses. It examines different theories of the press and media systems. While a free press is important for democracy, it can also present biased or sensationalized information. The document argues that an uncritical press could promote stability but may unduly influence those without strong media literacy skills. Ultimately, the press provides checks on government but must be responsible and aware of its influence to sustain an informed public.
277 CHAPTER 6 THE (ANTI-)POLITICS OF AUTONOMY Almo.docxtamicawaysmith
277
CHAPTER 6: THE (ANTI-)POLITICS OF AUTONOMY
Almost without exception, revolutionary social movements in the twentieth century have
sought to conquer national political power -- either to take over nation-states through elections or
overthrow them through violence. The goal of autonomous movements is to transcend nation-
states, not capture them. Since autonomists are singularly uninterested in what is normally regarded
as politics (campaigns, votes, fundraising, party formation, etc.), is it possible to speak of the
politics of autonomy? An affirmative answer rests upon a redefinition of politics, one that considers
civil Ludditism and confrontational demonstrations to be forms of political action. In this chapter, I
compare autonomous (anti-) politics with these those of the Greens and of the Left. In so doing, I
hope to demarcate the boundaries of autonomous movements and speculate on their possible
applicability to other contexts. As will become clear in the course of my discussion, one of the
principal weaknesses of contemporary political movements has been their tendency to adopt ready-
made theories from previous waves of activism. In order to mitigate such dogmatic behavior in
future autonomous movements, I develop a detailed critique of the theories of Antonio Negri, the
Italian autonomist whose notions of revolutionary strategy vary widely from those I understand as
most effective and relevant. In contrast to Negri's call to adopt the cyborg as a model of action, I
propose a rationality of the heart and a reconsideration of the role of spontaneity and militance.
Unlike Social Democracy and Leninism, the two main currents of the twentieth century
Left, the Autonomen are relatively unencumbered with rigid ideologies. The absence of any central
organization (or even primary organizations) helps keep theory and practice in continual interplay.
Indeed, actions speak for most Autonomen, not words, and the sheer volume of decentralized
happenings generated by small groups acting on their own initiative prohibits systematic
understanding of the totality of the movement, a first step in the dismantling of any system. No
single organization can control the directions of actions undertaken from the grassroots. Although
the Autonomen have no unified ideology and there has never been an Autonomen manifesto, their
statements make it clear they fight "not for ideologies, not for the proletariat, not for the people" but
(in much the same sense as feminists first put it) for a "politics of the first person." They want
self-determination and "the abolition of politics," not leadership by a party. They want to destroy
the existing social system because they see it as the cause of "inhumanity, exploitation and daily
monotony."1
No doubt the Autonomen are difficult to define. Neither a party nor a movement, their
diffuse status frustrates those who seek a quick and easy definition for them. They appear as the
"bla ...
Representation refers to how aspects of reality are constructed in various media forms. The document discusses several representation theorists and theories related to the horror genre. Laura Mulvey's 1975 theory of the male gaze argues that Hollywood cinema places the audience in a masculine subject position and portrays women as objects of desire. Marxist perspectives like those of Karl Marx and Antonio Gramsci view representation as a means for the powerful elite to ideologically influence and control the masses through institutions like religion, education, law and the media. Hegemony, or dominant ideology, plays an important role in representation theory by examining how certain groups are portrayed in ways that spread ideology and influence public opinion in service of the elite.
The document discusses the history and evolution of major political ideologies such as classical liberalism, conservatism, socialism, fascism, and modern liberalism. It examines how these ideologies developed in response to historical events and political circumstances. Key thinkers and their major ideas are outlined for each ideology.
Liberal pluralism is the dominant political perspective linked to capitalism. It values individual choice, freedom, and democracy. Societies that embrace liberal pluralism allow a range of political views, opinions, and parties for citizens to choose from in free elections. The UK and most of Western Europe describe themselves as liberal pluralist.
Karl Marx was a 19th century philosopher who developed the theory of Marxism. Marxist instrumental theory holds that mass media owners control media content to transmit a conservative ideology and maintain the status quo of capitalism. The media performs ideological functions like portraying the wealthy positively and spreading the myth of meritocracy. It also dismisses radical views and divides audiences. The audience is seen as passive and easily manipulated. There is historical evidence that media owners manipulated content, though critics argue audiences are active and media aims to make a profit, not spread narrow views.
This document discusses the four eras of mass communication theories:
1) Era of mass society theory from 1850-1940 where new media was seen as disruptive.
2) Era of scientific perspective from 1940-1950 where Lazarsfeld conducted experiments showing media had limited effects.
3) Era of limited effects from 1950-1960s where research supported this perspective.
4) Era of cultural criticism from 1960-1980s where European theorists argued media enabled elites to maintain power. Theories discussed in each era include propaganda theory, limited effects theory, agenda setting theory, and cultivation theory.
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Media ideology and power
1. Media Ideology and Power
Muhammad Awais.
Roll No. 11
M.Phil. Communication studies
Research Track
2015-17
ICS, University of the Punjab Lahore.
2. What is ideology…
It is a complicated term. Sometimes it is insult to call someone an
‘ideological’.
But when Marxist speak of ideology, it means it is the race of power by
distorting or misrepresenting the reality.
A set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political system,
group, party, or organization is based (i.e. socialist or capitalist,
communism, racism, feminism ideology).
Karl Marx explained about the ideology of creating reality by bourgeoisie
(owners of production) against the proletariat ‘have nots’.
Ideologies that are told to us repeatedly by important social institutions
such as the Mosques, the law, education, government, and the media are
called dominant ideologies.
Ideology. Retrieved from http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ideology. Retrieved on 2015, December 26.
Media and Ideology. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.com/sites/default/files/upm-binaries/5239_Croteau_Chapter_5.pdf. Retrieved on 2015, December 07.
Ideology. Retrieved from http://media-studies.tki.org.nz/Teaching-media-studies/Media-concepts/Ideology. Retrieved on 2015, December 05.
3. How ideology relates to media studies…
Ideology in media is defined here as a system of ideals and values perpetuated through
media (Ton. 2015).
Media texts always reflect certain values or ideologies though sometimes we may not
be aware of this. For example in some texts, such as action films like the Die Hard or the
Lethal Weapon series, solving problems with force is seen as an acceptable value and
reflects a certain ideology.
When studying a media text you may look for the ideology present and question whose
world view is represented and which group(s) and their associated world view(s) have
not been represented.
Ideology. http://media-studies.tki.org.nz/Teaching-media-studies/Media-concepts/Ideology. 2015, December 05
Ton. A.S . 2015. Ideology in media (slide no.3). Retrieved from https://www.haikudeck.com/ideology-in-media-uncategorized-presentation-0agfCylUk4. retrieved on 20th December 2015.
4. Hall (n.k) says that the media are engaged in the “politics of signification,”
in which they produce particular narratives that give events certain
meanings.
That is to say, they do not simply “reflect” the world they “re-present,” it by
engaging practices that define reality.
Studies show that when Israel does commit atrocities, they are often
justified by western news outlets, and sometimes altogether suppressed.
The representation of Arab culture in Hollywood films present Arab people
as barbarian, cruel, robbers, monsters, beater of women, narrow minded,
fundamentalist etc.
Hall.S. (n.k). Stuart Hall and Cultural Studies: Decoding Cultural Oppression. Retrieved from http://www.corwin.com/upm-data/13286_Chapter_2_Web_Byte__Stuart_Hall.pdf. Retrieved on 2015, December 07.
Stereotyping And Misrepresentation Of Arab Muslim Women Cultural Studies Essay. Retrieved from http://www.ukessays.com/essays/cultural-studies/stereotyping-and-misrepresentation-of-arab-muslim-women-
cultural-studies-essay.php. Retrieved on 1st January 2016
Studies continually show strong pro-Israel bias in western media. Retrieved fromhttp://www.middleeasteye.net/columns/studies-continually-show-strong-pro-israel-bias-western-media-
881718416. retrieved on 28 December 2015.
5. Media Ideology and Power…
To understand the power of media, we have an example of “War of the
World”.
Key theoretical area underlying the study of ideology is the idea of
Hegemony.
Hegemony is not simply about ideological domination or forcible
imposition of views on people. It involves winning their consent through a
type of cultural leadership.
The commodification of culture, Mckdonaldization and Americanization
are resulted from a particular ideology of media.
Welles scares nation. Retrieved from http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/welles-scares-nation. Retrieved on 2016, January 1st.
Media and Ideology. Retrieved from http://jclass.umd.edu/classes/cpsp222/Media%20and%20Ideology%281%29.ppt. retrieved on January 1st, 2016.
6. Normative Approaches to understand
media ideology…
Authoritarian ideology. They eat authors…
All forms of communications are under the control of the governing elite or
authorities or influential bureaucrats to protect the people .
Criticizing government programs undermines the peace.
During WWII Hitler and Mussolini used media to propagate and press
couldn’t question against or publish against these two dictators.
But social media has made the picture complex to understand it. Though
there was an authoritarian media in Arab countries but in ‘Arab Spring’,
people use social media to take part in social change.
Omidyar, P. 2014. Social Media: Enemy of the State or Power to the People?. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/news/social-media-arab-spring/ 26 December 2015
Authoritarian Theory. http://communicationtheory.org/authoritarian-theory/. Retrieved on 29th December 2015.
7. Libertarian Ideology.
Uplift all laws and ethical considerations from the practice and
Libertarian media will be yielded.
Freedom of press will give more freedom to media to reveal the real
things happening in the society without any censorship or any authority
blockades.
Ignores need for reasonable control of media.
Libertarian ideology of media sees people more enough to find and
judge good ideas from bad.
Free marketplace of ideas and people will follow the efficient argument.
Bill of rights
Bill of rights. Retrieved from http://www.history.com/topics/bill-of-rights. Retrieved on 1st January 2016
WikiLeaks. Retrieved from https://www.facebook.com/wikileaks. Retrieved on 7th January 2016.
Marketplace of ideas. Retrieved from http://iml.jou.ufl.edu/projects/Fall99/Wolff/FMP1.HTM. Retrieved on 25th December 2015.
Libertarian theory. Retrieved from http://communicationtheory.org/libertarian-theory/ Retrieved on 21st December 2015
8. Social Responsible ideology of Media…
This ideology came due to the drawbacks of libertarian media.
“Your right to swing your fist ends where my nose begins.” (Oliver Wendell Holmes,
Jr. 1894).
Libertarian ideology only consider the active audience.
People who believe media should be controlled couldn’t reach any agreement who
should be in charge or what should be the method (i.e. Cognoscenti of their own
bamboozlement (Baran. p-77).
In absolute liberty, the enemies also have chances to propagate.
Freedom of the press should not be absolute: it should be responsible to society
(Surrur. 2007).
There is no room to report Sikandar hostile behavior live in social responsible
ideology.
A quote. http://celestethebest.tumblr.com/post/17720871175/your-right-to-swing-your-fist-ends-where-my-nose retrieved on January 1st, 2016.
Social Responsibility Theory. Retrieved from http://communicationtheory.org/social-responsibility-theory/. Retrieved on January 1st. 2016
Surur. F,A. 2007. Press freedom is not absolute as it is limited with responsibility. Retrieved from http://www.arabwestreport.info/en/year-2003/week-12/2-dr-ahmed-fathi-
surur-press-freedom-not-absolute-it-limited-responsibility Retrieved on January 1st. 2-16
Baran. S, J, Davis, D, K. 2010. Mass Communication Theory: Foundations, Ferment and Future. Cengage Learning. p.77
9. Soviet-Communist Ideology…
It emerged from Marxist, Leninist, and Stalinist thoughts after the 17th
century.
State owns or in some way controls all forms of mass media directly.
Media reports less on the bad things that happen under communism and
emphasizes the bad things that happen in democratic areas.
Pravda: “Communism is good” by praising Stalin’s non-aggression pact
with Hitler but avoid reporting Chernobyl disaster because it may raise
concerns about the Soviet Nuclear Plant (Gabby, 2012).
North Korean, China and Russian media are based on communist
ideology.
From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs.
Gabby.T. 2012. Introduction to Four Theories of the Press. Retrieved from (https://epiclawyers.wordpress.com/introduction-to-four-theories-of-the-press/) on 27 December 2015.
Communism. Retrieved from www.cs.mcgill.ca/~rwest/wikispeedia/wpcd/wp/c/Communism.htm. Retrieved on December 28th. 2015.)
10. Lenin identified three Roles of Press..
Propagandist
Example: Radio and world war II.
Agitator
Anna Hazare and Indian media. Dharna and Pakistani media.
Hutu vs. Tutsi Conflict and the role of media.
Organizer
Pakistan media’s use of patriotism and sympathy
appeals after December 16, 2014.
Where to Begin? Retrieved from https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1901/may/04.htm. retrieved on 7 December 2015.
The Role of Media as Agitation. Retrieved from https://storify.com/Daisi426/t. retrieved on December 28th 2015.
Tribune: Sep 19th 2014
11. Ownership and Media Ideology…
Owners or their appointed top executives have final say in what the organizations does.
Nixon and Jones (1956) concluded that difference in quality is due to the competence of
owners and operators of a newspapers.
Researches found that similar media with different owners vary in their content.
In 1980 the ownership of 3 big TV networks changed and widely covered.
Los Angles Times’ publisher was republican and helped Richard Nixon throughout his
career.
Media conglomerates: 1983, 50 corporations but in 1987, Ban Bagdikian reported in his
book that 29 corporations control most of the media business. By 2004 media ownership
was concentrated in seven corporations. Five mammoth firms, now dominate the world
media namely Times Warner Inc. Bertelsmann AG (West Germany). News Corporation Ltd
(Murdoch’s Australia based firm). Hachette SA (France). Capital Cities/ABC Incorporation.
Nixon, R.B & Jones, R.L. 1956. Concentration of press ownership and comparison. Journalism quartely. 48
Nixon Targeted The Times, Tapes Show. Retrieved from http://articles.latimes.com/1997-03-22/news/mn-40969_1_otis-chandler. Retrieved on 28the Decemebr 2015.
Bagdikean. B. 2004. The New Media Monopoly: The Big Five. Beacon Press
12. Ownership and internal slant…
Donohew (1967) found a direct positive relationship between a publisher’s
attitude toward an issue and in the newspaper publishing.
Chain vs Independent : Group owned media channels broadcasts more
news than those that are not group owned.
Bagdikean: when chains take over paper, increase in ads and its rates,
reduces serious news which is more expensive to gather and hire less
qualified journalists.
Thrift (1977) found that chain newspapers published fewer argumentative
editorials, fewer editorials on local matters and fewer on controversial
topics than independent papers.
Donohew, L. et al. 1967. Content analysis of communications. New York: Macmillan.
Bagdikian. B. 2004, The Media Monopoly Ch. 4.
Thrift, R. (1977). How chain Ownership Affects Editorial Vigor of Newspapers. Journalism Quarterly, 54(2), 327-331.
13. Rupert Murdoch: A Case Study
He is considered a s the most notorious journalist in
America.
Rupert Murdock bought Chicago Sun Times and made
it sensationalistic like in New York Post and Boston
Herald. This influence the management and columnist
like Ellen Goodman and Garry Wells and forced them
to resign (Tuccille 1989).
He used his British Newspaper The Sun and The Times
of London to support P.M Margret Thatcher. Same
was done before selling New York Post in 1988 in
favor of Ronald Reagan.
Tuccille, J. 1989. Rupert Murdoch: Creator of a Worldwide Media Empire. New York. D. I. Fine. P-105-130
Rupert Murdoch. Encyclopedia. Retrieved from www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Rupert_Murdoch.aspx retrieved on 22nd December 2015.
14. Media Ideology and Agenda Setting…
‘Agenda setting’ enables the media to create pictures in our head. People
react to pictures in their head instead of actual events(Anderson, K. 2012).
Media and the press filter and shape reality rather than reflect it (Marie. A
lesson 9).
It is the ideology which required to set the agenda to be implemented.
Agenda setting therefore results in cultural hegemony. The basic principles
of capitalism – private enterprise, profit, the free market and the rights of
property ownership – dominate media content and are presented as
‘normal’ and ‘natural’.
Anderson, K. (2012). Agenda Setting Theory and Ideology. Retrieved date, 2015 December 22. Retrieved from
https://prezi.com/7uhrwn_myyhy/agenda-setting-theory-and-ideology/
Marie, A. (n.k). Agenda Setting: Definition, Function, Process & Examples. Chapter 9, Lesson 18. Retrieved date 15, December 2015. Retrived from
http://study.com/academy/lesson/agenda-setting-definition-function-process-examples.html.
15. Engineering consent and the war in
Iraq: A case study
Through the media Saddam Hussain was portrayed as terrorist who was
producing the nuclear weapons which was a threat to Americans.
For bureaucratic reasons we settled on one issue, weapons of mass
destruction, because it was the one reason everyone could agree on (Black.
2003).
Saddam Hussein is bad, the imagery of nuclear mushroom clouds, the links
between al-Qaida and Saddam and similar depiction of media had welcomed
the cost and the number of soldiers and troops needed (Rich. 2004, p-12).
All the manufactured justifications were deception and dissolution.
Tony Blaire (six years after the war) told BBC that Saddam Hussain’s presence
in the Middle East was enough of a threat to justify the war, but obviously you
would have had to use and deploy different arguments about the nature of the
threat (Ritchie, 2009).
Black, E. (2003). After Iraq, It’s a War of Words, Evidence; Was Arms Threat Exaggerated? Minneapolis Star-Tribune, June 8: 1A.
Rich, F. (2004). A Perfect Storm of Mind-Bending Pictures from Iraq. Providence Journal, 9: 12.
Ritchie, A. (2009). Blair Iraq War Admission Sparks Fresh Outrage. Yahoo News, December 13. (http://www.google.com/hostednews/
afp/article/ALeqM5jTebENCJbPdSLM1qftov5P0JhsvQ).
16. Steve Rendall and Tara Broughel (2003). "Amplifying Officials, Squelching Dissent". Extra! (Fairness and Accuracy In Reporting).
A FAIR study found that in the lead up to the Iraq War, most sources were overwhelmingly in favor of the
invasion…
What we spent on Iraq: http://cdn.theatlantic.com/static/mt/assets/business/What_We_Spent_On_Iraq_In_Context.JPG. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
Art feeling addvertising agency.2013. Iraq Media Profile 2012 13. http://www.slideshare.net/SarhadIAbdulbaqi/iraq-media-profile-2012-13 . Slide no.12. retrieved 1 january 2016
17. American media’s ideology before and after 9/11…
If we compare two movies “Rambo III” and “American Sniper”, it can
be seen that the ideologies change in accord to perspective.
“Taliban” … before 9/11, they were friends of US but after that top in
list of enemies.
Before 9/11, Hollywood believed Afghanistan is a land of lions, the
people of Afghanistan are brave. They portrayed in such a way that
the enmity of Afghanistan and the poison of the snake results same.
And they encouraged that Afghanistan people can defeat USSR.
But after 9/11, they changed their ideology in accord to
battleground. The heroes in their films shoot people of Afghanistan
to head and says ‘Rest in Hell”.
Study found that Bollywood movies have changed the religious
beliefs as well. 7% of the students of BZU believed that religion is
not mattered if you want to marry someone (Shabbir, 2015).
Shabbir R. 2015. Jab tak hai jaan: A case Study. BZU library (unpublished)
18. The Independent. Monday 6 December 1993 Daily News & New York Post. Monday May 2, 2011
That Time Ronald Reagan Hosted Those 'Freedom Fighters' At The Oval Office: The Business Insider
19. Media Ideology and Gatekeeping…
Few countries blocked wiki leaks website from its
country to maintain the internal security because
the wiki leaks was not ready to compromise with
government censorship and releasing classified
documents against the government.
In the era of radio propaganda, countries used
different techniques for the purpose of tackling it.
All the rival news channels are banned from going
on air on cable in India and Pakistan.
But the social media hindered the power of
gatekeeping.
http://professionaljobprep.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Gate-Keeper.gif. Retrieved 2 January 2015
Dube. R. 2012 5 Worst Examples Of The WikiLeaks Sites Banned Or Censored. http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/5-worst-examples-wikileaks-site-banned-censured/. retrieved 2 January
2016.
White, David Manning. (1964). "The 'Gatekeeper': A Case Study In the Selection of News, In: Lewis A. Dexter / David M. White (Hrsg.): People, Society and Mass Communications. London
160 - 172.
20. ‘Agents of Power’.
Altschull worked for so many media organizations. During his professional
career, he was approached so many times by the inlfulentional persons
inside and outside the organization.
He was forced to angle the stories of the victory of Adenaur’s 1957 in West
Germany as the victory over communism (Altschull, p-10).
To expect that the news media will make a dramatic U-turn and scoff at
the wishes of the paymasters is to engage in the wildest kind of utopian
fantasies."
(Altschull, 1984, p. 299)
Altschull, J.H. 1984. Agents of Power: The role of the news media in human affairs. Longman Inc. Philadelphia. P-10
21. All press systems are based on a belief in free expression -- although it is
defined in different ways.
All systems endorse social responsibility and say that they serve the needs
and interests of the people and promise people access to media.
He also founds that journalism schools in each system transmit ideologies and value systems of the society in
which they exist and assist people in power in maintaining control of the media -- and that press practices
always differ from theory.
Common factors in all press models. http://hope.journ.wwu.edu/tpilgrim/j190/shoemakernew.html 28 December 2018.
After a review of press systems in 1995, he concluded that 3 models of the press
dominates…
1. Market (or capitalist) ideology
2. Communitarian (or socialist) ideology
3. Advancing (or developing countries’) ideology
3 models of press in the world. http://hope.journ.wwu.edu/tpilgrim/j190/shoemakernew.html 29 December 2016.
22. Market (or capitalist) model…
Free marketplace of ideas.
Absolute freedom in the market of ideas
disseminated by the media.
Holds all the characteristics which libertarian
ideology have.
Implications…
Globalization Results in cultural
imperialism. Western cultural products in
the world: Mcdonaldization, Nike, Coca etc.
Hybridization and homoculturalization.
Commodifiaction of culture by media
Coffee/Tea in the morning.
Chines food, Mexican food,
dresses
KFC culture.
Cell phone use; media made all
of them our necessity.
23. Communitarian Model… not to be confused with Communism.
Emphasizes the connection between media, individual and community.
Article 29 of the 1948 Universal Declaration on Human Right: "Everyone
has duties to the community in which alone the free and full development
of his personality is possible". This should be seen as applying to the news
media as well.
The communitarian role of the news media, is also grounds for its duties.
The news media is a member of the community either as a "legal person"
(a corporate entity) or by nature of the individual it is comprised of –
journalists, editors and publishers, photographers , which are all
community members. As a member of the community, the news media
bears certain duties towards other members (Roy. (n.k).
The news media lives and grows in the heart of the community.
Community radios. (Mahooli and gambling, Tamboli community and
butchers, Haiti Community radio).
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/. Retrieved date January 1st, 2016.
Roy. P. (n.k). https://communitariannetwork.org/sites/communitariannetwork.org/files/downloads/Communitarian%20Grounds%20for%20Media%20Duties.pdf. Retrieved on January 1st. 2016.
The 40 Best Little Radio Stations in the U.S. www.pastemagazine.com/.../the-best-little-radio-stations-in-the-us.html. Retrieved on December 29, 2015.
24. Advancing (or developing countries)
model…
Not only in establishing and strengthening democracy, media can play an
effective role in developing an underdeveloped or under developing countries.
Malthus theory and communication.
Health issues.
Wilbur Schram, E.M Rogers, Alan Chalkley, Juan Mercado and Daniel Learner
consider media as an engine to change from traditional to modern society.
Denis McQuail's Theories.
Malthusian Theory of Population Growth. http://study.com/academy/lesson/malthusian-theory-of-population-growth-definition-lesson-quiz.html. Retrieved on December 28, 2015.
Development communication. http://download.nos.org/srsec335new/ch4.pdf. retrieved on December 22, 2015.