This document discusses different forms of gaze that can occur in media texts and paintings. It identifies the spectator's gaze, the intra-diegetic gaze, direct address to the viewer, and the camera's look as key forms of gaze in texts. Less common gazes mentioned include the bystander's gaze, averted gaze, and editorial gaze. The document also summarizes James Elkins' 10 ways of looking at a painting in a gallery, including the figures looking at the viewer or each other, and other people looking at the painting or those viewing it.

1. ‘The Gaze’
Daniel Chandler.

2. Forms of gaze.
• Key feature of the gaze is that - object of the
gaze is not aware of the current viewer –
though they may originally have been aware.
(Adds a voyeuristic dimension.)
• Jonathan Schroeder “to gaze implies more
than to look at – it signifies a psychological
relationship of power, in which the gazer is
superior o the object of the gaze.”

3. Key forms identified.
• The spectators gaze – viewer looking at object
in the text.
• Intra diegetic gaze – person looking at
someone else in the text.
• Direct address to the viewer – person in the
text looking “out of the frame”
• The look of the camera – the cameras view of
the people.

4. Gaze that are less often mentioned.
• Gaze of bystander – view of another viewer.
• Averted gaze – noticeable avoidance of
another's gaze.
• Audience within the text – shot game show
audience.
• Editorial gaze – institutional process.. Use and
emphasis.

5. James Elkins – 10 ways of looking at a
painting in a gallery.
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1. you look at the painting.
2. figures in painting look at you
3. figures in painting looking at one another.
4. figures staring off into space.
5. the museum guard who is looking at the
back of you head.
• 6. other people in the gallery.

6. •
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7. the artist who once looked at this painting.
8. models for the figures in this painting.
9. other people who have seen the painting.
10. people who have never seen the painting.

7. • Here perhaps it should be noted that even if
your primary interest is in media texts, to
confine yourself to the gaze only in relation
‘textual practices’ is to ignore the importance
of the reciprocal gaze in the social context of
cultural practices in general.