Using diffusion tensor imaging, several recent studies have shown that training results in changes in white matter efficiency as measured by fractional anisotropy (FA). In our work, we found that a form of mindfulness meditation, integrative body–mind training (IBMT), improved FA in areas surrounding the anterior cingulate cortex after 4-wk training more than controls given relaxation training. Reductions in radial diffusivity (RD) have been interpreted as improved myelin but reductions in axial diffusivity (AD) involve other mechanisms, such as axonal density. We now report that after 4-wk training with IBMT, both RD and AD decrease accompanied by increased FA, indicating improved efficiency of white matter involves increased myelin as well as other axonal changes. However, 2-wk IBMT reduced AD, but not RD or FA, and improved moods. Our results demonstrate the time-course of white matter neuroplasticity in short-term meditation. This dynamic pattern of white matter change involving the anterior cingulate cortex, a part of the brain network related to self-regulation, could provide a means for intervention to improve or prevent mental disorders.
A review of the effectiveness of Yoga and meditation as a complementary to medications, in treatment of mental disorders from anxiety to schizophrenia- from children to seniors
The Neuroprotective Effects of Ketones in TBIBryan Barksdale
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is the number one cause of death and chronic disability for those under the age of 45. Unfortunately there are few current treatments available and there has been a large failure to translate neuroprotective treatments from animal models. One potential reason is that metabolic dysfunction, a key part of TBI pathophysiology is not addressed. Ketogenic diets and exogenous ketones have been shown to have neuroprotective effects through multiple mechanisms in animal models of TBI, including the reversal of metabolic dysfunction. I will discuss the current evidence for the KD in the treatment of TBI. I will also briefly discuss other nutritional and lifestyle factors in the treatment of TBI.
Interventions to Improve Cognitive Functioning After TBILoki Stormbringer
Traumatic injury to the brain can affect the core of what makes us
human—our cognition and emotion. The injuries are acute but may result
in chronic burdens for individuals and families as well as society. Effective
approaches to improving functioning are needed, and the benefits may
be far-reaching. We discuss some basic principles to guide current prac-
tice, as well as major directions for continuing advancement of ways to
improve functioning after injury. Interventions are more likely to be effec-
tive when we take into account multiple levels of brain functioning, from
neurons to pharmacological systems to social networks. Training of cogni-
tive functions is of special importance, and benefits may synergize with
pharmacologic and other approaches that modify biology. The combina-
tion of physical and experiential trauma deserves special consideration,
with effects on cognition, emotion, and other substrates of behavior.
Directing further research toward key frontiers that bridge neuroscience
and rehabilitation will advance the development of clinically effective
interventions.
A review of the effectiveness of Yoga and meditation as a complementary to medications, in treatment of mental disorders from anxiety to schizophrenia- from children to seniors
The Neuroprotective Effects of Ketones in TBIBryan Barksdale
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is the number one cause of death and chronic disability for those under the age of 45. Unfortunately there are few current treatments available and there has been a large failure to translate neuroprotective treatments from animal models. One potential reason is that metabolic dysfunction, a key part of TBI pathophysiology is not addressed. Ketogenic diets and exogenous ketones have been shown to have neuroprotective effects through multiple mechanisms in animal models of TBI, including the reversal of metabolic dysfunction. I will discuss the current evidence for the KD in the treatment of TBI. I will also briefly discuss other nutritional and lifestyle factors in the treatment of TBI.
Interventions to Improve Cognitive Functioning After TBILoki Stormbringer
Traumatic injury to the brain can affect the core of what makes us
human—our cognition and emotion. The injuries are acute but may result
in chronic burdens for individuals and families as well as society. Effective
approaches to improving functioning are needed, and the benefits may
be far-reaching. We discuss some basic principles to guide current prac-
tice, as well as major directions for continuing advancement of ways to
improve functioning after injury. Interventions are more likely to be effec-
tive when we take into account multiple levels of brain functioning, from
neurons to pharmacological systems to social networks. Training of cogni-
tive functions is of special importance, and benefits may synergize with
pharmacologic and other approaches that modify biology. The combina-
tion of physical and experiential trauma deserves special consideration,
with effects on cognition, emotion, and other substrates of behavior.
Directing further research toward key frontiers that bridge neuroscience
and rehabilitation will advance the development of clinically effective
interventions.
Psychotherapy the biological dimensionismail sadek
is it real word can affect your brain?
many people say not and don't believe that the psychotherapy change not only our behavior but also it can change the brain structure
Previous research shows deficits in Executive Function (EF) in patients with anxiety and depression. Recent studies have shown that EF measured by neuro-imaging and Neuro-psychological tests predicts treatment outcomes for depression, but it is unclear whether they predict outcomes for anxiety. Neuro-imaging and
Neuro-psychological tests are effective but intensive procedures that may not always be accessible to clinicians. Previous research has explored the viability of questionnaire measures of EF. A previous study suggests that the Revised by executive Questionnaire (DEX-R) predicts concurrent depression and anxiety; however, it is unclear how comorbidity influenced these results. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether a questionnaire measure of EF could predict concurrent depression and anxiety and well as outcomes following treatment. A total of 206 psychiatric outpatients with major depression or anxiety disorders completed the DEX-R prior to Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (GCBT). They also completed anxiety and depression scales at pre-and post-treatment. Executive dysfunction predicted symptom severity for pre-treatment anxiety after controlling for comorbid depression, and for pre-treatment depression after controlling for comorbid anxiety. Symptom severity in anxiety was predicted by specific executive deficits in inhibition; symptom severity in depression was predicted by executive problems with volition and social regulation.
DEX-R significantly predicted post-treatment symptoms of anxiety but not depression following treatment in GCBT. It was concluded that EF deficits are associated with both anxiety and depressive disorders and predict responsiveness to treatment for anxiety patients. Screening of psychiatric patients for EF and, where indicated, incorporation of neurocognitive training strategies into therapy, may improve treatment outcomes.
Previous research shows deficits in Executive Function (EF) in patients with anxiety and depression. Recent studies have shown that EF measured by neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests predicts treatment outcomes for depression, but it is unclear whether they predict outcomes for anxiety. Neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests are effective but intensive procedures that may not always be accessible to clinicians. Previous research has explored the viability of questionnaire measures of EF. A previous study suggests that the Revised Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX-R) predicts concurrent depression and anxiety; however, it is unclear how comorbidity influenced these results.
Previous research shows deficits in Executive Function (EF) in patients with anxiety and depression. Recent studies have shown that EF measured by neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests predicts treatment outcomes for depression, but it is unclear whether they predict outcomes for anxiety. Neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests are effective but intensive procedures that may not always be accessible to clinicians.
Running Head: DEPRESSION 1
DEPRESSION 3
Lana Eliot
Depression
Psychology 630
Professor Benton
August 25, 2018
Many people throughout the world experience some type of depression in their lives and it is one of the most common mental disorders. The current statistic show that depression is linked to genetic, environmental, biological and is also psychological. Depression can ben found with any age person. A small child or an adult may have to deal with the depression that is affecting them. Chemical imbalances in the brain is the leading cause for a person dealing with the depressive order. The neurotransmitter is the what we call the communicator between the brain and the limbic system. Researchers study the limbic system in the brain as this is where depression starts; especially for anxiety and stress. The 3 major neurotransmitters; serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine all have direct relations with a persons’ depression and anxiety.
Serotonin plays a crucial role in our brain. It is associated with many physical actions that we may portray. The actions associated with serotonin are mood altering, sleeping patterns, eating disorders, and aggression. If a persons’ serotonin levels decrease, they may experience these depressive symptoms. This can also make persons have a feeling of self-worth and suicidal feelings.
Another transmitter in the brain which is associated with the depressive disorder is dopamine. This is the part of the brain that deals with our motivation and how we gain the feeling of self-worth and self-pleasure. Early studies suggested that an existence of neurotransmitter norepinephrine deficiency in some certain areas of the brain resulted in depression. One main cause of depression is the reduction in the concentration of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and dopamine. The decrease in the concentration of these neurotransmitters leads to disturbed neuronal signal processing which leads to alterations in the structure of the neuronal networks. These basic changes are accepted to be one of the fundamental purposes behind sorrow. The emergence of neuroimaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and functional fMRI, established the importance of the ‘neurocircuit of emotion’ which has been expanded to include other important brain areas and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These brain sites and their connections, which have been widely studied, are responsible for maintaining emotional stability and their malfunction is considered central to the pathophysiology of depression (Palazidou, E., 2012).
Recent follow up studies also shows that there is a group of individuals with a depression disorder who exhibit low levels of the chemical norepinephrine. In autopsy studies, it has been shown that in comparison,.
The Spiritual Brain: Selective Cortical Lesions Modulate Human Self-Transcend...Jonathan Dunnemann
The predisposition of human beings toward spiritual
feeling, thinking, and behaviors is measured by
a supposedly stable personality trait called self-transcendence
Anatomical plasticity of adult brain is titrated by nogo receptor 1 (06 March...Loki Stormbringer
Experience rearranges anatomical connectivity in the brain, but such plasticity is suppressed in adulthood. We examined the turnover of dendritic spines and axonal varicosities in the somatosensory cortex of mice lacking Nogo Receptor 1 (NgR1). Through adolescence, the anatomy and plasticity of ngr1 null mice are indistinguishable from control, but suppression of turnover after age 26 days fails to occur in ngr1−/− mice. Adolescent anatomical plasticity can be restored to 1-year-old mice by conditional deletion of ngr1. Suppression of anatomical dynamics by NgR1 is cell autonomous and is phenocopied by deletion of Nogo-A ligand. Whisker removal deprives the somatosensory cortex of experience-dependent input and reduces dendritic spine turnover in adult ngr1−/− mice to control levels, while an acutely enriched environment increases dendritic spine dynamics in control mice to the level of ngr1−/− mice in a standard environment. Thus, NgR1 determines the low set point for synaptic turnover in adult cerebral cortex.
Meta analysis of genome-wide association studies for personalityLoki Stormbringer
Personality can be thought of as a set of characteristics that influence people’s thoughts,
feelings and behavior across a variety of settings. Variation in personality is predictive of many
outcomes in life, including mental health. Here we report on a meta-analysis of genome-wide
association (GWA) data for personality in 10 discovery samples (17 375 adults) and five
in silico replication samples (3294 adults).
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Similar to Mechanisms of white matter changes induced by meditation
Psychotherapy the biological dimensionismail sadek
is it real word can affect your brain?
many people say not and don't believe that the psychotherapy change not only our behavior but also it can change the brain structure
Previous research shows deficits in Executive Function (EF) in patients with anxiety and depression. Recent studies have shown that EF measured by neuro-imaging and Neuro-psychological tests predicts treatment outcomes for depression, but it is unclear whether they predict outcomes for anxiety. Neuro-imaging and
Neuro-psychological tests are effective but intensive procedures that may not always be accessible to clinicians. Previous research has explored the viability of questionnaire measures of EF. A previous study suggests that the Revised by executive Questionnaire (DEX-R) predicts concurrent depression and anxiety; however, it is unclear how comorbidity influenced these results. The purpose of the current study was to investigate whether a questionnaire measure of EF could predict concurrent depression and anxiety and well as outcomes following treatment. A total of 206 psychiatric outpatients with major depression or anxiety disorders completed the DEX-R prior to Group Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (GCBT). They also completed anxiety and depression scales at pre-and post-treatment. Executive dysfunction predicted symptom severity for pre-treatment anxiety after controlling for comorbid depression, and for pre-treatment depression after controlling for comorbid anxiety. Symptom severity in anxiety was predicted by specific executive deficits in inhibition; symptom severity in depression was predicted by executive problems with volition and social regulation.
DEX-R significantly predicted post-treatment symptoms of anxiety but not depression following treatment in GCBT. It was concluded that EF deficits are associated with both anxiety and depressive disorders and predict responsiveness to treatment for anxiety patients. Screening of psychiatric patients for EF and, where indicated, incorporation of neurocognitive training strategies into therapy, may improve treatment outcomes.
Previous research shows deficits in Executive Function (EF) in patients with anxiety and depression. Recent studies have shown that EF measured by neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests predicts treatment outcomes for depression, but it is unclear whether they predict outcomes for anxiety. Neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests are effective but intensive procedures that may not always be accessible to clinicians. Previous research has explored the viability of questionnaire measures of EF. A previous study suggests that the Revised Dysexecutive Questionnaire (DEX-R) predicts concurrent depression and anxiety; however, it is unclear how comorbidity influenced these results.
Previous research shows deficits in Executive Function (EF) in patients with anxiety and depression. Recent studies have shown that EF measured by neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests predicts treatment outcomes for depression, but it is unclear whether they predict outcomes for anxiety. Neuro-imaging and neuropsychological tests are effective but intensive procedures that may not always be accessible to clinicians.
Running Head: DEPRESSION 1
DEPRESSION 3
Lana Eliot
Depression
Psychology 630
Professor Benton
August 25, 2018
Many people throughout the world experience some type of depression in their lives and it is one of the most common mental disorders. The current statistic show that depression is linked to genetic, environmental, biological and is also psychological. Depression can ben found with any age person. A small child or an adult may have to deal with the depression that is affecting them. Chemical imbalances in the brain is the leading cause for a person dealing with the depressive order. The neurotransmitter is the what we call the communicator between the brain and the limbic system. Researchers study the limbic system in the brain as this is where depression starts; especially for anxiety and stress. The 3 major neurotransmitters; serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine all have direct relations with a persons’ depression and anxiety.
Serotonin plays a crucial role in our brain. It is associated with many physical actions that we may portray. The actions associated with serotonin are mood altering, sleeping patterns, eating disorders, and aggression. If a persons’ serotonin levels decrease, they may experience these depressive symptoms. This can also make persons have a feeling of self-worth and suicidal feelings.
Another transmitter in the brain which is associated with the depressive disorder is dopamine. This is the part of the brain that deals with our motivation and how we gain the feeling of self-worth and self-pleasure. Early studies suggested that an existence of neurotransmitter norepinephrine deficiency in some certain areas of the brain resulted in depression. One main cause of depression is the reduction in the concentration of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin and dopamine. The decrease in the concentration of these neurotransmitters leads to disturbed neuronal signal processing which leads to alterations in the structure of the neuronal networks. These basic changes are accepted to be one of the fundamental purposes behind sorrow. The emergence of neuroimaging techniques, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and functional fMRI, established the importance of the ‘neurocircuit of emotion’ which has been expanded to include other important brain areas and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). These brain sites and their connections, which have been widely studied, are responsible for maintaining emotional stability and their malfunction is considered central to the pathophysiology of depression (Palazidou, E., 2012).
Recent follow up studies also shows that there is a group of individuals with a depression disorder who exhibit low levels of the chemical norepinephrine. In autopsy studies, it has been shown that in comparison,.
The Spiritual Brain: Selective Cortical Lesions Modulate Human Self-Transcend...Jonathan Dunnemann
The predisposition of human beings toward spiritual
feeling, thinking, and behaviors is measured by
a supposedly stable personality trait called self-transcendence
Anatomical plasticity of adult brain is titrated by nogo receptor 1 (06 March...Loki Stormbringer
Experience rearranges anatomical connectivity in the brain, but such plasticity is suppressed in adulthood. We examined the turnover of dendritic spines and axonal varicosities in the somatosensory cortex of mice lacking Nogo Receptor 1 (NgR1). Through adolescence, the anatomy and plasticity of ngr1 null mice are indistinguishable from control, but suppression of turnover after age 26 days fails to occur in ngr1−/− mice. Adolescent anatomical plasticity can be restored to 1-year-old mice by conditional deletion of ngr1. Suppression of anatomical dynamics by NgR1 is cell autonomous and is phenocopied by deletion of Nogo-A ligand. Whisker removal deprives the somatosensory cortex of experience-dependent input and reduces dendritic spine turnover in adult ngr1−/− mice to control levels, while an acutely enriched environment increases dendritic spine dynamics in control mice to the level of ngr1−/− mice in a standard environment. Thus, NgR1 determines the low set point for synaptic turnover in adult cerebral cortex.
Meta analysis of genome-wide association studies for personalityLoki Stormbringer
Personality can be thought of as a set of characteristics that influence people’s thoughts,
feelings and behavior across a variety of settings. Variation in personality is predictive of many
outcomes in life, including mental health. Here we report on a meta-analysis of genome-wide
association (GWA) data for personality in 10 discovery samples (17 375 adults) and five
in silico replication samples (3294 adults).
Primary surface ruptures of the great Himalayan earthquakes in 1934 and 1255Loki Stormbringer
It is unclear where plate boundary thrusts generate giant rather than great earthquakes. Along the Himalayas, the source
sizes and recurrence times of large seismic events are particularly uncertain, since no surface signatures were found for those
that shook the range in the twentieth century. Here we challenge the consensus that these events remained blind and did not
rupture the surface.We use geomorphological mapping of fluvial deposits, palaeo-seismological logging of river-cut cliffs and
trench walls, and modelling of calibrated 14C ages, to show that the Mw 8.2 Bihar–Nepal earthquake on 15 January 1934 did
break the surface: traces of the rupture are clear along at least 150 km of the Main Frontal Thrust fault in Nepal, between
85 500 and 87 200 E. Furthermore, we date collapse wedges in the Sir Valley and find that the 7 June AD 1255 earthquake,
an event that devastated Kathmandu and mortally wounded the Nepalese King Abhaya Malla, also ruptured the surface along
this stretch of the mega-thrust. Thus, in the past 1,000 years, two great earthquakes, 679 years apart, rather than one giant
eleventh-century AD event, contributed to the frontal uplift of young river terraces in eastern Nepal. The rare surface expression
of these earthquakes implies that surface ruptures of other reputedly blind great Himalayan events might exist.
It is unclear where plate boundary thrusts generate giant rather than great earthquakes. Along the Himalayas, the source
sizes and recurrence times of large seismic events are particularly uncertain, since no surface signatures were found for those
that shook the range in the twentieth century. Here we challenge the consensus that these events remained blind and did not
rupture the surface.We use geomorphological mapping of fluvial deposits, palaeo-seismological logging of river-cut cliffs and
trench walls, and modelling of calibrated 14C ages, to show that the Mw 8.2 Bihar–Nepal earthquake on 15 January 1934 did
break the surface: traces of the rupture are clear along at least 150 km of the Main Frontal Thrust fault in Nepal, between
85 500 and 87 200 E. Furthermore, we date collapse wedges in the Sir Valley and find that the 7 June AD 1255 earthquake,
an event that devastated Kathmandu and mortally wounded the Nepalese King Abhaya Malla, also ruptured the surface along
this stretch of the mega-thrust. Thus, in the past 1,000 years, two great earthquakes, 679 years apart, rather than one giant
eleventh-century AD event, contributed to the frontal uplift of young river terraces in eastern Nepal. The rare surface expression
of these earthquakes implies that surface ruptures of other reputedly blind great Himalayan events might exist.
Metal protein attenuating compounds for the treatment of alzheimer's dementiaLoki Stormbringer
The protein amyloid-β (Aß) is strongly implicated in the development of Alzheimer's dementia, where it aggregates in clumps causing damage and death of brain cells. This clumping is encouraged by copper and zinc (metal ions) in the brain. Metal protein attenuating compounds (MPACS) bind strongly to copper and zinc (this is known as chelation), both preventing the clumping together of Aß and promoting processes which may cause it to dissolve and so be cleared from brain cells. Therefore MPACS may be a potential therapy for Alzheimer's dementia. Two different types of MPAC have been used in clinical trials and the drugs are known as PBT1 and PBT2. The trial of PBT1 compared with placebo (in 36 patients) showed no statistically significant difference in cognition or memory between the active treatment and placebo groups at 36 weeks. We therefore conclude that there is no current evidence that treatment with clioquinol (PBT1) has any significant effect on cognition and in particular memory (as measured by the ADAS-Cog scale) in patients with Alzheimer's dementia. This drug has now been withdrawn from development. The trial of PBT2 showed it was safe after 12 weeks of treatment but demonstrated no overall significant effect on cognition or memory.
The next generation of glioma biomarkers: MGMT methylation, BRAF fusions and ...Loki Stormbringer
For some, glioma biomarkers have been expected to solve common diagnostic problems in routine neuropathology service caused by insufficient material, technical shortcomings or lack of experience. Further, biomarkers should predict patient outcome and direct optimal therapy for the individual patient. Unfortunately, current biomarkers still fall somewhat short of these grand expectations. While there has been some progress, it has generally been slow and in small steps. In this review, the newest set of glioma biomarkers: O(6) -methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) methylation, BRAF fusion and IDH1 mutation are discussed. MGMT methylation is well established as a prognostic/predictive marker for glioblastoma; however, technical questions regarding testing remain, it is not currently utilized widely in guiding patient management, and it has proven to be of no assistance in diagnostics. In contrast, BRAF fusion and IDH1 mutation analyses promise to be very helpful for classifying and grading gliomas, while their potential predictive value has yet to be established.
Matrix rigidity controls endothelial differentiation and morphogenesis of car...Loki Stormbringer
Tissue development and regeneration involve tightly coordinated and integrated processes: selective proliferation of resident stem and precursor cells, differentiation into target somatic cell type, and spatial morphological organization. The role of the mechanical environment in the coordination of these processes is poorly understood. We show that multipotent cells derived from native cardiac tissue continually monitored cell substratum rigidity and showed enhanced proliferation, endothelial differentiation, and morphogenesis when the cell substratum rigidity closely matched that of myocardium. Mechanoregulation of these diverse processes required p190RhoGAP, a guanosine triphosphatase–activating protein for RhoA, acting through RhoA-dependent and -independent mechanisms. Natural or induced decreases in the abundance of p190RhoGAP triggered a series of developmental events by coupling cell-cell and cell-substratum interactions to genetic circuits controlling differentiation.
Appeal from the united states district court for the eastern district of wisc...Loki Stormbringer
This is a case about how a court may dispose of a copyright infringement action based on the fair use affirmative defense while avoiding the burdens of discovery and trial. This case also poses the interesting question of whether the incorporation-byreference doctrine applies to audio-visual works.
"We noted during oral argument that such a broad discovery request, surely entailing expensive e-discovery of emails or other internal communications, gives Brownmark the appearance of a “copyright troll.” We are confident that the district court would have refused to grant such expansive demands."
CTC1 deletion results in defective telomere replication, leading to catastrop...Loki Stormbringer
The proper maintenance of telomeres is essential for genome stability. Mammalian telomere maintenance is governed by a number of telomere binding proteins, including the newly identified CTC1–STN1–TEN1 (CST) complex. However, the in vivo functions of mammalian CST remain unclear. To address this question, we conditionally deleted CTC1 from mice. We report here that CTC1 null mice experience rapid onset of global cellular proliferative defects and die prematurely from complete bone marrow failure due to the activation of an ATR-dependent G2/M checkpoint. Acute deletion of CTC1 does not result in telomere deprotection, suggesting that mammalian CST is not involved in capping telomeres. Rather, CTC1 facilitates telomere replication by promoting efficient restart of stalled replication forks. CTC1 deletion results in increased loss of leading C-strand telomeres, catastrophic telomere loss and accumulation of excessive ss telomere DNA. Our data demonstrate an essential role for CTC1 in promoting efficient replication and length maintenance of telomeres.
Parallel mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming in the germlineLoki Stormbringer
Germ cells possess the extraordinary and unique capacity to give rise to a new organism and create an enduring link between all generations. To acquire this property, primordial germ cells (PGCs) transit through an unprecedented programme of sequential epigenetic events that culminates in an epigenomic basal state that is the foundation of totipotency. This process is underpinned by genome-wide DNA demethylation, which may occur through several overlapping pathways, including conversion to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. We propose that the epigenetic programme in PGCs operates through multiple parallel mechanisms to ensure robustness at the level of individual cells while also being flexible through functional redundancy to guarantee high fidelity of the process. Gaining a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that direct epigenetic reprogramming in PGCs will enhance our ability to manipulate epigenetic memory, cell-fate decisions and applications in regenerative medicine.
Metabolic depression in hibernation and major depression: an explanatory theo...Loki Stormbringer
Metabolic depression, an adaptive biological process for energy preservation, is responsible for torpor, hibernation and estivation. We propose that a form of metabolic depression, and not mitochondrial dysfunction, is the process underlying the observed hypometabolism, state-dependent neurobiological changes and vegetative symptoms of major depression in humans. The process of metabolic depression is reactivated via differential gene expression in response to perceived adverse stimuli in predisposed persons. Behavior inhibition by temperament, anxiety disorders, genetic vulnerabilities, and early traumatic experiences predispose persons to depression. The proposed theory is supported by similarities in the presentation and neurobiology of hibernation in bears and major depression and explains the yet unexplained neurobiological changes of depression. Although, gene expression is suppressed in other hibernators by deep hypothermia, bears were chosen because they hibernate with mild hypothermia. Pre-hibernation in bears and major depression with atypical features are both characterized by fat storage through overeating, oversleeping, and decreased mobility. Hibernation in bears and major depression with melancholic features are characterized by withdrawal from the environment, lack of energy, loss of weight from not eating and burning stored fat, changes in sleep pattern, and the following similar neurobiological findings: reversible subclinical hypothyroidism; increased concentration of serum cortisol; acute phase protein response; low respiratory quotient; oxidative stress response; decreased neurotransmitter levels; and changes in cyclic-adenosine monophosphate-binding activity. Signaling systems associated with protein phosphorylation, transcription factors, and gene expression are responsible for the metabolic depression process during pre-hibernation and hibernation. Antidepressants and mood stabilizers interfere with the hibernation process and produce their therapeutic effects by normalizing the fluctuation of activities in the different signaling systems, which are down-regulated during hibernation and depression and up-regulated during exodus from hibernation and the hypomanic or manic phase of mood disorders. The ways individuals cognitively perceive, understand, communicate, and react to the vegetative symptoms of depression, from downregulation in energy production, and in the absence of known medical causes, produce the other characteristics of depression including guilt, helplessness, hopelessness, suicidal phenomena, agitation, panic attacks, psychotic symptoms, and sudden switch to hypomanic or manic episodes. The presence of one or more of these characteristics depends on the person's neuropsychological function, its social status between the others, and the other's response to the person. Neurobiological changes associated with metabolic depression during entrance, maintenance, and exodus from hibernation in bears is suggested a
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
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MIP 201T & MPH 202T
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
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The Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) is India's national regulatory body for pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Operating under the Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, the CDSCO is responsible for approving new drugs, conducting clinical trials, setting standards for drugs, controlling the quality of imported drugs, and coordinating the activities of State Drug Control Organizations by providing expert advice.
Pharmacovigilance, on the other hand, is the science and activities related to the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problems. The primary aim of pharmacovigilance is to ensure the safety and efficacy of medicines, thereby protecting public health.
In India, pharmacovigilance activities are monitored by the Pharmacovigilance Programme of India (PvPI), which works closely with CDSCO to collect, analyze, and act upon data regarding adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Together, they play a critical role in ensuring that the benefits of drugs outweigh their risks, maintaining high standards of patient safety, and promoting the rational use of medicines.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
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Mechanisms of white matter changes induced by meditation
1. Mechanisms of white matter changes induced
by meditation
Yi-Yuan Tanga,b,c,1
, Qilin Lub
, Ming Fand
, Yihong Yange
, and Michael I. Posnerc,1
a
Department of Psychology, Texas Tech Neuroimaging Institute, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409; b
Institute of Neuroinformatics and Laboratory for
Body and Mind, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; c
Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR 97403; d
Institute of
Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, China; and e
Neuroimaging Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-Intramural Research Program,
Baltimore, MD 21224
Contributed by Michael I. Posner, May 9, 2012 (sent for review April 6, 2012)
Using diffusion tensor imaging, several recent studies have shown
that training results in changes in white matter efficiency as
measured by fractional anisotropy (FA). In our work, we found
that a form of mindfulness meditation, integrative body–mind
training (IBMT), improved FA in areas surrounding the anterior
cingulate cortex after 4-wk training more than controls given re-
laxation training. Reductions in radial diffusivity (RD) have been
interpreted as improved myelin but reductions in axial diffusivity
(AD) involve other mechanisms, such as axonal density. We now
report that after 4-wk training with IBMT, both RD and AD de-
crease accompanied by increased FA, indicating improved effi-
ciency of white matter involves increased myelin as well as other
axonal changes. However, 2-wk IBMT reduced AD, but not RD or
FA, and improved moods. Our results demonstrate the time-course
of white matter neuroplasticity in short-term meditation. This
dynamic pattern of white matter change involving the anterior
cingulate cortex, a part of the brain network related to self-regu-
lation, could provide a means for intervention to improve or pre-
vent mental disorders.
attention network test | anterior corona radiata | profile of mood states
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a noninvasive MRI-based
technique that can delineate white matter fibers in vivo. DTI
is capable of measuring white matter’s structural plasticity. Studies
indicate that training or learning alters brain white matter (1–5).
Fractional anisotropy (FA) is an important index for measuring
the integrity of white matter fibers. In general, a higher FA value
has been related to improved performance, and reduced FA has
been found in normal aging and in neurological or psychiatric
disorders (1, 6–8).
FA alterations originate from several factors, such as changes in
myelination, axon density, axonal membrane integrity, axon di-
ameter, and intravoxel coherence of fiber orientation and others
changes (1, 9). To understand the mechanisms of FA change,
several DTI studies have examined axial diffusivity (AD) and
radial diffusivity (RD), the most important indices associated with
FA (6–8). Usually, alterations in AD are associated with axon
morphological changes, such as changes in axonal density or
caliber (10, 11). In contrast to AD, which signifies axonal mor-
phology, RD implicates the character of the myelin. Decrease
in RD implies increased myelination, and increase represents
demyelination (2, 3, 8). This evidence in human neuroimaging
studies is consistent with animal studies examining axons and
myelination histologically and comparing them directly with DTI
results (12, 13).
To examine RD and AD it is best to have a significant change
in FA (14). Thus, in our study we investigated AD and RD al-
teration patterns only where integrity of white matter fibers are
enhanced (identified by FA increase). Numerous studies have
used AD and RD changes in the location where FA changes are
found to determine whether the FA changes are a result of
axonic morphology or myelin (1–3, 6, 8, 14, 15).
Studies of normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease have found
FA decreases, and reported different patterns of AD and RD
alteration. Depending upon the brain region examined, these
studies found either only RD increase, or both RD and AD in-
crease, or RD increase and AD decrease (6–8). These results
showed considerable diversity in the way in which brain regions
respond to aging or neurodegenerative diseases. In contrast to
aging, training in reading, use of the abacus, and working memory
have resulted in FA increase by decreasing RD without changing
AD. This pattern supports the notion that myelination is the
predominant process of the increased FA following training in
specific tasks (2–4). Keller and Just (3) proposed that skill
learning would increase neural firing and thus increase myelina-
tion (decrease in RD and increase in FA). The increased myeli-
nation would enhance communication among cortical areas,
resulting in better performance.
Our previous study showed that 4 wk of integrative body–mind
training (IBMT) (11 h in total) enhanced FA in several brain areas
involved in communication to and from the anterior cingulate
cortex (ACC), including the corpus callosum and anterior and
superior corona radiata (5). However, whether the FA increase is
a result of changes in AD or RD in our study is unknown. We
proposed that IBMT improves attention and self-regulation via
a change in brain state (16, 17) rather than directly training an
attentional network. Thus, it is possible that IBMT may not work
in a way exactly similar to general skill training. In this article, we
first investigate mechanisms of meditation-induced white matter
changes by examining AD and RD alterations in brain areas
where we reported FA changes after 4 wk of IBMT. We then
examined white matter changes after 2 or 4 wk of training to
determine which index of white matter change is more sensitive to
the different amounts of training.
Results
Our previously reported study (5) randomized 45 University of
Oregon undergraduates to 4-wk IBMT or relaxation training
(RT) and used MRI to assess white matter integrity before and
after training. After 4-wk training, the IBMT group increased FA
in several brain regions but the RT group did not (5). We then
analyzed changes of AD and RD in those areas where the FA
value was increased by 4-wk IBMT. We found two patterns of FA
increase were statistically significant after correction for multiple
comparisons (all PFWE < 0.05). The first pattern was FA increase
involving simultaneous decreases of AD and RD. The second
pattern was FA increase accompanied by only a decrease in RD.
The first pattern (labeled as FA↑AD↓RD↓, pattern 1) occurred in
all six brain regions in which FA was found to increase. The sec-
ond pattern (labeled as FA↑RD↓, pattern 2) occurred in parts of
four of the brain regions in which FA increased. Results are
Author contributions: Y.-Y.T., M.F., and M.I.P. designed research; Y.-Y.T. and Q.L.
performed research; Y.-Y.T., Q.L., and Y.Y. analyzed data; and Y.-Y.T., Q.L., M.F., Y.Y.,
and M.I.P. wrote the paper.
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
1
To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail: yiyuan.tang@ttu.edu or mposner@
uoregon.edu.
www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1207817109 PNAS Early Edition | 1 of 5
NEUROSCIENCE
2. summarized in Table1. For example, the left anterior corona
radiata showed patterns 1 and 2; the genu of corpus callosum only
showed pattern 1. Generally, each area has one subarea with
pattern 1 and a nonoverlapping subarea with pattern 2. No areas
showed greater change with 4 wk of RT than with IBMT (all P >
0.05). All six regions had voxels showing pattern 1, but four of
these areas also had voxels showing pattern 2. It should be noted
that when two patterns were found they were in contiguous areas
within the general brain region. Except at the boundary, no voxel
showed pattern 1 when an adjacent voxel showed pattern 2.
In Fig. 1, we demonstrate four regions on the Johns Hopkins
University Atlas (18) showing FA increase, and AD and RD
decrease at the sagittal section after 4-wk IBMT. These regions
were: body of corpus callosum, genu of corpus callosum, anterior
corona radiata, and superior corona radiata.
To examine how these changes in white matter arose, we
compared FA, RD, and AD after 2-wk training. In study 2, we
randomly assigned 68 Chinese undergraduates to an IBMT group
or to an RT group (34 each group). Before training, no significant
difference in FA, AD, or RD was detected between the two
groups. After 2-wk IBMT (5 h total), we found a significant de-
crease of AD in the corpus callosum, corona radiata, superior
longitudinal fasciculus, posterior thalamic radiation, and sagittal
stratum using a whole-brain analysis with a correction for multi-
ple comparisons (all PFWE < 0.05) (Fig. 2), but changes in FA and
RD did not reach significance. Meanwhile, the same amount of
RT did not show any significant change for any white matter in-
dex of FA, AD, or RD.
Our previous studies indicated 1-wk IBMT improved attention
and self-regulation using an attentional network test and a profile
of mood states (POMS) (19). We found significant behavioral
changes following 2-wk IBMT in the POMS, an index of mood.
Before training, there was no significant difference between the
IBMT and RT groups (P > 0.05). After training, t tests showed
significant reductions in anger-hostility (A), confusion-bewilder-
ment (C), depression-dejection (D), fatigue-inertia (F), and total
mood disturbance (TMD) in POMS (all P < 0.05) in the IBMT
group (but not the relaxation group). After training, correlations
between TMD change and AD decrease at the left posterior
corona radiata (r = 0.409) and TMD change and AD decrease at
the left sagittal stratum (r = 0.447) were significant (all P < 0.05),
indicating the training-induced change in mood was correlated
with the brain changes in these areas (Figs. 3 and 4).
Discussion
Our studies have shown that short-term meditation training
increases the ability to resolve conflict in a cognitive task, altered
neural activity in the ACC, and improved connectivity of the ACC
to other brain regions (5, 16, 17, 19, 20). The ACC has been as-
sociated with the ability to resolve conflict and to exercise control
of cognition and emotion (21). One study found a correlation
between the ability to resolve conflict and FA in the anterior co-
rona radiata, a major pathway connecting the ACC to other brain
areas (22). Thus, the improved self-regulation following IBMT
may be mediated by the increase of communication efficiency
between the ACC and other brain areas (5, 16).
In the present study we examined the pattern of AD and RD
changes as a result of IBMT in brain areas where FA value in-
creased. The pattern of FA increase with only RD decrease has
been found in reading, working memory, and abacus training
studies (2–4), but 11 h of IBMT improves FA in a different way.
With IBMT we typically found two patterns of change: in pattern
1 both AD and RD decrease, and in pattern 2 only RD decreases.
AD decrease has also been found in early brain development and
is interpreted as reduced interaxonal space caused by increasing
axonal density or caliber (10, 11). The present results imply that
enhanced integrity of white matter fibers by IBMT may be caused
by increased numbers of brain fibers or increased axonal caliber.
Decrease of RD value was another important character of effects
of 11 h of IBMT. Several studies have indicated that RD decrease
is related to increased myelination (2–4, 23, 24). Myelination has
been found in animal and human studies to be modifiable by ex-
perience, and affects information processing by regulating the
velocity and synchrony of impulse conduction between distant
cortical regions (23, 24). Increased myelination could occur be-
cause of increased neural firing in brain areas active during
training (2–4). Changes in the ACC activation and its connectivity
have been found in both meditation (5, 16, 25) and other forms of
training (26, 27). However, IBMT differs from other forms of
cognitive training in showing significant decreases in both AD and
RD, suggesting that IBMT may have a different mechanism from
skill training or learning with specific tasks for which only RD
changes have been reported (16, 17). Other plausible explan-
ations of differences might be because of different methods of
analysis or power used so that further, more direct comparisons
are needed to clarify this.
Generally, FA value has shown less sensitivity than its com-
ponents, with AD reflecting axonal morphological changes and
RD indexing myelination (28). We found that after 2 wk of
Table 1. Different patterns of FA increase after 4-wk IBMT
Brain regions FA↑with AD↓RD↓ (Pattern 1) (mm3
) FA↑ with RD↓ (Pattern 2) (mm3
)
Genu of corpus callosum 102
Body of corpus callosum 407 132
Anterior corona radiata L 242 260
Superior corona radiata R 52
Superior corona radiata L 63 96
Superior longitudinal fasciculus L 25 23
Fig. 1. FA increase and AD and RD decrease in different brain regions after
4-wk IBMT. Statistical images are shown on the Johns Hopkins University
Atlas (18) at PFWE < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons at sagittal sec-
tion x = −13, x = −17, x = −21, and x = −25.
2 of 5 | www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1207817109 Tang et al.
3. IBMT, there was only a decrease in AD but no significant change
in FA or RD. Only after 4 wk of training did we find a change in
RD and FA. These findings, together with the early changes of
AD in development (10), suggest that axonal morphology might
be an early biomarker of white matter change. The different
results at 2 and 4 wk could be a difference between Chinese and
United States populations; however, in previous studies of the
mechanism of IBMT we have found undergraduates in the two
countries to have similar brain activity and white matter changes
by IBMT (5, 16, 20). The average age in Chinese and American
groups is 20-y old, and these undergraduates share similar
interests, such as use of iPhones, computers, and the internet.
We thought the Chinese students may be more sensitive to the
meditation because of cultural influences, but did not find evi-
dence of this. Until new studies provide a direct comparison,
cultural or genetic differences between the two populations
remain possible explanations of the differences found between
the 2- and 4-wk studies.
In a recent review, Zatorre et al. (9) proposed that myelina-
tion is regulated by axon diameter, and changes in axon diameter
during learning could in turn cause oligodendrocytes to alter the
thickness of the myelin sheath. Conversely, myelinating glia can
regulate axon diameter and even the survival of axons (9). This
evidence indicates that changes of myelination (indexed by RD)
and axon diameter (indexed by AD) interact, and thus do not
represent independent components of FA. However, this finding
does not explain differences between training methods.
In animal studies, changes in central serotonin levels influence
axonal morphology, suggesting emotions, such as stress and de-
pression, have a negative effect on the axonal morphology (29,
30). Although few human experiments focus on the influence of
emotions on axonal morphology, several studies have demon-
strated that emotions and stress can change white matter integrity
Fig. 2. Decrease of AD in different brain regions after 2-wk IBMT. Statistical images are shown at PFWE < 0.05 corrected for multiple comparisons at sagittal
section x = −13, x = −27, x = −35, and x = −41.
Fig. 3. Correlation between TMD change and AD decrease at left poste-
rior corona radiata after 2-wk IBMT. The horizontal axis indicates the
POMS total score change and the vertical axis indicates the AD change at
left posterior corona radiata. A positive Pearson’s correlation was observed
(r = 0.409, P = 0.016).
Fig. 4. Correlation between TMD change and AD decrease at left sagittal
stratum (r = 0.409) after 2-wk IBMT. The horizontal axis indicates the
POMS total score change and the vertical axis indicates the AD change at
left sagittal stratum. A positive Pearson’s correlation was observed (r =
0.447, P = 0.008).
Tang et al. PNAS Early Edition | 3 of 5
NEUROSCIENCE
4. (31, 32). For example, the remission process of depression can
enhance the FA near the anterior cingulate (32). After 1-wk
IBMT, mood and positive emotion are enhanced (16, 19). More-
over, the FA increases found after 4 wk are in the corpus callosum,
anterior corona radiata, and superior corona radiata (5), similar
brain areas to those found in studies of white matter fibers influ-
enced by emotion (31, 32). After 2-wk IBMT, positive correlations
between POMS and AD changes are consistent with an important
role for emotion. Thus, one possible explanation of AD changes
might be that the training also has impacts on the autonomic
nervous system and changing emotional state. The change of brain
state and mood may be one reason for FA increase following
IBMT practice (16, 17, 19, 20).
Wheeler-Kingshott and Cercignani (14) argued that the AD and
RD may be problematic when either of the following conditions
holds: (i) one has lower FA in brain regions, and (ii) crossing fibers
make eigenvalue directions between subjects uncertain. We rule
out these two conditions as follows: First, lower FA brain tissues,
especially gray matter, have been removed from skeletonized FA,
AD, and RD maps generating by the tract-based spatial statistics
(TBSS) method so that the noise from low FA can be removed.
Second, the longitudinal study design ensures each single voxel’s
eigenvalue directions are congruent in the pre- and posttraining
scans because they came from same subject. Thus, it is unlikely the
current results are noise or artifacts.
It should be noted that despite the controversy over the in-
terpretation of AD and RD measures (14), diffusion-imaging
measures are sensitive to many tissue properties (33), including
variation in myelin (34), axon diameter and packing density (35),
axon permeability (33), and fiber geometry (36). Diffusion im-
aging can be adapted to generate axon diameter distributions (37)
or estimates of myelin microstructure (38). Such advances offer
great potential to further our understanding of brain structural
variation with learning and behavior (9).
In summary, our results demonstrate the mechanism of white
matter neuroplasticity during short-term meditation. These find-
ings might serve as a vehicle for examining the behavioral con-
sequences of different indices of white matter integrity, such as
functional connectivity, FA, RD, and AD that occur both dur-
ing learning, training, and development. Moreover, a number of
problems, including addiction and mental disorders such as at-
tention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety, depression, schizo-
phrenia, and borderline personality disorder, involve problems of
self-regulation (39). Thus, the dynamic pattern of white matter
change involving the ACC, a part of the brain network related to
self-regulation, could provide a means for intervention to improve
or prevent mental disorders.
Materials and Methods
Participants. In study 1, 45 healthy undergraduates [28 male, mean age 20.58 ±
1.57 (SD) y] at the University of Oregon were recruited and randomly
assigned to an IBMT group or a relaxation group. Each group had no pre-
vious training experience and received 30 min of IBMT or RT for 1 mo, with
a total of 11 h of training (5). In study 2, 68 healthy Chinese undergraduates
[36 male, mean age 20.52 ± 1.36 (SD) y] at Dalian University of Technology
were recruited and randomly assigned to an IBMT group or a relaxation
group (34:34, 18 males in each group). The participants had no previous
training experience and received 30 min of IBMT or RT for 2 wk, with a total
of 5 h of training. The experiment was approved by the Institutional Review
Board at University of Oregon and Dalian University of Technology and in-
formed consent was obtained from each participant.
Training Methods. IBMT involves body relaxation, mental imagery, and
mindfulness training, accompanied by selected music background. Co-
operation between the body and the mind is emphasized in facilitating and
achieving a meditative state. The trainees concentrated on achieving a bal-
anced state of body and mind guided by an IBMT coach and the compact disk.
The method stresses no effort to control thoughts, but instead a state of restful
alertness that allows a high degree of awareness of body, mind, and external
instructions (5, 16, 19). RT involves the relaxing of different muscle groups
over the face, head, shoulders, arms, legs, chest, back, and abdomen, guided
by a tutor and compact disk. With eyes closed and in a sequential pattern,
one is forced to concentrate on the sensation of relaxation, such as the
feelings of warmth and heaviness. This progressive training helps the par-
ticipant achieve physical and mental relaxation and calmness.
Data Acquisition and Analysis. Instudy1,diffusiontensor images werecollected
twice, once before and once after 4-wk training on a Siemens 3T scanner at the
Lewis Center for Neuroimaging, University of Oregon.The imagingparameters
were as follows: TR/TE = 10,900/113 ms, diffusion-weighting gradients applied
in 60 directions (b = 700 s/mm2
), combined 10 volumes without diffusion
weighting (b = 0 s/mm2
).
In study 2, DTI scans were preformed twice, once before and once after 2-wk
training with a Philips 3T Achieva at Dalian Municipal Central Hospital. DTI
acquisition parameters were as follow: TR/TE = 10,815/62 ms, diffusion sen-
sitizing gradient was applied along 29 directions (b = 1,000 s/mm2
) with one
volume without diffusion weighting (b = 0 s/mm2
).
DTI data were processed with the FSL 4.1 Diffusion Toolbox (FDT, http://
www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/fdt/). A standard FDT multistep procedure was
adopted including: (i) motion and eddy current correction; (ii) removal of
skull and nonbrain tissue using the Brain Extraction Tool; and (iii) voxel-by-
voxel calculation of the diffusion tensors. FA and AD maps calculated di-
rectly using DTIFit within FDT. The RD map was computed as the mean of the
second and third eigenvalue with an in-house program. TBSS was carried out
for voxelwise statistical analysis and included: (i) nonlinear alignment of
each participant’s FA volume to the standard Montreal Neurological In-
stitute (MNI152) space template; (ii) calculation of the mean of all aligned
FA images; (iii) creation of a mean FA skeleton that represents the centers of
all tracts common to all subjects; and (iv) projection of each subject’s aligned
FA image onto the mean FA skeleton. The tbss_non_FA script was used to
obtain: (i) the individual’s projected template; (ii) calculation of the mean of
all aligned FA images; (iii) creation of a mean FA skeleton that represents
the centers of all tracts common to all subjects; and (iv) projection of each
subject’s aligned FA image onto the mean FA skeleton. The tbss_non_FA
script was used to obtain the individual’s projected AD and RD maps. Per-
mutation-based nonparametric inference (http://www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/fsl/
randomise/) was adopted to perform statistical analyses on FA (n = 5,000),
AD and RD in 2- and 4-wk IBMT and RT groups.
The statistical threshold was established as PFWE < 0.05 with multiple
comparison correction using threshold-free cluster enhancement (http://
www.fmrib.ox.ac.uk/analysis/research/tfce). An in-house program was used
to calculate the volume of AD or RD alterations within the regions where FA
changes (40–43). Using the FSL Toolbox in all studies, we conducted t tests
for pre- and posttraining differences with a correction for multiple com-
parisons (PFWE < 0.05). Pearson correlation was also conducted to analyze
correlation between imaging metrics and behavioral assessments.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. We thank the Institute of Neuroinformatics and
the Lewis Center for Neuroimaging for data collection and Rongxiang Tang
for manuscript preparation. This study is supported by 973 Program
2012CB518200, R21DA030066, the Office of Naval Research, and the Intra-
mural Research Program of the National Institute on Drug Abuse, National
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