Measuring Violence on Television
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How to measure violence, how media portrays violence and how it penentrats in society. children are the most exposed and volnerable chunk of the society for witnessing violence and its effects.
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Measuring Violence on Television
- 2. How much Violence on Television ? How much violence is usually portrayed on TV? How to define and measure Television Violence? To what extent Television Violence affect the audience?
- 3. Defining Violence The overt expression of Physical force against self or other compelling action against one’s will on pain of being hurt or killed or actually hurting or killing. ( Gerbner,1972)
- 4. Techniques used to measure Violence Most Researchers choose to use a descriptive content analysis technique It include examination of difference aspects of occurrence of violence Can be classified in to types of violent program, characters and observable damage. Using since early 1950s.was first carried in US. From the start, crime and violence were found to be prominent feature of TV prime time
- 5. Analysis by Clark (1972) Research on violence from 1953- 1969, published in 1972 by Clark & Blankenberg. They used TV guide program synopses rather than samples of actual TV output Very generalized assessment of Violence.
- 6. Research by Gerbner & Co. It was most extensive analysis of TV Violence Conducted at Annenberg school of communication, Pennsylvania. They used technique of message system analysis Monitored samples of primetime and weekend TV for all major U.S network every year since 1967. It was limited to dramatic content only.
- 7. Cont. Analysis revealed picture of world TV drama that it is a violent one. Since 1967-68, 80% programs contained violence,60 % of major characters were involved in violence Average rate of violent episodes was 7.5 per hour Daytime children episodes during weekends rated violence as 18 per hour. Halloran and Croll Study– they used coding scheme to measure TV Violence BBC study in 1972- they worked on broader definition of violence and program types.
- 8. Interpreting Content Profiles Gerbner defined power relation between TV characters and learning by viewers, their perceptions of social reality. He argues that by identifying victims of violence, viewers might develop beliefs about actual chances of their own involvement in crime. His study was challenged on methodological grounds due to involvement of different factors in violence. Descriptive content analysis does not apply different violent incidents as violence can be classified in terms of nature of incidents.
- 9. Measuring Perceptions of TV Violence What the audience think about television audience? Audience reactions are connected to the psychological characteristics of viewers. One method is to obtain ratings and opinions from viewers, which programs are violent or not, but it can not indicate how much violence is in specific episodes.
- 10. Adult’s Perception Gunter(1985) reported 12 studies, groups of people were shown different crime scenes from science fiction and cartoons. result indicated viewers may be influenced in their opinion about TV Violence by different portrayals. Adults have highly refined judgements about TV Violence.
- 11. Children’s Perception Conducted on 3 schools of Holland. 314 children showed full length episodes of 8 TV Scenes and survey was conducted to fill 10 variables. Children’s perception was same as adults. Cartoons were found most violent. Van de Voort Study-1986
- 12. Thank You