Measuring unemployment
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This document contains a quiz about key concepts related to measuring unemployment, including definitions of labor force, producer price indexes, deflation, cyclical unemployment, structural unemployment, frictional unemployment, and real interest rate.
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Taxes are financial charges imposed by governments on taxpayers that are punishable by law if not paid. They include direct taxes like income tax and indirect taxes like value added tax. Governments also obtain resources through activities like borrowing, money creation, and confiscating wealth. Common taxes are on income, corporate profits, capital gains, property, payroll, goods and services, wealth, and various financial transactions. Taxes can be proportional, progressive, or regressive based on how the tax rate changes relative to the amount being taxed.
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The document summarizes the history of agrarian land reform programs in the Philippines from the administrations of Manuel Roxas to Corazon Aquino. It discusses the key legislations and initiatives passed during each presidency to address land ownership and promote social justice. While progress was made, many administrations struggled with lack of funding, opposition from landowners, and slow implementation. Under Aquino, the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program was established as the centerpiece of her administration but still faced challenges of budget shortfalls, legal issues, and inter-agency coordination.
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The circular flow of income model describes the reciprocal flow of money between households and firms. Households supply factors of production like labor to firms and receive income, while firms supply goods and services to households in exchange. This forms a continuous loop referred to as the circular flow of income, with payments in each direction. The model can be expanded to include government and foreign trade. It helps explain macroeconomic concepts like GDP, equilibrium, and the effects of policies.
Computation of income tax
This document provides an example computation of income tax for Mr. De Castro, a professor with a monthly salary of 85,000 pesos. It calculates his monthly and annual tax under two scenarios: as a single filer and as married with 4 dependents. As a single filer, Mr. De Castro's tax due is 270,792 pesos resulting in an overpayment of 55,608 pesos. As married with 4 dependents, his tax due is 238,792 pesos resulting in an overpayment of 87,608 pesos.
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El documento describe los elementos básicos del marketing, incluyendo la necesidad, el deseo, la demanda, el producto y el valor para el cliente. Explica la relación entre la demanda y el marketing, así como la gestión del marketing y la demanda. También menciona que las campañas de concienciación sobre el consumo racional o contra productos como el tabaco son ejemplos de desmarketing.
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The document discusses unemployment and inflation as two major macroeconomic problems. It defines unemployment as people who are able and willing to work but unable to find jobs. There are different types of unemployment including frictional, cyclical, structural, and seasonal unemployment. Inflation is defined as a continuous rise in the general price level in an economy. The document discusses two main causes of inflation: demand-pull inflation which occurs when spending outpaces the economy's productive capacity, and cost-push inflation which results from increased costs of production being passed onto consumers. Effects of unemployment and inflation include impacts on individuals, society, and the overall economy.
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- There are different types of inflation based on rates like moderate, galloping, and hyperinflation. Additionally, inflation can be open or repressed based on government reaction.
- Inflation has causes like excess money supply, deficit financing, population growth, and high import prices. It can be demand-pull or cost-push.
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Inflation is defined as a sustained increase in the price level or a fall in the value of money. It can be caused by an increase in the money supply exceeding real economic growth (monetarist view) or by increases in production costs pushing prices up (Keynesian view). Inflation is measured by changes in a price index like the consumer price index. It can have both favorable impacts like higher profits and investment, and unfavorable impacts like a reduction in purchasing power for those with fixed incomes. Governments use monetary, fiscal, and direct policies to control inflation by reducing excess demand or stabilizing production costs.
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Acharya Narendra Deva University Of Agriculture And Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya
Money supply and inflation
This document provides an overview of money supply, inflation, and related concepts. It begins with introducing money as a medium of exchange, measure of value, and store of value. It then discusses the demand and supply of money, as well as theories like the quantity theory of money. The document defines inflation and its different types. It examines causes of inflation like demand-pull and cost-push factors. It also explores the relationship between inflation and employment via Phillips Curve. The document concludes by looking at ways to measure and control inflation through monetary and fiscal policy tools.
inflation.ppt.pptx
This document defines inflation and discusses how to measure it using price indexes like the Consumer Price Index. It describes types of inflation such as creeping, galloping, and hyperinflation. Causes of inflation include demand-pull factors like excessive spending, cost-push factors like rising input costs, and built-in inflation from price/wage spirals. Effects are the redistribution of wealth from savers to borrowers, social impacts, and economic inefficiencies from distorted prices. Methods to stop inflation involve controlling wages and prices, stimulating competition, and monetary/fiscal policy measures.
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Measuring unemployment
- 1. QUIZ ABOUT MEASURING UNEMPLOYMENT
- 2. • inflation initiated by an increase in aggregate demand. ANS: DEMAND-PULL INFLATION
- 3. • occurs when the overall price level continues to rise over some fairly long period of time. Sustained inflation is essentially a monetary phenomenon. For the price level to continue to rise period after period, it must be accommodated by an expanded money supply. ANS: SUSTAINED INFLATION
- 4. • The number of people employed plus the number of unemployed. ANS: LABOR FORCE
- 5. • Measures of prices that producers receive for products at all stages in the production process. ANS: PRODUCER PRICE INDEXES (PPIS)
- 6. • A fall in the price level of the economy. It means there will be a negative inflation rate. ANS: DEFLATION
- 7. • The increase in unemployment that occurs during recessions and depressions. ANS: CYCLICAL UNEMPLOYMENT
- 8. • The unemployment that occurs as a normal part of the functioning of the economy. ANS: STRUCTURAL UNEMPLOYMENT
- 9. • The portion of unemployment that is due to the normal working of the labor market; used to denote short-run job/skill matching problems. ANS: FRICTIONAL UNEMPLOYMENT
- 10. • The difference between the interest rate on a loan and the inflation rate. ANS: REAL INTEREST RATE