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Community of Practice Inventory:
How to measure a CoP?



Karsten D. Wolf & Andreas Rausch
Didactical Design of Interactive Learning Environments

Communities & Technologies 2007
Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA
Thursday, 28.06.2007


                                                         cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
Faculty for educational science
                Didactical design of
interactive learning environments
Tools for supporting CoP                 Ongoing integration
                                         of work & learning

                                          collaborative &
                                           individualized
                                               search

                        Documents &                              Collaboration &
                          Practice                               problem solving
               Knowledge repositories
                                                                    Project
                   N2N-Publishing &                                 spaces
                   Content Sharing



          Knowledge                                                                  Social
           filtering                                                               structures
     Social bookmarking                                                   Online communities
     Collaborative news-                                                     FOAF- and
    filtering & aggregation                                               networking platforms



                       Formal Learning                            Conversation

                                                                   Email &
                        E-Learning
                                                                  Discussion
                          spaces
                                                                    groups

                                         Fleeting interactions


                                           Synchronous
                                            interactions

                                                                                                cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
Model for explaining group learning
   process in informal settings
Model for explaining group learning
   process in informal settings
Model for explaining group learning
   process in informal settings
From description to nurturing

 1990                                2000

First description   Adaption for       “Cultivating” &
                     companies          “Nurturing”

 Lave / Wenger      Brown / Duguid         Wenger
                                     Snyder & McDermott

Ethnographical       Consulting             Design
  fieldstudies
From description to nurturing

 1990                                 2000
                                         ls
                                      oo“Cultivating” &
                     Adaption for g t
                                           is
First description
                                 n
                      companiesi         s
                              s        o “Nurturing”
                           is agn
                       m di                - Wenger
                                       ch
                           or ben
 Lave / Wenger      Brown / Duguid
                         f            Snyderg McDermott
                                             &
                               & rkin
                      Consulting ma
Ethnographical                               Design
  fieldstudies
Goals

• diagnosis & identification
• classification
• design & evaluation of supporting measurements
• differentiate between persons with different roles
  within the community
• clearify and improve the theory
Problems of item development




There is a fire in the middle of our community,
     which warmth draws us together…
Problems of item development




You can sit on a bench right beside the playfield
             and watch the action
Starting point

• „tools“ from consultants
  COP@Work • www.wimip.de
• focused on technical implementation
  KAT • Andriessen & Verburg
• focused on team diagnosis
  F-A-T • Kauffeld
  TCI • Anderson / West
• focused on learning culture
  LKI • Sonntag
Analysis of CoP theory
                   structural   principles of   principles of
                                                                CoP
  Wenger et al     elements       support          design
                     (1998)        (2001)          (2002)



Smith / Coenders     community „barometer“


    Typaldos       12 principles of collaboration

  Hernandes /
                       critical success factors
   Fresneda

                       9 design strategies for                  Op
      Kim
                           communities
We started with
12 Principles of Collaboration




                             Typaldos 2001
CoPI Version 0.1
                        α                      α
  Version 0.1                    Version 0.2

    Zweck               .61

    Identität           .76

 Reputation             .46

Lenkungsbefugnis        .17

Kommunikation           .41

   Gruppen              .71

   Umgebung             .70

 Randbereiche           .71

   Vertrauen            .75

   Austausch            .54

  Entäußerung           .77

 Vergangenheit          .79

    N = 43
CoPI Version 0.1 ➙ 0.2
                   α                                    α
  Version 0.1               Version 0.2
                            Persönliches Interesse      .47
    Zweck          .61      Gemeinsames Interesse       .63

                           Persönliche Bekanntheit      .66
    Identität      .76          Zugehörigkeit           .85

                            Reputation haben            .36
 Reputation        .46     Reputation erlangen          .41

                              Regeln vorhanden          .55

Lenkungsbefugnis   .17    Führungsrollen vorhanden      .60

                           Führungsrollen erwerben      .76


Kommunikation      .41   Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten    .71



   Gruppen         .71          Untergruppen            .21


   Umgebung        .70       Umgebung / Speicher        .62


 Randbereiche      .71      Randbereiche / Lurking      .67


   Vertrauen       .75       Vertrauen / Offenheit      .76


   Austausch       .54    Gegenseitigkeit / Austausch   .75


                             Gemeinsame Praxis          .45
  Entäußerung      .77              Rituale             .79


 Vergangenheit     .79          Vergangenheit           .73



    N = 43                 N = 94
CoPI Version 0.2 ➙ 0.3 (part)

 Version 0.2                 Version 0.3
                      α                               α

                            Being Expert vs. Layman   .76

                            Being Informal Leader     .71

 Reputation haben     .36    Being Formal Leader      .85

                               Experts present        .73

                                Experts known         .78

Reputation erwerben   .41      Gain Reputation        .73

                                    Rules             .82
   Regeln vorhanden   .55
                                Rules enforced        .50

                                    N = 76
Explorative factor analysis
 Aspiration Knowledge      .88
 Individual Interest (P)   .79
   Aspiration Power        .79
 Aspiration Reputation     .77
Aspiration Community       .76
     Participation         .74
 Sense of belonging (I)    .65          .50
       Learning            .57          .48                      .53
     Voluntariness         .57                            -.45
  Being Expert vs. Lay     .46
    Gain Leadership              -.84
Management Hierarchy             -.82
  Informal Leadership            -.78
   Experts included              -.70
Duration of membership           -.50         .41         -.42
    Trust / Openess                     .79
  Experts recognized                    .66
    Shared Practice                     .66         .48
    Gain reputation              -.46   .62
 Mutuality / Exchange      .43          .59
        Rituals                               .88
 Sense of shared past                         .81
      Familiarity                             .73
         Rules                          .47   .65
      Repository                                    .81
   Common Interest                                  .66
Being an informal leader                                  -.85
 Being an formal leader                                          -.75
Explorative factor analysis
 Aspiration Knowledge      .88

                                 Goals and interests
 Individual Interest (P)   .79
   Aspiration Power        .79
 Aspiration Reputation     .77
Aspiration Community       .76
     Participation         .74
 Sense of belonging (I)    .65              .50
       Learning            .57              .48                           .53
     Voluntariness         .57                                     -.45
  Being Expert vs. Lay     .46


                                          Hierarchy
    Gain Leadership                -.84
Management Hierarchy               -.82
  Informal Leadership              -.78
   Experts included                -.70
Duration of membership             -.50              .41           -.42


                                                  Exchange
    Trust / Openess                         .79
  Experts recognized                        .66
    Shared Practice                         .66              .48
    Gain reputation                -.46     .62
 Mutuality / Exchange      .43              .59

                                                            Rituals and getting
        Rituals                                      .88
 Sense of shared past                                .81

                                                           to know each other
      Familiarity                                    .73
         Rules                              .47      .65
      Repository                                             .81
   Common Interest                                           .66
Being an informal leader                                           -.85
 Being an formal leader                                                   -.75
The „12 principles“ are not factors!
      The „bleed“ into each other




              F1
                          F3
                           F2

                   Text

                F5
    F4




     F2


                     F3
                                 F4




Subscales not satisfactory
Discussing
the instrument
Community
 - Familiarity                  - Trust / Openness
 - Sense of belonging           - Management hierarchy
 - Reputation                   - Informal leadership
 - Rules                        - Leadership
 - Possibility to communicate   - Boundaries / Lurking


                                        Practice
         Domain

 - Common interest                - Communication
 - Repository                     - Mutuality / Exchange
 - Learning                       - Rituals
 - Experts present                - Sense of shared past
 - Experts known                  - Participation
 - Sub Groups                     - Rules enforced



          Individual Roles and Goals of Members

- Aspiration for knowledge      - Being Expert vs. Layman
- Aspiration for reputation     - Being informal leader
- Aspiration for community      - Being formal leader
- Aspiration for power          - Individual interest
                                - Duration of membership
Groupwork

•
                                                          Community

    4 mini-groups                 - Familiarity                  - Trust / Openness
                                  - Sense of belonging           - Management hierarchy
                                  - Reputation                   - Informal leadership



    • community, domain &
                                  - Rules                        - Leadership
                                  - Possibility to communicate   - Boundaries / Lurking




      practice                                                           Practice
                                          Domain

                                  - Common interest                - Communication
                                  - Repository                     - Mutuality / Exchange



    • indididual roles & goals
                                  - Learning                       - Rituals
                                  - Experts present                - Sense of shared past
                                  - Experts known                  - Participation
                                  - Sub Groups                     - Rules enforced




•   what is missing?                       Individual Roles and Goals of Members

                                 - Aspiration for knowledge      - Being Expert vs. Layman



• are items
                                 - Aspiration for reputation     - Being informal leader

                 fitting?         - Aspiration for community      - Being formal leader
                                 - Aspiration for power          - Individual interest
                                                                 - Duration of membership
Want to measure
      Your community?

                                 CoPI
Contact me at
wolf@uni-bremen.de
http://www.ifeb.uni-bremen.de/wolf
CoPI Version 0.2 ➙ 0.3 (part)

 Version 0.2                 Version 0.3
                      α                               α

                            Being Expert vs. Layman   .76

                            Being Informal Leader     .71

 Reputation haben     .36    Being Formal Leader      .85

                               Experts present        .73

                                Experts known         .78

Reputation erwerben   .41      Gain Reputation        .73

                                    Rules             .82
   Regeln vorhanden   .55
                                Rules enforced        .50

                                    N = 76
CoPI Version 0.2 ➙ 0.3

 Version 0.2                    Version 0.3
                          α                             α

                                  Individual Interest   .85

                                Aspiration Knowledge    .81

Persönliches Interesse    .47     Aspiration Power      .89

                                Aspiration Reputation   .88

                                Aspiration Community    .86

Gemeinsames Interesse     .63     Common Interest       .69

Persönliche Bekanntheit   .66         Familiarity       .84

    Zugehörigkeit         .85    Sense of Belonging     .80

                                        N = 76
CoPI Version 0.2 ➙ 0.3

    Version 0.2                       Version 0.3
                              α                                  α

                                     Management Hierarchy        .85
 Führungsrollen vorhanden     .60
                                       Informal Leadership       .84

  Führungsrollen erwerben     .76        Gain Leadership         .84

Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten   .71   Possibility to communicate   .62

       Untergruppen           .21          Sub-Groups            .31

    Umgebung / Speicher       .62          Repository            .75

   Randbereiche / Lurking     .67     Boundaries / Lurking       .59

    Vertrauen / Offenheit     .76       Trust / Openess          .67

                                              N = 76
CoPI Version 0.2 ➙ 0.3
  Version 0.2                        Version 0.3
                              α                                α

Gegenseitigkeit / Austausch   .75    Mutuality / Exchange      .83

   Gemeinsame Praxis          .45       Shared Practice        .78

          Rituale             .79           Rituals            .76

      Vergangenheit           .73    Sense of shared past      .82

                                    Duration of membership     .83

                                    Being Expert vs. Layman    .76

                                    Being an informal leader   .71
          NEU
                                     Being a formal leader     .85

                                           Learning            .84

                                         Participation         .88

                                             N = 76

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Measuring Communities of Practice

  • 1. Community of Practice Inventory: How to measure a CoP? Karsten D. Wolf & Andreas Rausch Didactical Design of Interactive Learning Environments Communities & Technologies 2007 Michigan State University, East Lansing, USA Thursday, 28.06.2007 cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
  • 2. Faculty for educational science Didactical design of interactive learning environments
  • 3.
  • 4.
  • 5. Tools for supporting CoP Ongoing integration of work & learning collaborative & individualized search Documents & Collaboration & Practice problem solving Knowledge repositories Project N2N-Publishing & spaces Content Sharing Knowledge Social filtering structures Social bookmarking Online communities Collaborative news- FOAF- and filtering & aggregation networking platforms Formal Learning Conversation Email & E-Learning Discussion spaces groups Fleeting interactions Synchronous interactions cc by Karsten D. Wolf 2007
  • 6. Model for explaining group learning process in informal settings
  • 7. Model for explaining group learning process in informal settings
  • 8. Model for explaining group learning process in informal settings
  • 9. From description to nurturing 1990 2000 First description Adaption for “Cultivating” & companies “Nurturing” Lave / Wenger Brown / Duguid Wenger Snyder & McDermott Ethnographical Consulting Design fieldstudies
  • 10. From description to nurturing 1990 2000 ls oo“Cultivating” & Adaption for g t is First description n companiesi s s o “Nurturing” is agn m di - Wenger ch or ben Lave / Wenger Brown / Duguid f Snyderg McDermott & & rkin Consulting ma Ethnographical Design fieldstudies
  • 11. Goals • diagnosis & identification • classification • design & evaluation of supporting measurements • differentiate between persons with different roles within the community • clearify and improve the theory
  • 12. Problems of item development There is a fire in the middle of our community, which warmth draws us together…
  • 13. Problems of item development You can sit on a bench right beside the playfield and watch the action
  • 14. Starting point • „tools“ from consultants COP@Work • www.wimip.de • focused on technical implementation KAT • Andriessen & Verburg • focused on team diagnosis F-A-T • Kauffeld TCI • Anderson / West • focused on learning culture LKI • Sonntag
  • 15.
  • 16. Analysis of CoP theory structural principles of principles of CoP Wenger et al elements support design (1998) (2001) (2002) Smith / Coenders community „barometer“ Typaldos 12 principles of collaboration Hernandes / critical success factors Fresneda 9 design strategies for Op Kim communities
  • 17. We started with 12 Principles of Collaboration Typaldos 2001
  • 18. CoPI Version 0.1 α α Version 0.1 Version 0.2 Zweck .61 Identität .76 Reputation .46 Lenkungsbefugnis .17 Kommunikation .41 Gruppen .71 Umgebung .70 Randbereiche .71 Vertrauen .75 Austausch .54 Entäußerung .77 Vergangenheit .79 N = 43
  • 19. CoPI Version 0.1 ➙ 0.2 α α Version 0.1 Version 0.2 Persönliches Interesse .47 Zweck .61 Gemeinsames Interesse .63 Persönliche Bekanntheit .66 Identität .76 Zugehörigkeit .85 Reputation haben .36 Reputation .46 Reputation erlangen .41 Regeln vorhanden .55 Lenkungsbefugnis .17 Führungsrollen vorhanden .60 Führungsrollen erwerben .76 Kommunikation .41 Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten .71 Gruppen .71 Untergruppen .21 Umgebung .70 Umgebung / Speicher .62 Randbereiche .71 Randbereiche / Lurking .67 Vertrauen .75 Vertrauen / Offenheit .76 Austausch .54 Gegenseitigkeit / Austausch .75 Gemeinsame Praxis .45 Entäußerung .77 Rituale .79 Vergangenheit .79 Vergangenheit .73 N = 43 N = 94
  • 20. CoPI Version 0.2 ➙ 0.3 (part) Version 0.2 Version 0.3 α α Being Expert vs. Layman .76 Being Informal Leader .71 Reputation haben .36 Being Formal Leader .85 Experts present .73 Experts known .78 Reputation erwerben .41 Gain Reputation .73 Rules .82 Regeln vorhanden .55 Rules enforced .50 N = 76
  • 21. Explorative factor analysis Aspiration Knowledge .88 Individual Interest (P) .79 Aspiration Power .79 Aspiration Reputation .77 Aspiration Community .76 Participation .74 Sense of belonging (I) .65 .50 Learning .57 .48 .53 Voluntariness .57 -.45 Being Expert vs. Lay .46 Gain Leadership -.84 Management Hierarchy -.82 Informal Leadership -.78 Experts included -.70 Duration of membership -.50 .41 -.42 Trust / Openess .79 Experts recognized .66 Shared Practice .66 .48 Gain reputation -.46 .62 Mutuality / Exchange .43 .59 Rituals .88 Sense of shared past .81 Familiarity .73 Rules .47 .65 Repository .81 Common Interest .66 Being an informal leader -.85 Being an formal leader -.75
  • 22. Explorative factor analysis Aspiration Knowledge .88 Goals and interests Individual Interest (P) .79 Aspiration Power .79 Aspiration Reputation .77 Aspiration Community .76 Participation .74 Sense of belonging (I) .65 .50 Learning .57 .48 .53 Voluntariness .57 -.45 Being Expert vs. Lay .46 Hierarchy Gain Leadership -.84 Management Hierarchy -.82 Informal Leadership -.78 Experts included -.70 Duration of membership -.50 .41 -.42 Exchange Trust / Openess .79 Experts recognized .66 Shared Practice .66 .48 Gain reputation -.46 .62 Mutuality / Exchange .43 .59 Rituals and getting Rituals .88 Sense of shared past .81 to know each other Familiarity .73 Rules .47 .65 Repository .81 Common Interest .66 Being an informal leader -.85 Being an formal leader -.75
  • 23. The „12 principles“ are not factors! The „bleed“ into each other F1 F3 F2 Text F5 F4 F2 F3 F4 Subscales not satisfactory
  • 25. Community - Familiarity - Trust / Openness - Sense of belonging - Management hierarchy - Reputation - Informal leadership - Rules - Leadership - Possibility to communicate - Boundaries / Lurking Practice Domain - Common interest - Communication - Repository - Mutuality / Exchange - Learning - Rituals - Experts present - Sense of shared past - Experts known - Participation - Sub Groups - Rules enforced Individual Roles and Goals of Members - Aspiration for knowledge - Being Expert vs. Layman - Aspiration for reputation - Being informal leader - Aspiration for community - Being formal leader - Aspiration for power - Individual interest - Duration of membership
  • 26. Groupwork • Community 4 mini-groups - Familiarity - Trust / Openness - Sense of belonging - Management hierarchy - Reputation - Informal leadership • community, domain & - Rules - Leadership - Possibility to communicate - Boundaries / Lurking practice Practice Domain - Common interest - Communication - Repository - Mutuality / Exchange • indididual roles & goals - Learning - Rituals - Experts present - Sense of shared past - Experts known - Participation - Sub Groups - Rules enforced • what is missing? Individual Roles and Goals of Members - Aspiration for knowledge - Being Expert vs. Layman • are items - Aspiration for reputation - Being informal leader fitting? - Aspiration for community - Being formal leader - Aspiration for power - Individual interest - Duration of membership
  • 27. Want to measure Your community? CoPI Contact me at wolf@uni-bremen.de http://www.ifeb.uni-bremen.de/wolf
  • 28. CoPI Version 0.2 ➙ 0.3 (part) Version 0.2 Version 0.3 α α Being Expert vs. Layman .76 Being Informal Leader .71 Reputation haben .36 Being Formal Leader .85 Experts present .73 Experts known .78 Reputation erwerben .41 Gain Reputation .73 Rules .82 Regeln vorhanden .55 Rules enforced .50 N = 76
  • 29. CoPI Version 0.2 ➙ 0.3 Version 0.2 Version 0.3 α α Individual Interest .85 Aspiration Knowledge .81 Persönliches Interesse .47 Aspiration Power .89 Aspiration Reputation .88 Aspiration Community .86 Gemeinsames Interesse .63 Common Interest .69 Persönliche Bekanntheit .66 Familiarity .84 Zugehörigkeit .85 Sense of Belonging .80 N = 76
  • 30. CoPI Version 0.2 ➙ 0.3 Version 0.2 Version 0.3 α α Management Hierarchy .85 Führungsrollen vorhanden .60 Informal Leadership .84 Führungsrollen erwerben .76 Gain Leadership .84 Kommunikationsmöglichkeiten .71 Possibility to communicate .62 Untergruppen .21 Sub-Groups .31 Umgebung / Speicher .62 Repository .75 Randbereiche / Lurking .67 Boundaries / Lurking .59 Vertrauen / Offenheit .76 Trust / Openess .67 N = 76
  • 31. CoPI Version 0.2 ➙ 0.3 Version 0.2 Version 0.3 α α Gegenseitigkeit / Austausch .75 Mutuality / Exchange .83 Gemeinsame Praxis .45 Shared Practice .78 Rituale .79 Rituals .76 Vergangenheit .73 Sense of shared past .82 Duration of membership .83 Being Expert vs. Layman .76 Being an informal leader .71 NEU Being a formal leader .85 Learning .84 Participation .88 N = 76