This study analyzes the tiles and tile panels at two mosques in Libya from the Ottoman era. It finds influences from various civilizations, including Roman decorative motifs that were integrated into Islamic art. The tiles also show influences from the Ottoman Empire as well as Tunisia and Morocco. The study examines the tiles and ornamentation across six chapters, analyzing architectural elements, tile art, and ornamental works at the two mosques. It describes the results as documenting the introduction of tiles to Libya and providing both architectural and artistic analyses of design elements at the sites.

5. Abstract
TILES AND TILE PANELS
AT THE TWO MOSQUES OF AHMAD PASHA AL-
QARAMANLI AND MUSTAFA GURGI
-
Descriptive and Analytical Study
In spite of the fact that TILES Art in Libya has prospered
during the OTTOMAN Era , further studies are required by
researchers , particularly local .
Several civilizations flourished on the land of Libya , each
one adding its own prints which are reflected in art in general.
Through this study sample , we find the civilization
integration . Roman influences are reflected in the classic
ornamental drawings like ROSES ,EGG AND DART EGG AND
TONGUE MOTIF , CAPITALS which are also integrated into the
Islamic art starting after the Spread of Islamic in Libya .

6. These art features continued across the passage of time as
a national heritage reflected in the architectural models of(
multi unit domed Mosques ).
With the entrance of the Turkish Ottomans to Libya and
consequently Libya became an Ottoman dominate
particularly in the study sample , in The TILES AND TILE PANELS.
This in addition to other influences coming from Tunisia or
Morocco which are reflected In plaster ornamentations
characterized with Andalusian features. In this regard,
orientalists such as SALVATORE AURIGEMMA, and GASPARE
MESSANA , and others , together with Arab experts in Libya
such as Dr. Ali Al- BALLUSH believed that due to the exodus of
thousands of Arab Muslims who were driven out from Andalusia
to a certain limit in Libya. These settlers transferred with their
art and skills to their new adopted homes, thus resulting in the
development of artistic influences .
We will never , of course , disregard the European
influence on other arts in the world including the Turkish art ,
particularly , the European Baroque and Rococo which are

7. identified in the marble ornamentations inscribed on Islamic
tribune and the wooden ceilings .
As for the subject of this study , this type of art in the
above two mosques appeared in the first Ottoman era and
prospered in Al-Qaramanli era. This type of art developed and
used in various ornamental works in various religious and civil
structures .
The study is done into six chapters , the first chapter
addresses the problem, limits and objectives, in addition to
previous studies and the most important terms used in the
study .
The second chapter addresses the historical side of the
city of Tripoli as reflected in art. The third chapter deals with
various subjects regarding Islamic ornament in general and
particularly in Libya . Chapter four deals with architectural
elements for the two mosques . Chapter five deals with the
Porcelain art. The Sixth chapter , which is the practical side of
the study analyzes the ornamental elements in the study sample
with more details on tiles and ornamental works . At the end of
the study , the researchers presents the conclusion as follows :
Descriptive results describing the study sample in terms of
architectural Roofing System in which ceilings are covered.
Documentary results explaining the introduction of porcelain to

8. Libya and In Tripoli . Analytical results covering both
architectural and artists results. Architectural results have been
identified through methods of Roofing System in the two
mosques and treatment of the zone of transition of domes , and
internal spaces ,columns ,arches and ornamental works used in
the two mosques . The artistic results included some elements
and features in the ornamental works at the two mosques .
It should be referred to the difficulties faced the researcher in
obtaining original resources covering the research period or in
photographing each tile and each ornamental work by her . The
number exceeded hundreds of photos to choose from as to serve
the purpose of this study. We have to note also that these two
mosques are not centers of tourism where one can shoot photos
.

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