The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (about 78%), oxygen (about 21%), argon (about 0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and other gases in trace amounts. Oxygen is used by most organisms for respiration; nitrogen is fixed by bacteria and lightning to produce ammonia used in the construction of nucleotides and amino acids; and carbon dioxide is used by plants, algae and cyanobacteria for photosynthesis. The atmosphere helps to protect living organisms from genetic damage by solar ultraviolet radiation, solar wind and cosmic rays. The current composition of the Earth's atmosphere is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of the paleoatmosphere by living organisms.
The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (about 78%), oxygen (about 21%), argon (about 0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and other gases in trace amounts. Oxygen is used by most organisms for respiration; nitrogen is fixed by bacteria and lightning to produce ammonia used in the construction of nucleotides and amino acids; and carbon dioxide is used by plants, algae and cyanobacteria for photosynthesis. The atmosphere helps to protect living organisms from genetic damage by solar ultraviolet radiation, solar wind and cosmic rays. The current composition of the Earth's atmosphere is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of the paleoatmosphere by living organisms.
Physical Geography Lecture 05 - Atmospheric Energy and Global Temps 101216angelaorr
Net radiation. Hypothetical radiation balance. Albedo, Conduction, Convection, Counterradiation. The Greenhouse Effect. Redistribution of energy. Sensible heat vs. Latent heat. Temperature lags. Factors influencing differences in global temperature. Review.
HUMIDITY
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
DEW POINT
DEW, FROST
CLOUDS AND FOG
CLOUDS FORMATION
CLASSIFICATION OF CLOUDS
PRECIPITATION
THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
AIR MASSES
CLASSIFICATIONS OF AIR MASSES
AIR MASSES THAT MOST AFFECT WEATHER
FRONTS
FOUR TYPES OF FRONT
End breakage at ring frame. Ring frame machine breakageMukulpratapHarijan
End breakage at ring frame thier causes and solution. Effect of end breakage. Ring frame breakage. Fault of end breakage. PPT and PDF of end breakage. Solution of less efficiency of ring frame machine
Physical Geography Lecture 05 - Atmospheric Energy and Global Temps 101216angelaorr
Net radiation. Hypothetical radiation balance. Albedo, Conduction, Convection, Counterradiation. The Greenhouse Effect. Redistribution of energy. Sensible heat vs. Latent heat. Temperature lags. Factors influencing differences in global temperature. Review.
HUMIDITY
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
DEW POINT
DEW, FROST
CLOUDS AND FOG
CLOUDS FORMATION
CLASSIFICATION OF CLOUDS
PRECIPITATION
THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
AIR MASSES
CLASSIFICATIONS OF AIR MASSES
AIR MASSES THAT MOST AFFECT WEATHER
FRONTS
FOUR TYPES OF FRONT
End breakage at ring frame. Ring frame machine breakageMukulpratapHarijan
End breakage at ring frame thier causes and solution. Effect of end breakage. Ring frame breakage. Fault of end breakage. PPT and PDF of end breakage. Solution of less efficiency of ring frame machine
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
4. • IT WAS THE RUTHERFORD’S ALPHA SCATTERING
EXPERIMENT
• OBSERVATION
• MOSTLY ALPHA RAYS ARE PASSING THROUGH
THE GOLD FOIL.THUS ATOM POSSES EMPTY
SPACE.
• FEW ALPHA PARTICLESARE SLIGHTLY
DEFLECTING.THUS ATOM POSSES MASS AND
CHARGE BUT NOT DISTRIBUTED UNIFORMLY
• A FEW ALPHA PARTICLES ARE LARGELY
DEFLECTING.THUS ATOM POSSES MASS IT A
CONCENTRATED IN A SMALLER REGION.
5. MATTER IS MADE UP OF PARTICLES.
PARTICLES OF MATTER HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM.
PARTICLES OF MATTER MOVE CONTINOUSLY.
PARTICLES OF MATTER ATTRACT EACH OTHER.
PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE VERY SMALL.
6.
7.
8. MATTER WITH DEFINITE SHAPE BOUNDRIES AND
VOLUME IS A SOLID. ATTRACTIVE FORCE BETWEEN
THE PARTICLES OF SOLID SYATE ARE VERY HIGH, SO
IT NEED HIGH PRESSURE TO DEFORM THE SOLID
STATE.
THE PARTICLES ARE NOT TO FREE TO MOVE FROM
ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER .BUT THEY CAN VIBRATE
ABOUT THEIR MEAN POSITIONS.
9.
10. A STATE OF MATTER IN WHICH VOLUME IS FIXED
BUT SHAPE IS NOT FIXED IS CALLED LIQUID
STATE.A LIQUID STATE TAKES THE SHAPE OF THE
VESSEL IN WHICH IT IS KEPT.ATTRACTIVE FORCES
AMONG THE PARTICLES OF LIQUID ARE LESS IN
COMPARISON TO THE SOLID STATE PARTICLES
AND MORE THAN THE GASEOUS STATE
PARTICLES.
12. GASEOUS STATE
SUBSTANCE WITH NO FIXED SHAPE, SIZE OR
VOLUME IS SAID TO BE IN GASEOUS
STATE.ATTERACTIVE FORCES AMONG GASEOUS
PARTICLES ARE VERY LESS OR WEAK.THEY
OCCUPY THE WHOLE SPACE AVAILBLE TO THEM
MOLECULES OF GAS MOVE FREELY . WHEN THE
FAST MOVING PARTICLES HIT THE WALLS OF THE
CONTAINER THEY EXERT A PRESSURE WHICH IS
KNOWN AS GAS PRESSURE AND THE MOTION IS
KNOWN AS BROWNIAN MOTION
13. CHARACTERISTICS OF
GASEOUS STATE
GAS HAS NEITHER SPECIFIC FIXED VOLUME NOR
SHAPE.
THE DENSITY OF GAS IS LOWER THAN THAT OF
SOLID OR LIQUID .
A GAS IS HIGHLY COMPRESSIBLE THIS IS DUE TO
LARGE INTERPARTICLE SPACE WHICH CAN BE
REDUCED BY APPLYING PRESSURE.
GAS SHOWS TH PROPERTY OF DIFFUSION AND
FLUIDITY.
14.
15. PLASMA
THIS IS THE FOURTH KNOWN STATE OF MATTER IN
THIS STATE ALL THE PARTICLES GET HIGHLY
ACTIVATED AND CHARGED .THE PARTICLES EXIST IN
SUPER ENERGETIC AND SUPER EXCITED STATE .THE
FLUORESCENT TUBE AND NEON BULBS CONSIST OF
PLASMA .
PLASMA OR IONISED GASES CAN EXIST AT
TEMPERATURES STARTING AT SEVERAL 1000
DEGREE CELSIUS.
THE MAJORITY (90%) OF THE MATTER IN THE
UNIVERSE IS ACTUALLY FOUND IN PLASMA STATE.
16. COMMON FORMS OF
PLASMA
SPACE AND ASTROPHYSICS PLASMA EXAMPLE SUN
STAR SOLAR WIND INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM,
CHARGED AIR PRODUCED BY
LIGHTNING,INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM AND
INTERSTELLAR NEBULAE.
TERRESTRIAL PLASMA: LIGHTING,ST.ELMO’S
FIRE.IONOSPHERE.POLAR AURORAE.
ARTIFICIALLY PRODUCED
PLASMA:TELEVISION,ROCKET EXHAUST, ETC…
17. BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATE
IT IS KNOWN AS FIFTH STATE OF MATTER .
PHYSICALLY ,THE BEC IS JUST OPPOSITE TO THE
PLASMA STATE.
IT IS VERY RIGID NEAR ABSOLUTE ZERO i.e -273.16
DEGREE CELSIUS OR 0K AT THIS ALL MOLECULAR
MOTION STOPS
IT IS A STATE IN WHICH ATOMS ARE AT THEIR LOWEST
ENERGY STATE POSSIBLE.
THIS STATE IS OBTAINED BY SUPER COOLING OF A GAS
OF EXTREMELY LOW DENSITY UPTO ITS ONE HUNDRED
THOUNSANDTH THE DENSITY OF NORMAL AIR.THIS
PROCESS IS KNOWN AS BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATION
18.
19. DEFINITION OF INTERCONVERSION OF
STATES OF MATTER
FUSION:CONVERSION OF SOLID STATE INTO LIQUID
STATE SOLIDIFICATION:CONVERSION OF LIQUID
STATE INTO SOLID STATE .
VAPORISATION:CONVERSION OF LIQUID TO
GASEOUS STATE .
CONDENSATION:IT IS THE CHANGE OF PHYSICAL
STATE OF MATTER FROM GASEOUS STATE INTO
LIQUID STATE.
SUBLIMATION:A CHANGE OF STATE DIRECTLY FROM
SOLID TO GAS WITHOUT CHANGING INTO LIQUID
STATE OR VICE VERSA IS CALLED
DESUBLIMATION/SUBLIMATION
20.
21. LATENT HEAT
Latent Heat is the additional amount of heat supplied to boiling water to
convert it into steam.
LATENT HEAT OF FUSION
THE AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY REQUIRED TO CONVERT 1 KG
OF SOLID TO LIQUID AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE WITHOUT
ANY CHANGE IN TEMPERTURE .
LATENTHEAT OF VAPOURISATION
THE AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY REQUIRED TO CONVERT 1 KG
OF LIQUID INTO GAS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE WITHOUT
ANY CHANGE IN TEMPRATURE
22. EVAPORATION
EVAPORATION IS A PROCESS WHEN A LIQUID
BECOMES GAS BELOW BOILING
POINT.EVAPORATION GIVES COOLING SENSATION.IT
IS A SURFACE PHENOMENA.EXAMPLE SWEATING
DRYING CLOTHES
23. FACTORS AFFECTING
EVAPORATION
IF THE SURFACE AREA IS INCREASED THE RATE OF
EVAPORATION INCREASES.
INCREASE IN TEMPERTURE RESULTS IN CHANGE IN
RATE OF EVAPORATION.
INCREASE IN HUMIDITY RESULTS IN LOW RATE OF
EVAPORATION.
ON A WINDY DAY THE RATE OF EVAPORATION
INCREASES THUS WIND SPEED INCREASES RATE OF
EVAPORATION INCREASES.
24. HOW DOES EVAPORATION
CAUSE COOLING?
IN AN OPEN VESSEL,THE LIQUID KEEPS ON
EVAPORATING THE PARTICLES OF LIQUID ABSORB
ENERGY FROM SURROUNDING TO REGAIN THE
ENERGY LOST DURING EVAPORATION THIS
ABSORBTION OF ENERGY FROM THE
SURROUNDINGS MAKES THE SURROUNDINGS COLD
26. EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE
EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE CAN BRING A
CHANGE IN STATE OF MATTER LIKE IF A
SOLID IS HEATED IT BECOMES A LIQUID AND
IF FURTHER HEATED IT BECOMES GAS AND
IF FURTHER HEATED IT BECOMES PLASMA
27. EFFECT OF PRESSURE
ON APPLYING PRESSURE PARTICLES OF
MATTER COME CLOSER TO EACH OTHER
AND STATES CAN ALSO BE CHANGED
.PRESSURE GIVES OPPOSITE RESULTS TO
THAT OF TEMPERATURE, INCREASE IN
PRESSURE LEADS TO A STATE WITH HIGHER
DENSITY AND HIGHER ATTRACTIVE FORCES.
28. APPLYING PRESSURE AND DECRESING
TEMPRATURE CAN LIQUEFY GAS
OUT OF THE TWO FACTORS THE EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE IS MORE IMPORTANT .BEACAUSE
THERE IS A CERTAIN MINIMUM TEMPERTURE ABOVE
WHICH THE GASES DO NOT LIQUEFY .
29. DIFFERENT UNITS OF
TEMPERATURE
LET x BE THE TEMPRATURE IN CELSIUS
x DEGREE K =x+273.16
HERE LET x BE THE TEMPERATURE IN KELVIN
X DEGREE C= X-273.16.
CONVERSION OF CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT