This document contains definitions and formulas for geometry, measurement, percentages, ratios, and statistics. Key points covered include defining angles, triangles, and other shapes. Formulas are provided for area, perimeter, volume, and other geometric calculations. Percentages are defined as quantities out of 100, and methods for converting fractions and decimals to percentages are described. Ratios are used to compare quantities, and equivalent ratios can be obtained through multiplication or division. Statistics concepts explained include data collection, organization, display and interpretation using charts and graphs.

1. Ch#8
Fill in the blanks:
Percentage means out of hundred.
The symbol % is used to represent percentage.
A percentage can be greater than 100%.
We can use percentage to gauge how large/small a quantity is with respect
to another quantity.
The change in the value of an item can be expressed as a percentage
increase or decrease in the original value.
To express a fraction as a percentage, we multiply it by 100%.
To express a decimal as a percentage, we multiply it by 100%.
To express a quantity as a percentage, both quantity should have the
same unit.

2. To find the increased/decreased value: percentage increased/decreased
x original value.
Ch#9
Fill in the blanks:
A ratio is used to compare two or more quantities of the same kind.
A ratio is said to equivalent fractions when all quantities have no
common factor (other than 1).
We can get equivalent fractions by multiplying or dividing it with same
constant.
Ch#10
Fill in the blanks:

3. The most basic geometric figure is point.
Lines that have only on end point and which extend indefinitely are
known as rays.
When two lines intersect and that point is called point of intersection.
A plane is a flat surface in which two points are joined by lines.
A surface which is not flat is called curved surface.
Acute angles are angles that are more than 0 degree and less than 90
degree.
Obtuse angles are angles that are more than 90 degree and less than
180 degree.
Right angles are angles that are equals to 90 degree.
And less than 90 degree.
Reflex angles are angles that are more than 180 degree and less than
360 degree.

4. When two lines intersect right angles, we called it perpendicular to each
other.
Sum of adjacent angle on a straight line is 180 degree.
Vertically opposite angles are equal.
When two lines lying on the same plane and do not intersect are known
as parallel lines.
Lines that cuts two parallel lines are known as transversal.
Sum of angles at a point is 360 degree.
Ch#11
Fill in the blanks:
The end points of a triangle is known as vertices.
Equilateral triangles have 3 equal sides.

5. Isosceles triangles have 2 equal sides.
Scalene triangle have no equal sides.
Obtuse angled triangle have 1 obtuse angle.
Acute angled triangle have 3 obtuse angle.
Right angled triangle have one right angle.
The sum of interior triangle is 180 degree.
An exterior angle is equal to sum of 2 interior opposite angles.
All sides of square is equal in length.
The rhombus have 2 pairs of parallel sides.
Ch#13
Fill in the blanks:
The floor area is measured using square meters.

6. Formula to find the area of circle = 𝝅𝒓𝟐
Formula to find the area of semi-circle =
𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝟐
Perimeter of circle= 𝟐𝝅𝒓
Perimeter of semi-circle=
𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝟐
Area of parallelogram = 𝐁𝐚𝐬𝐞 𝐱 𝐇𝐢𝐞𝐠𝐡𝐭
Area of trapezium =
𝟏
𝟐
x(sum of all parallel sides)x height
Ch#14
Fill in the blanks:
The volume is measured using units such as millilitres(ml).
Volume of square = 𝒍𝟑
Volume of cuboid = 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒉𝒕 x Breadth x Height

7. Total surface area of cube = 𝟔𝒍𝟐
Total surface area of cuboid= 𝟐 𝒍𝒃 + 𝒃𝒉 + 𝒉𝒍
Volume of prism= 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒙 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉t
Ch#15
Fil in the blanks:
The four stages of a statistical study are collection, organization, display
and interpretation.
The data collected are organised and displayed in diagram such as pie
chart, pictogram, bar graph, line graph.
A pictogram is most suitable to represent data.
A bar graph is most suitable to compare between the data.

8. The pie chart is most suitable to show the relative size of each data in
proportion to the entire data set.
A line graph is most suitable when we want to show trends over a period
of time.

9. Formulas:
Area of rectangle =𝑳×𝑩
Area of square = 𝑳𝟐
Area of triangle =
𝟏
𝟐
× 𝑩𝒂𝒔𝒆 × 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
Area of circle= 𝝅𝒓𝟐
Circumference of circle=𝟐𝝅𝒓
Perimeter of rectangle=2(L+B)
Perimeter of square=2(L+L)
Area of semi-circle=
𝝅𝒓𝟐
𝟐
Circumference of semi-circle=𝝅𝒓

10. Perimeter of parallelogram=sum of all sides
Perimeter of trapezium=sum of all sides
Area of parallelogram=B× 𝐻
Area of trapezium=
𝟏
𝟐
× 𝒔𝒖𝒎 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒍𝒍 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒍 𝒔𝒊𝒅𝒆𝒔 × 𝑯𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕
Volume of cube=𝒍𝟑
Total surface area of cube = 𝟔𝒍𝟐
Total surface area of cuboid= 𝟐 𝒍𝒃 + 𝒃𝒉 + 𝒉𝒍
Volume of prism= 𝒃𝒂𝒔𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒙 𝒉𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉t
Volume of cuboid = 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒉𝒕 x Breadth x Height
To find the increased/decreased value: percentage increased/decreased
x original value.

11. Conversion of units:
x1000 x100 x10
Km m cm mm
÷ 1000 ÷100 ÷10
x1000000 x10000 x100
Km m cm mm
÷1000000 ÷10000 ÷100