This document outlines the fashion design process and the preparation of a workstation for a Level II course, emphasizing the selection of tools, equipment, and principles of design. It details the characteristics of color, drawing techniques, and occupational health and safety (OHS) practices specific to the fashion industry. Additionally, it highlights the importance of ergonomics and personal protective equipment (PPE) in maintaining a safe working environment for designers and manufacturers.

1. Fashion Design
Mezgebu Tesfaye
January , 2024
For-Level-II
Course name; Identify Design process for fashion designs

2. Preparation of workstation
UNIT - ONE…
UNIT - TWO…
Design process
UNIT - THREE..…
Elements and principles of design.
UNIT - FOUR..…
Characteristics of color and prepare color
chart
COURSE CONTENT

3. Preparation of
workstation
In this unit you will be learn;
 Selection and preparation of tools and equipment
 Preparation of workbench according to OHS Practice

4. After completion of this unit,
you will be able to:
Selecting and preparing of
tools and equipment
Preparing workbench
according to OHS practice

5. INTRODUCTION

6. • Working on a fashion collection include a series of
idea, sketches, diverse themes and inspirations, as
well as various silhouette, pattern, texture, and
colour experimentation.
For commercial
designers
• is the first step towards bringing designs to reality.
• Fashion figures are the foundation of a designer's
vision, serving as the blueprint for their designs.
Drawing fashion
figures
• is about current populism, and fashion designers
represent the spirit of the times, or zeitgeist, via
their work.
• Designer always being on the hunt for new and
exciting things to inspire.
Fashion, by
definition,

9. Tools and
equipments
of drawing

10. Drawing Paper …
It is making artistic drawings soft to heavy
structural drawings)
It is also used for print a hard copy of digital
drawings
Different types of drawings
require different sizes of
drawing papers.
Paper size Dimensions (cm) Paper Area
Α5 14.8 x 21 cm 0.03108 m2
Α4 21 x 29.7 cm 0.0612 m2
Α3 29.7 x 42 cm 0.125 m2
Α2 42 x 59.4 cm 0.25 m2
Α1 59.4 x 84.1 cm 0.50 m2
Α0 84.1 x 118.9 cm 1 m2

11. Cont..…
Masking tape /scotch
It is used for sticks the drawing paper
on the drawing board
It is an essential tool for making drawings on paper.
The grade of a pencil depends on the type of work.
Hard Pencils are used where extreme accuracy is required
especially working on graphs, diagrams and charts.
E.g., 2H pencil, 4H pencil, 6H pencil, etc.
Drawing pencil

12. Cont..…
Drawing pencil
MEDIUM PENCILS are used for general purpose work in drawing
E.g., HB Pencil
SOFT PENCILS are too soft to be used in mechanical drafting. They are beneficial for
the artwork of various kinds. E.g., 2B Pencil, 4B Pencil, 6B Pencil, etc.
Colored Pencils
Blend the boundaries of color used to enhance
drawings and sketches. The quality of the
brand of colored pencil that you use greatly
affects the results that you will see in your
drawing.

13. Types of
drawing
pencil and
their uses

14. Types of drawing pencil and their uses
B Pencil Types
These pencils contain darker lines compared to ‘H’ and ‘F’ however; they are easily erasable
without any effort being put in. While some people may use them for note-taking purposes,
they are excellent for doodling and sketching, as well. It is soft
1. 8B
This type of pencil is extremely dark and comes
out as the darkest of grays on paper. It is best
used for drawing and sketching purposes since it
makes very dark and prominent marks that end
up sticking out on a page.
2. 7B
Almost similar to 8B, this type of pencil is also great for art-related purposes. It
gives off a very dark gray shade that sticks to the paper and makes drawings look
great on paper.

15. Types of drawing pencil and their
uses
3. 6B
It is best for adding dark values to your drawing
pieces. It is a great option for achieve realistic
textures like skin, fur or fabric.
4. 5B
This pencil produces a darker mark
than the ones after it and is quite
softer than a 2B pencil for example.
5. 4B
The 4B pencil is slightly lighter than 5B
and is also an excellent choice for
sketching and drawing purposes.

16. Types of drawing pencil and their
uses
2B
The 2B pencil is best for medium to dark shading and
provides a good range of tone or value from light to a
dark shade. It is commonly used for art purposes,
especially drawing, shading and sketching.
HB
This pencil falls in the exact middle of the pencil
lead scale. HB is a significantly hard pencil, making
it a reasonably hard pencil even for drawing
purposes. The ‘H’ refers to the hardness of the
pencil, and the letter ‘B’ is used to denote the
blackness of the particular pencil’s mark.
F’’ pencil
‘F’ stands for fine point. This pencil, compared to
the others is slightly harder.

17. H Pencil Types and their uses
The ‘H’ pencils are generally very hard, and they are able to hold a tip in place,
ensuring extreme precision. They also make light lines that can be erased with
great ease and convenience so one can easily use these pencils to design products
or write things on paper.
2H pencil
This pencil falls in the exact middle of the pencil
lead scale. HB is a significantly hard pencil, making
it a reasonably hard pencil even for drawing
purposes. The ‘H’ refers to the hardness of the
pencil, and the letter ‘B’ is used to denote the
blackness of the particular pencil’s mark.

18. H Pencil Types and their uses
3H
3H is an extremely light shade of gray that leaves a very light imprint on paper. It
can be a great choice for sketches where you need to add light shades or slightly
fill in the empty spaces with a pencil.
4H
This is an excellent choice of pencil for light, fine
and even shading. It is more towards the gray side
and less shiny because of the amount of clay it
contains. It is also easier to keep sharp so can be
easily used for shading and sketching.

19. H Pencil Types and their uses
5H
This type of pencil helps create the darkest and the
thinnest of lines, given its hardness levels. This
happens because it falls towards the end of the “H”
or hardness scale, hence, giving a hard touch. It is a
great option particularly for those who are into
drawing and sketching and wish to draw dark and
think lines.
6H
This is a top-quality graphite pencil that is
primarily designed for the purpose of sketching,
writing, and drawing. It is an ideal pencil for
artistic and technical applications.

20. Cont..…
Charcoal or conte
Because of their point, charcoal pencils are best used for detailed
drawings and showcasing the highlights and shadows of your
subjects
Charcoal comes in both stick and pencil form. Sticks of charcoal are usually
either “vine” or “compressed”. Vine charcoal is softer and produces lighter
marks, while compressed charcoal – which is concentrated, produces darker
marks.
Charcoal provides a broader range of value and mark-making than what’s
possible with graphite. The manner in which marks are made is different as
well.

21. Cont..…
Chalk, Chalk Pastels, Oil Pastels
Chalk, Chalk Pastels, Oil Pastels Oil pastels are a form of chalk that has
been compressed with oil. All chalks and oil pastels come in a wide
range of colors. A variety of soft, blended effects can be obtained by
layering several colors and using brushes, cloth or paper to blend
Triangular scale
A tool generally used when reproducing a drawing in an
enlarged or reduced form to some regular proportion.
Its primary function is to reproduce the measurements of an
object in full size, reduced size, and enlarged size.
Pencil sharpener
A pencil Sharpener is a mechanical gadget used for
sharpening pencils.

22. Cont..…
T-square
It is a drawing instrument used when making horizontal lines.
It is also used for guiding triangles when drawing vertical lines and
perpendicular lines with the help of a set square.
It is made of wood, plastic, or a combination.
Triangle scale
It is a three-sided ruler, which contains two equal
sides intersecting at a 90-degree angle and the
third side at 45, 30, including 60-degree angles.
Commonly used triangles are:
o 30 degrees X 60 degrees
o 45 degrees X 45 degrees

23. Cont..…
Drawing table
The drawing table is made up of wood, plastic, or glass and has
smooth surfaces where drawing paper is placed and fixed with
the help of tape.
Sketch Book
A sketchbook is a blank notebook or pad of paper that
artists of all types can use to work on their art.
These days, some artists may choose to use a
digital sketchbook instead of a traditional paper
version. Either way, the sketchbook serves as a
collection of blank canvases.

24. Drawing table

25. Cont..…
Liquid marker ( crayon)
Fashion designers prefer ultra-bendable,
low odor, alcohol based inks.
Water color and oil color
This media is used for fashion
illustration.
A paintbrush is a brush used to apply paint
or ink. A paintbrush is usually made by
clamping bristles to a handle with a
ferrule. They are available in various
sizes, shapes, and materials. Thicker
ones are used for filling in, and thinner
ones are used for details.

26. Cont..…
Liquid marker ( crayon)
Fashion illustration image.

27. Selecting and Preparing materials and equipment
 Generally, softer graphite pencils will allow a darker, softer tone, while harder graphite
will offer a harder line and a more pointed end.
 Brand-new pots of ink, sharp, colorful pencils and acrylic tubes just waiting to be
squeezed may look inviting but, to a beginner, they also hold an element of anxiety.
 It is necessary to use proper drafting/drawing materials and tools to make an excellent
design.
 These materials are generally utilized by architects, drafters, engineers, painters, or
other technical persons.
 Without proper knowledge of your equipment, you could be limiting yourself
significantly.

28. Preparation of workbench according to OHS Practice
 The focus of the generalist OHS professional is the prevention of work-related
fatality, injury, disease and ill health..
 Standard operating procedures
 Personal protective equipment
 Safe materials handling
 Taking of rest breaks
 Ergonomic arrangement of workplaces
 Following marked walkways
 Safe storage of equipment
 Housekeeping
OHS Practice in
Design

29. Conti…

30. Preparation of workbench according to OHS Practice
 The focus of the generalist OHS professional is the prevention of work-related
fatality, injury, disease and ill health..
 Standard operating procedures
 Personal protective equipment
 Safe materials handling
 Taking of rest breaks
 Ergonomic arrangement of workplaces
 Following marked walkways
 Safe storage of equipment
 Housekeeping
OHS Practice in
Design

31.  Questions ??

32. Occupational Health and Safety requirements in
fashion industry

33. Occupational Health and Safety requirements
• Definition: Occupational safetyand health (OSH) isa cross
disciplinaryarea concerned with protecting the safety,health and
welfareof people engagedin work or employment.
• History: OSH has been signed into law on December 29, 1970 by
Richard M. Nixon (USA). Called “The Occupational Safety and
Health Act of 1970 – 29 USC 653”
• Mission: To save lives, To prevent injuries and To protect
industrial workers
Basics of
OSH

34. Occupational Health and Safety requirements
I. The goalsof occupational safetyand health programs includeto adoptive a
safeand healthy work environment.
II. OSH mayalsoprotect co-workers,family members, employers,customers
and many others who might be affected bythe workplace environment
III. Quality and environment matters are given equal priority to other
major business objectives.
1. To ensure that all employees and workers are inducted and aware of the
health and safety practices.
2. To achieve Zero Notice of Prohibition for OSH Issues
3. To strive toward Zero life loss at work places
4. Implement, develop and continue improve in OHSAS 18001 Standard
OSH
Requirements
Objectives

35. Occupational Health and Safety requirements
Why OHS is essential in
apparel manufacturing?
1. Because of the three basic types of interaction in the
apparel manufacturing working environment including:
Man and physical, chemical and biological agents;
Man and Machine & Man and Man:
A multi-dimensional workers health related risk factors
associated with the apparel industry are mostly occurred
because of highly repetitive work.

36. Occupational Health and Safety requirements
Why OHS is essential in
apparel manufacturing?
2. In order to be well competent in global market,
It is not only the quality parameters which are
important towards acceptance of the product as per the
intended end use, but also the working environment in
which the garments are to be produced, is equally
important for the entire product acceptance.

38. Classification of hazards occurred in the apparel industry
SAFETY HAZARDS
(slips, trips and falls, faulty
equipment, etc.)
BIOLOGICAL
HAZARDS (mold,
insects/pests,
communicable diseases,
etc.)
 (ILO,2001) has categorized OSH hazards under five specific categories.
CHEMICAL & DUST
HAZARDS
(cleaning products,
pesticides, asbestos, etc.)
ERGONOMIC HAZARDS
(repetition, lifting,
awkward postures, etc.)
Workplace
hazards
PHYSICAL HAZARDS
(noise, temperature
extremes, radiation, etc.)

39. Ergonomics Hazards In the apparel industry

40. Ergonomics Hazards In the apparel industry
Cutting Department:
• The heavy wight fabric rolls are manually transported from table to table by lifting the roll.
The people doing this operation tend to complain about MSD’s to muscle and back.:
• Cutting without safety support (chain glove) will resulted for hand injury

41.  Employees push fabric through the sewing
machine, which may require extending arms
bending at the wrist, and applying force.
 When setting up material for stitching,
workers may have to flex or bend their
necks to view the position of the fabric.
Ergonomics Hazards In the apparel industry
Sewing Department

42. Workplace design considerations

43. 1. Standard Operating Procedures
• SOP is a written step by step guidelines or as a
form of flow diagram with proper explanation.
• SOP is one type of manual which provides
guidelines for operating procedure or working
procedure.
• The SOP should be put in a working place where
it will be easily visible. The SOP should be
printed form with proper lamination on it to avoid
damage.

44. Ventilation considerations
• Ventilation is an effective engineering means
to prevent accumulation of vapors of
explosive/flammable mixtures or inhalation
of toxic gases or vapors in the workplace.
• However, attention must be paid to the
relevant environmental protection
requirements in the discharge of exhaust air
to prevent contamination of the outside
environment

45. Lighting considerations

46. What is Ergonomics
Ergonomics
Physical
ergonomics
Cognitive
ergonomics
Organizationa
l ergonomics
 Ergonomics is the study of people in their working environment.
 It is designs or modifies the work to fit the worker, not the other way around.
 The goal is to eliminate discomfort and risk of injury due to work.
 The field of ergonomics aims to optimize safety, comfort, and productivity by reducing
physical strain and stress on the body.
 Workplace ergonomics is the science of designing the workplace, keeping in mind the
capabilities and limitations of the worker.
 Poor worksite design leads to fatigued, frustrated and hurting workers.
 A workplace ergonomics improvement process removes risk factors that lead to
musculoskeletal injuries and allows for improved human performance and productivity.

47. Benefits of Workplace Ergonomics
Ergonomics
Physical
ergonomics
Cognitive
ergonomics
Organizationa
l ergonomics
An effective ergonomics process can benefit the organization in a number of different ways.
 Ergonomics reduces costs.
 Ergonomics improves productivity.
 Ergonomics improves quality.
 Ergonomics improves employee engagement.
 Ergonomics creates a better safety culture.

48. Ergonomics considerations
Ergonomic concept Ergonomics components
Ergonomics
Physical
ergonomics
Cognitive
ergonomics
Organizationa
l ergonomics

49. Principles Of Ergonomics
 Maintain the ‘S’curve

50. Principles Of Ergonomics
 Keep everything in easy reach

51. Principles Of Ergonomics
 Work at proper heights

52. Principles Of Ergonomics
 Reduce excessive force

53. Principles Of Ergonomics
 Minimize static and fatigue load
Change to:

54. Principles Of Ergonomics
 Minimize pressure points

55. Principles of Ergonomics
 Reduce excessive motion
 Provide clearance

56. Principles Of Ergonomics
• Move, stretch and exercise

57. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
The primary objective of using PPE is to protect workers against
the risks of hazardous phenomena affecting the body through
inhalation or contact.
• Protective Clothing: Protective clothing provides skin protection
against chemical splashes, vapor and particulate exposures and other
physical hazards
• Hand and foot protection : Impervious gloves protect the hands
of the worker from contacting hazardous chemicals and machines

58. • Eye protection: Safety goggles that completely enclose the eyes provides
superior eye protection.
• Respiratory protective equipment (RPE): protects against exposure to dusts,
gases, fumes and vapors, but exposure duration should be kept short.
• Monitoring and health surveillance: Monitoring is a means to ensure the
effectiveness of the control measures through measuring the levels of the contaminants
in the air at strategic locations in the workplace or at the breathing zone of the workers
concerned.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

60. Assignment 1
Discuss briefly about fashion design process.
 Notes; page number no more than 3 page
 Date of summited 31/01/2024G.c