1) The Cube Quest Challenge relates to NASA's goals of expanding human presence in the solar system by addressing strategic knowledge gaps through small satellite missions.
2) The CubeSat Launch Initiative provides opportunities for educational institutions and non-profits to develop CubeSat payloads that support technology demonstration, scientific research, and STEM education.
3) Three proposed CubeSat missions for the first launch of the Space Launch System - Lunar Flashlight, NEA Scout, and BioSentinel - would address knowledge gaps in lunar ice detection, near earth asteroid characterization, and the effects of space radiation, respectively.
American Astronautical Society, Astronauts and Robots: Partners in Space Exploration, May 12-13, 2015 - http://astronautical.org/event/astronauts-robots
American Astronautical Society, Astronauts and Robots: Partners in Space Exploration, May 12-13, 2015 - http://astronautical.org/event/astronauts-robots
American Astronautical Society, Astronauts and Robots: Partners in Space Exploration, May 12-13, 2015 - http://astronautical.org/event/astronauts-robots
American Astronautical Society, Astronauts and Robots: Partners in Space Exploration, May 12-13, 2015 - http://astronautical.org/event/astronauts-robots
American Astronautical Society, Astronauts and Robots: Partners in Space Exploration, May 12-13, 2015 - http://astronautical.org/event/astronauts-robots
American Astronautical Society, Astronauts and Robots: Partners in Space Exploration, May 12-13, 2015 - http://astronautical.org/event/astronauts-robots
ILOA Galaxy Forum Canada 2015 -- Steve DurstILOAHawaii
International Lunar Observatory-1: Making Moon South Pole Astronomy and Communications a Reality – Steve Durst, Founding Director, International Lunar Observatory Association, Editor and Publisher of Space Age Publishing Co.
ILO-1 Moon South Pole: A new frontier as exciting and enriching as Humans on Mars or trillion dollar asteroids, and much closer in space and time.
Pursuing a series of Moon-based observatory missions to complement Earth-based and Space-based astronomy, ILOA seeks to advance Galaxy Imaging for 21st century astronomy education with its ILO-1 primary mission 2-meter radio antenna to Malapert Mt. 86°S 2.7°E near the Moon’s South Pole, with an ILO-X precursor mission aboard a GLXP lander, and with a Human Service Mission to the ILO-1 / robotic village new world frontier.
ILOA is also collaborating with the National Astronomical Observatories – Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC) Lunar Ultraviolet Telescope (LUT) at Mare Imbrium 44°N 20°W aboard the China Chang’e-3 Moon Lander, the first spacecraft to land on the Moon in almost 40 years and the only spacecraft operating on the lunar surface. Conducting science-driven and education-based Astronomy from the Moon via LUT is a foundational success of international cooperation on which the ILOA intends to build.
More than 40 years since the Far Ultraviolet Camera / Spectrograph operated on the Descartes Highlands by NASA Apollo 16 Commander and ILOA Board of Director Emeritus John Young in April 1972, ILOA is drawing together resources from across the planet to reclaim the cosmic revolution of Humanity as a Multi World Species.
The 7th Edition of ILOA’s stellar “Galaxy Map” is now being distributed to high school teachers and other educators around the world, designed for use in every class with maps of the world and Solar System.
American Astronautical Society, Astronauts and Robots: Partners in Space Exploration, May 12-13, 2015 - http://astronautical.org/event/astronauts-robots
Markets in Motion: Developing Markets in Low Earth OrbitISSRDC
Increased commercial activity in space has gradually transformed low Earth orbit into an emerging market. This session will focus on four development areas—biological and pharmaceutical, Earth imaging, materials science, and space transportation—where companies are finding and targeting customer groups that have the potential to develop into market sectors in low Earth orbit.
IOA Galaxy Forum Japan 2014 -- Steve DurstILOAHawaii
Galaxy Forum Japan 2014 - Tokyo
Saturday 13 December 2014 (2-5pm) @ Cosmos Building, NAOJ Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
Galaxy Forum returns to the Land of the Rising Sun, one of the world's 6 major space faring powers, Japan. ILOA collaboration with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JAXA and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan NAOJ, to advance Galaxy 21st Century Education continues this year at the Cosmos Building kindly provided by NAOJ at the Mitaka Campus.
International Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA) is an interglobal enterprise incorporated in Hawaii as a 501(c)(3) non-profit to expand human knowledge of the Cosmos through observation from our Moon and to participate in internationally cooperative lunar base build-out, with Aloha – the spirit of Hawai`i. The ILOA co-sponsors with its Space Age Publishing Company affiliate an international series of Galaxy Forums to advance 21st Century Education. Galaxy Forums, designed to provide greater global awareness, capabilities and action in Galaxy science, exploration and enterprise, are held in Hawaii, Silicon Valley, Canada, China, India, Japan, Europe, Africa, Chile, Brazil, Southeast Asia, Kansas and New York. Current plans are for expansion to Antarctica and beyond.
ILOA Galaxy Forum Hawaii 2015 -- Steve Durst ILOAHawaii
International Lunar Observatory-1: Making Moon South Pole Astronomy and Communications a Reality – Steve Durst, Founding Director, International Lunar Observatory Association, Editor and Publisher of Space Age Publishing Co.
ILO-1 Moon South Pole: A new frontier as exciting and enriching as Humans on Mars or trillion dollar asteroids, and much closer in space and time.
Pursuing a series of Moon-based observatory missions to complement Earth-based and Space-based astronomy, ILOA seeks to advance Galaxy Imaging for 21st century astronomy education with its ILO-1 primary mission 2-meter radio antenna to Malapert Mt. 86°S 2.7°E near the Moon’s South Pole, with an ILO-X precursor mission aboard a GLXP lander, and with a Human Service Mission to the ILO-1 / robotic village new world frontier.
ILOA is also collaborating with the National Astronomical Observatories – Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC) Lunar Ultraviolet Telescope (LUT) at Mare Imbrium 44°N 20°W aboard the China Chang’e-3 Moon Lander, the first spacecraft to land on the Moon in almost 40 years and the only spacecraft operating on the lunar surface. Conducting science-driven and education-based Astronomy from the Moon via LUT is a foundational success of international cooperation on which the ILOA intends to build.
More than 40 years since the Far Ultraviolet Camera / Spectrograph operated on the Descartes Highlands by NASA Apollo 16 Commander and ILOA Board of Director Emeritus John Young in April 1972, ILOA is drawing together resources from across the planet to reclaim the cosmic revolution of Humanity as a Multi World Species.
The 7th Edition of ILOA’s stellar “Galaxy Map” is now being distributed to high school teachers and other educators around the world, designed for use in every class with maps of the world and Solar System
ILOA Galaxy Forum Canada 2015 -- Steve DurstILOAHawaii
International Lunar Observatory-1: Making Moon South Pole Astronomy and Communications a Reality – Steve Durst, Founding Director, International Lunar Observatory Association, Editor and Publisher of Space Age Publishing Co.
ILO-1 Moon South Pole: A new frontier as exciting and enriching as Humans on Mars or trillion dollar asteroids, and much closer in space and time.
Pursuing a series of Moon-based observatory missions to complement Earth-based and Space-based astronomy, ILOA seeks to advance Galaxy Imaging for 21st century astronomy education with its ILO-1 primary mission 2-meter radio antenna to Malapert Mt. 86°S 2.7°E near the Moon’s South Pole, with an ILO-X precursor mission aboard a GLXP lander, and with a Human Service Mission to the ILO-1 / robotic village new world frontier.
ILOA is also collaborating with the National Astronomical Observatories – Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC) Lunar Ultraviolet Telescope (LUT) at Mare Imbrium 44°N 20°W aboard the China Chang’e-3 Moon Lander, the first spacecraft to land on the Moon in almost 40 years and the only spacecraft operating on the lunar surface. Conducting science-driven and education-based Astronomy from the Moon via LUT is a foundational success of international cooperation on which the ILOA intends to build.
More than 40 years since the Far Ultraviolet Camera / Spectrograph operated on the Descartes Highlands by NASA Apollo 16 Commander and ILOA Board of Director Emeritus John Young in April 1972, ILOA is drawing together resources from across the planet to reclaim the cosmic revolution of Humanity as a Multi World Species.
The 7th Edition of ILOA’s stellar “Galaxy Map” is now being distributed to high school teachers and other educators around the world, designed for use in every class with maps of the world and Solar System.
American Astronautical Society, Astronauts and Robots: Partners in Space Exploration, May 12-13, 2015 - http://astronautical.org/event/astronauts-robots
Markets in Motion: Developing Markets in Low Earth OrbitISSRDC
Increased commercial activity in space has gradually transformed low Earth orbit into an emerging market. This session will focus on four development areas—biological and pharmaceutical, Earth imaging, materials science, and space transportation—where companies are finding and targeting customer groups that have the potential to develop into market sectors in low Earth orbit.
IOA Galaxy Forum Japan 2014 -- Steve DurstILOAHawaii
Galaxy Forum Japan 2014 - Tokyo
Saturday 13 December 2014 (2-5pm) @ Cosmos Building, NAOJ Mitaka, Tokyo, Japan
Galaxy Forum returns to the Land of the Rising Sun, one of the world's 6 major space faring powers, Japan. ILOA collaboration with the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency JAXA and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan NAOJ, to advance Galaxy 21st Century Education continues this year at the Cosmos Building kindly provided by NAOJ at the Mitaka Campus.
International Lunar Observatory Association (ILOA) is an interglobal enterprise incorporated in Hawaii as a 501(c)(3) non-profit to expand human knowledge of the Cosmos through observation from our Moon and to participate in internationally cooperative lunar base build-out, with Aloha – the spirit of Hawai`i. The ILOA co-sponsors with its Space Age Publishing Company affiliate an international series of Galaxy Forums to advance 21st Century Education. Galaxy Forums, designed to provide greater global awareness, capabilities and action in Galaxy science, exploration and enterprise, are held in Hawaii, Silicon Valley, Canada, China, India, Japan, Europe, Africa, Chile, Brazil, Southeast Asia, Kansas and New York. Current plans are for expansion to Antarctica and beyond.
ILOA Galaxy Forum Hawaii 2015 -- Steve Durst ILOAHawaii
International Lunar Observatory-1: Making Moon South Pole Astronomy and Communications a Reality – Steve Durst, Founding Director, International Lunar Observatory Association, Editor and Publisher of Space Age Publishing Co.
ILO-1 Moon South Pole: A new frontier as exciting and enriching as Humans on Mars or trillion dollar asteroids, and much closer in space and time.
Pursuing a series of Moon-based observatory missions to complement Earth-based and Space-based astronomy, ILOA seeks to advance Galaxy Imaging for 21st century astronomy education with its ILO-1 primary mission 2-meter radio antenna to Malapert Mt. 86°S 2.7°E near the Moon’s South Pole, with an ILO-X precursor mission aboard a GLXP lander, and with a Human Service Mission to the ILO-1 / robotic village new world frontier.
ILOA is also collaborating with the National Astronomical Observatories – Chinese Academy of Sciences (NAOC) Lunar Ultraviolet Telescope (LUT) at Mare Imbrium 44°N 20°W aboard the China Chang’e-3 Moon Lander, the first spacecraft to land on the Moon in almost 40 years and the only spacecraft operating on the lunar surface. Conducting science-driven and education-based Astronomy from the Moon via LUT is a foundational success of international cooperation on which the ILOA intends to build.
More than 40 years since the Far Ultraviolet Camera / Spectrograph operated on the Descartes Highlands by NASA Apollo 16 Commander and ILOA Board of Director Emeritus John Young in April 1972, ILOA is drawing together resources from across the planet to reclaim the cosmic revolution of Humanity as a Multi World Species.
The 7th Edition of ILOA’s stellar “Galaxy Map” is now being distributed to high school teachers and other educators around the world, designed for use in every class with maps of the world and Solar System
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
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Mars Explorations
1. National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Cube Quest Challenge
How Cube Quest Relates to the Human Exploration and
Operations Mission Directorate and NASA Goals
January 7, 2015
Jason Crusan
Director, Advanced Exploration Systems
Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate
4. Pioneering Space - Goals
“Fifty years after the creation of NASA, our goal is no longer just a
destination to reach. Our goal is the capacity for people to work and learn
and operate and live safely beyond the Earth for extended periods of time,
ultimately in ways that are more sustainable and even indefinite. And in
fulfilling this task, we will not only extend humanity’s reach in space -- we
will strengthen America’s leadership here on Earth.”
- President Obama, April 2010
4
6. NASA Strategic Plan Objective 1.1
Expand human presence into
the solar system and to the
surface of Mars to advance
exploration, science,
innovation, benefits to
humanity, and international
collaboration.
6
8. Strategic Knowledge Gaps
• A Strategic Knowledge Gap (SKG) is an unknown or
incomplete data set that contributes risk or cost to
future human missions
- Apollo example: footpads oversized due to poor knowledge
of lunar soil bearing strength
• SKGs are not unique to human exploration; all NASA
missions are designed based upon what is known
and what is not.
• Science measurements are the greatest source of
strategic Knowledge that has benefitted future
human exploration.
8
10. Human Exploration and Operations
Advanced Exploration Systems Strategy
• Advanced development of exploration systems to reduce risk, lower
lifecycle cost, and validate operational concepts for future human
missions beyond Earth orbit.
• Demonstrate prototype systems in ground test beds, field tests,
underwater tests, and International Space Station flight experiments.
• Use and pioneer innovative approaches and public-private partnerships
for affordable rapid systems development and provide hands-on
experience for the NASA workforce.
• Maintain critical competencies at the NASA Centers and provide NASA
personnel with opportunities to learn new and transform skills.
• Infuse new technologies developed by Space Technology Mission
Directorate / Exploration Technology Development into exploration
missions.
• Support robotic missions of opportunity to characterize potential
destinations for human exploration.
10
12. CubeSat Launch Initiative
NASA’s CubeSat Launch Initiative (CSLI) provides opportunities
to educational and non-profit organizations as well as NASA
Centers to build small satellite payloads which will fly as
auxiliary payloads on previously planned missions or as
deployments from the International Space Station.
NASA
DoD
NRO
ISS
January 2013
Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate
12
CubeSat Launch Initiative
13. CSLI Benefits
Benefit to Educational Organizations and Non-profits:
• Enables students, teachers and faculty to obtain hands-on flight hardware
development experience
• Advances the development of technologies
• Provides mechanism to conduct scientific research in the space environment
• Provides meaningful aerospace and Science, Technology, Engineering and
Mathematics (STEM) educational experience
Benefit to NASA:
• Promotes and develops innovative public-private partnerships
• Provides a mechanism for low-cost technology development and scientific
research
• Enables the acceleration of flight-qualified technology assisting NASA in
raising the Technology Readiness Levels (TRLs)
• Strengthens NASA and the Nation’s future STEM workforce
January 2013
Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate CubeSat Launch Initiative
13
15. CubeSat Focus Areas
Proposed CubeSats must align to NASA's Strategic Plan and, if
appropriate, the Education Strategic Coordination Framework.
70% conducting Technology Demonstrations
50% conducting Scientific Research
50% supporting Education
– Biological Science
– Earth Science
• Snow/Ice Coverage
– Near Earth Objects
– Orbital Debris Tracking
– Space Based Astronomy
– Space Weather
Technology Demonstrations
Scientific Research
January 2013
Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate CubeSat Launch Initiative
– In-Space Propulsion
– Space Power
– Radiation Testing
– Tether Deployment
– Solar sails
– Material Degradation
– Solar Cells
– Additive Manufacturing
15
16. EM-1 CubeSats
Unique Drivers
• Payloads
(Biology/Imager/Spectrometer)
• SKG Objectives/Science Teams
• Trajectories/Propulsion
• Thermal
constraints/environments
Common Drivers
• 6U CubeSat Form Factor
• SLS Integration
• Radiation tolerance & reliability
• Deep Space Navigation & Ops
• ADCS (3-Axis using SRU, IMU,
RWA, RCS)
• Similar power demands
BioSentinel NEA Scout Lunar Flashlight
• Lunar Flashlight and NEA Scout are nearly identical, but all missions share common “DNA”
on the subsystem level, even if not externally apparent
• Commonality is partially a result of relatively small pool of options for CubeSat components
deemed suitable for long-term operations in deep space – but this is an emerging market!
• Even with common hardware, projects will require different modeling and analysis, to assess
performance against unique mission profiles and requirements 16
17. Lunar Flashlight Objectives
17
• SKG Addressed: Understand the
quantity and distribution of water
and other volatiles in lunar cold traps
• Look for surface ice deposits and
identify favorable locations for in-situ
utilization
• Recent robotic mission data (Mini RF,
LCROSS) strongly suggest the
presence of ice deposits in
permanently shadowed craters.
• Locations where Diviner
measures the coldest year-round
temperatures also have
anomalous reflectivity in LOLA
and LAMP data, suggesting
water frost
Sunlight is
specularly
reflected off the
sail down to the
lunar surface in a
3 deg beam. Light
diffusely reflected
off the lunar
surface enters the
spectrometer to
distinguish water
ices from regolith.
18. 18
Separation
from SLS
Earth
Sail deployment
Lunar Fly-by 1
Moon
Disposal
Lunar Fly-by 2
Spiraling down
L+4.5 days L+2 month L+6 months L+20months L+21.5 months
Cruise
• De-tumble, panel
deployment
• ~8m/s dV to target
first lunar fly-by
• Sail deployment
• Target second
lunar fly-by
• ~1.35 million km
max Earth
distance
• ~1 year spiraling
phase around the
moon
78 passes total
Lunar Capture
Lunar Fly-by 3
L+2.5 months
Sail
Characterization
Instrument
Calibration
(Jupiter)
Deploy 1st LF- 2nd LF 2nd LF- 3rd LF 3rd LF- Lunar Capture Spiraling Down Science
Lunar Flashlight - Concept of Operations
19. NEA Scout
Why NEA Scout?
• Characterize a NEA with an imager to address key Strategic Knowledge Gaps (SKGs)
• Demonstrates low cost reconnaissance capability for HEOMD (6U CubeSat)
Leverages:
• Solar sail development expertise (NanoSail-D, Solar Sail Demonstration Project,
LightSail-1, etc.)
• CubeSat developments and standards (INSPIRE, University & Industry experience)
• Synergies with Lunar Flashlight (Cubesat bus, solar sail, communication system,
integration & test, operations)
Key Technical Constraints:
• 6U Cubesat and ~85 m2 sail to leverage commonalities with Lunar Flashlight, expected
dispenser compatibility and optimize cost
• Target must be within ~1 AU distance from Earth due to telecom limitations
• Slow flyby with target-relative navigation on close approach
Measurements: NEA volume, spectral type, spin mode and
orbital properties, address key physical and regolith
mechanical SKG
• ≥80% surface coverage imaging at ≤50 cm/px
• Spectral range: 400-900 nm (incl. 4 color channels)
• ≥30% surface coverage imaging at ≤10 cm/px
19
20. 20
L+784 days
Separation
from SLS
Lunar Fly-by 1
Earth-Moon Departure
Target Search
and Approach
NEA
Not to scale
Cruise
L+4 days L+42 days C/A~L+784days L+810 days
• De-tumble
• Initial Health Check
• ~10m/s dV to
target 1st lunar fly-
by
• Sail deployment
• Sail characterization
• Maneuver to 2nd lunar fly-
by
• ~1-2 additional lunar flybys to
target departure
• Additional loitering possible for
off-nominal launch dates
• Instrument calibration @Moon
Target
Reconnaissance
Proximity
~10,000 km
Target distance
• Minimum Ops, Periodic Tracking
• Spin Momentum Management
• Rehearsal of science activities
L+766 days
<1 km
<21 km
• Sub-pixel imaging of target
• On-board image co-adding
to achieve detection SNR
• Ephemeris and color
addressed
• Minimum science
success criteria
addressed
• At least one close,
slow flyby (<20 m/s)
• Full success criteria
addressed
Data Downlink
• <1 AU Earth dist.
• ~500 bps DTE (34 m DSN)
• On-board science
processing
Lunar
Fly-by 2+
Earth
SLS EM-1
Launch
Approximate time line
Target
(SNR > 5)
Ref stars
Imaging of the
resolved target
High Resolution Imaging
(10 cm/pixel)
Instrument Calibration
Sail Characterization
Target Scan Imaging
(Image Stacking)
Cruise Search/Approach Recon Proximity Downlink
Deploy
NEA Scout - Concept of Operations
21. BioSentinel: A Biosensor in Space
Objective: A yeast radiation biosensor that will measure the DNA damage
caused by space radiation, specifically double strand breaks (DSBs).
Why: Space radiation environment’s unique spectrum cannot be duplicated on
Earth. It includes high-energy particles, is omnidirectional, continuous,
and of low flux. During solar particle events (SPEs), radiation flux can
spike to a thousand times nominal levels.
How: Laboratory-engineered S. cerevisiae cells
will sense and repair direct damage to their
DNA (DSBs).
Yeast cells will remain dormant until
activated by a DSB; gene repair will initiate
yeast growth in microwells.
Multiple microwells will be in active mode
during the mission.
Extra wells will be activated in the event of
an SPE.
21
22. Distance
from
Earth
Mission Duration
6 Months 3 Years
62 mi
180-300 mi
240,000 mi
Millions mi
36 million mi
Unknown
Known
12 Months
Extended ISS
NEA
Mars
Beyond
• L2
22
18 Months
25 million mi
65 million mi
BioSentinel is a 6U free-flying satellite that will
be delivered by SLS EM-1 to a heliocentric
orbit.
It will operate in a deep-space radiation
environment throughout its 12 to 18-month
mission.
The 1st Biology Experiment beyond LEO since Apollo
The limits of life in space, as we know it, is 12.5 days on a lunar round trip or 1 year
in LEO. As we send people further into space, we can use model organisms to
understand the biological risks and how they can be addressed.
LEARNING TO BE EARTH INDEPENDENT
There and Back
Very powerful rocket
Validation of performance of SLS and Orion
Deep space navigation; Rendezvous and docking, life support system
Deep space environment (hotter, colder, radiation)
Distance and duration (maintenance, spares, resupply)
Happy and Healthy
Bone loss
Radiation
VIIP
Food, waste management – carrying it all with you.
Hygiene
Productive and Well-Equipped
Sample handling
Microgravity operations
Space suits (longest lasting)
Rapid development and testing of prototype systems and validation of operational concepts to reduce risk and cost of future exploration missions:
Crew Mobility Systems
Systems to enable the crew to conduct “hands-on” surface exploration and in-space operations, including crew excursion vehicles, advanced space suits, and crew egress
Deep Space Habitation Systems
Systems to enable the crew to live and work safely in deep space, including deep space habitats, reliable life support, radiation protection, and fire safety
Vehicle Systems
Systems for in-space propulsion stages and small robotic landers, including nuclear propulsion, modular power systems, lander technology test beds, and autonomous precision landing
Operations
Systems to enable more efficient mission and ground operations, including integrated testing, autonomous mission ops, integrated ground ops, and logistics reduction
Robotic Precursor Activities
Acquire strategic knowledge on potential destinations for human exploration to inform systems development, including prospecting for lunar ice, characterizing the Mars surface radiation environment, radar imaging of NEAs, instrument development, and research and analysis
Summary for FY14
AES has established 64 milestones for FY14
Over 60% include flight demonstration elements
Goal to achieve at least 80%
AES included 559 civil servants in FY14
Telecom
JPL Iris 2.0 X-Band Transponder; 1 W RF, supports doppler, ranging, and D-DOR
2 pairs of LGAs (RX/TX)
~500 bps to 34m DSN at all times
Telecom
JPL Iris 2.0 X-Band Transponder; 2 W RF SSPAs; supports doppler, ranging, and D-DOR
2 pairs of INSPIRE-heritage LGAs (RX/TX)
8x8 element microstrip array HGA (TX)
~500 bps to 34m DSN at 0.8 AU