This document provides a summary of changes observed in Bangladesh's marketing system over the last two decades. It discusses major changes in technology, agriculture, and transportation. Regarding technology, it notes the growth of ICT and increasing household access to technology. For agriculture, it describes efforts to commercialize innovations to alleviate poverty and ensure food security. Finally, it outlines transportation developments driven by urbanization and motorization, resulting in problems like deteriorating infrastructure, safety issues, and traffic.
Factors affecting the use of Public Procurement and Disposal Act of 2005 in P...paperpublications3
Abstract: Kenya is undertaking public procurement reforms, by enacting the Public Procurement and Disposal Act (PPDA) of 2005 which became operational in 2007. This research considered the factors which affect the implementation of PPDA in public secondary schools by considering four factors; procurement skills, enforcement, organizational procurement culture and familiarity with procurement regulations. The researcher adopted purposive sampling and questionnaires were administered to the respondents, who included the members of the tender and procurement committees. Data collected was analyzed by use of SPSS and presented in percentages, frequency tables, and inferential statistics. The study showed that there is a significant relationships between; procurement skills, enforcement of PPDA, organizational procurement culture and familiarity with the regulations and the implementation of the PPDA. 80% of the respondents agree that lack of familiarity with the procurement regulations, inhibited the implementation of the PPDA. 85% of schools in Trans- Nzoia County have not engaged procurement professionals. 53% of the respondents agree that lack of training has hindered the implementation of PPDA. 80% agree that lack of enforcement has somehow hindered its implementation. It is recommended that the procurement officers in public secondary schools to read, understand and implement the Public Procurement and Disposal Act 2005 and that the school management should train their procurement officers to gain procurement skills, which will enhance the effective implementation of the PPDA.
Keywords: Compliance, Enforcement, Organization culture, Professionalism, Public procurement, School management, Value for money.
Factors Affecting Purchasing Effectiveness in the Public Sugar Sector:A Case ...paperpublications3
Abstract:In the recent past, procurement performance has been attracting great attention from practitioners, academicians and researchers due to poor performance resulting from non adherence to proper processes and procedures. Many of the studies have devoted their content to financial factors as measures of effectiveness dismally giving consideration to non financial factors. This study aimed at investigating selected non financial factors that influence the effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector guided by four specific objectives; to find out how purchasing interaction with other departments impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing delegated authority impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing activity Execution impacts on its effectiveness and to find out how supplier relationship management practices impacts on purchasing function effectiveness. The four variables were found to have an effect on effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector. The study adopted a descriptive case research design and the study population comprised of 118 management staff Nzoia Sugar Company Ltd. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select a sample size of 57 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics data analysis method was applied to analyze numerical data gathered using closed ended questions aided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). From the findings, level of task execution explained 43.1% of purchasing department’s effectiveness, level of supplier relationship explained 20.9% and interaction level explained 2.2% while the level of purchasing delegated authority had a negative relationship with its effectiveness at -4.1% which means that the more autonomous purchasing department becomes the less effective it will be. The study recommends application of supplier collaboration strategies, integration of supply chain management tasks with IT to help speed up decision making process between the SCM partners, signing service level agreements (SLA),purchasing function to increase effectiveness by training and being members of professional bodies such as CIPS and KISM.
Keywords:Assessment, delegated authority, effectiveness, efficiency, inventory, non financial measures, purchasing interaction.
Effective sources and uses of finance is one of the primary activities for the success of a
business, where imprudent financing practices have been identified as a key constraint for the development
of the SME sector. For instance, the empirical evidence suggests that uncertainties of the SMEs due tolack
of skills and knowledgeable workers, economic fluctuations and financingcosts at firm level constitutes to het
ride from proper access to formal financing
CAPACITY BUILDING IN PROCUREMENT AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AT RWANDA ENERGY G...AkashSharma618775
The study examined the effect of capacity building in procurement on regulatory compliance at Rwanda
Energy Group. The objective of the study was to assess the effects of training, coaching and leadership
development in public procurement to regulatory compliance at Rwanda Energy Group. A descriptive survey
research design was adopted using quantitative methods and used a closed-ended questionnaire as a data collection
instrument. The study targeted 86 respondents from Rwanda Energy Group. Owing to the small size of the
targeted study population of REG staff based in Kigali, the whole population was taken for respondents to ensure
enough data is collected to inform the study. Collected data were analyzed on quantitative basis using Pearson’s
correlation, multiple regression analysis and descriptive statistics. For the analysis of training in public
procurement, the results have shown that all respondents in REG strongly agree with its effects in enhancing,
enforcing and streamlining regulatory compliance in public procurement. In the study, coaching in public
procurement, the results found that all responses provided, highlighted a positive trend to the first statistical range
(strong agree) of 1.27 as a mean with a minimum standard deviation estimated at 0.789 in general. The research
study analyzed leadership development, the results found that leadership development in public procurement is
strongly correlated with regulatory compliance of Rwanda Energy Group at significance level of 1.53 as the mean
with the minimum standard deviation estimated at 1.070 in general. The researcher recommended that Rwanda
Energy Group should consider, facilitating and involving all procurement staff in capacity building and
development through short courses and trainings organized by Rwanda Public Procurement Authority to improve
compliance with laws and regulations of public procurement in Rwanda.
Role of Procurement Policy on Procurement Performance in State Corporations i...Kevin Kathurima
Abstract: The study sought to determine the role of procurement policy on procurement performance in state corporations in Kenya. The study was considered important because the government organizations across the world spend substantial amounts on public procurement ranging between 8% and 25% of GDP. This study adopted a case study descriptive research design. The population was the 431 staff currently working at Kenya Power regional headquarters. Stratified random sampling was done where number of respondents per strata was determined in relation to total population. The study used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected by the use of structured questionnaires while secondary data was collected from already existing materials such as company‘s website, company‘s reports and announcements and other external sources such as the media. Regression analysis was used to show the overall relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Correlation analysis was used to show the strength of the association between the each independent variables and dependent variable. Procurement Policy was found to positively relate to procurement performance in state corporations. Keywords: Procurement, Policy, Performance, State Corporations. Title: Role of Procurement Policy on Procurement Performance in State Corporations in Kenya Author: Kevin Kathurima, Dr. Noor Shale International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals
Factors Influencing Supply Chain Performance in the Public Sugar Sector - A C...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper sought to evaluate the effect of technology adoption, early supplier involvement, low-cost sourcing and backward integration on supply chain performance in the public sugar sector, guided by four objectives: To assess effectiveness of technology adoption on supply chain performance, to assess the role of early supplier involvement on supply chain performance, to evaluate effectiveness of low-cost sourcing on supply chain performance and to evaluate effectiveness of backward integration on supply chain performance. Purposive sampling was used to select a target population of 60 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used in data analysis aided by SPSS software. From the findings, technology adoption and early supplier involvement were found to be positively correlated to supply chain performance. Thus the above factors should be considered as major determinants in influencing supply chain performance in the public sugar sector.
Keywords: Agile Supply, Backward integration, Collaborative Relationship, Corporate Strategy, Outsourcing, Supply Chain, Supply Chain Management.
External Business Environment and Performance of Microfinance Institutions: E...AkashSharma618775
This study examined the intensity of competition in the microfinance industry and its relationship
performance of MFIs in Nigeria. From a sample of 121 MFIs in Nigeria, data was collected via a structured
questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM
3.0) using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v22) and, findings suggest that MFIs were faced with
intense competition in the form of high cost and difficulty of entry, high operational cost and too many players in
the industry regardless of the type of product and services they offer or lending policies they embrace. The result
further reveal that the intensity of competition has significant negative influence on the amount of loans disbursed
and the amount disbursed to women. The study therefore recommends MFI managers to develop operational
mechanisms for cost and risk reduction to survive and excel.
The document discusses a study on analyzing the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. It finds that SMEs' ability to build effective and efficient networks is a key determinant of their flexibility and productivity. Effective networks are characterized by operational efficiency through lower transaction costs, improved access to working capital, and a more innovative business climate. The study suggests network expansion is critical for SME policy development.
Factors affecting the use of Public Procurement and Disposal Act of 2005 in P...paperpublications3
Abstract: Kenya is undertaking public procurement reforms, by enacting the Public Procurement and Disposal Act (PPDA) of 2005 which became operational in 2007. This research considered the factors which affect the implementation of PPDA in public secondary schools by considering four factors; procurement skills, enforcement, organizational procurement culture and familiarity with procurement regulations. The researcher adopted purposive sampling and questionnaires were administered to the respondents, who included the members of the tender and procurement committees. Data collected was analyzed by use of SPSS and presented in percentages, frequency tables, and inferential statistics. The study showed that there is a significant relationships between; procurement skills, enforcement of PPDA, organizational procurement culture and familiarity with the regulations and the implementation of the PPDA. 80% of the respondents agree that lack of familiarity with the procurement regulations, inhibited the implementation of the PPDA. 85% of schools in Trans- Nzoia County have not engaged procurement professionals. 53% of the respondents agree that lack of training has hindered the implementation of PPDA. 80% agree that lack of enforcement has somehow hindered its implementation. It is recommended that the procurement officers in public secondary schools to read, understand and implement the Public Procurement and Disposal Act 2005 and that the school management should train their procurement officers to gain procurement skills, which will enhance the effective implementation of the PPDA.
Keywords: Compliance, Enforcement, Organization culture, Professionalism, Public procurement, School management, Value for money.
Factors Affecting Purchasing Effectiveness in the Public Sugar Sector:A Case ...paperpublications3
Abstract:In the recent past, procurement performance has been attracting great attention from practitioners, academicians and researchers due to poor performance resulting from non adherence to proper processes and procedures. Many of the studies have devoted their content to financial factors as measures of effectiveness dismally giving consideration to non financial factors. This study aimed at investigating selected non financial factors that influence the effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector guided by four specific objectives; to find out how purchasing interaction with other departments impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing delegated authority impacts on its effectiveness, to find out how Purchasing activity Execution impacts on its effectiveness and to find out how supplier relationship management practices impacts on purchasing function effectiveness. The four variables were found to have an effect on effectiveness of purchasing function in the public sugar sector. The study adopted a descriptive case research design and the study population comprised of 118 management staff Nzoia Sugar Company Ltd. A purposive sampling technique was employed to select a sample size of 57 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics data analysis method was applied to analyze numerical data gathered using closed ended questions aided by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). From the findings, level of task execution explained 43.1% of purchasing department’s effectiveness, level of supplier relationship explained 20.9% and interaction level explained 2.2% while the level of purchasing delegated authority had a negative relationship with its effectiveness at -4.1% which means that the more autonomous purchasing department becomes the less effective it will be. The study recommends application of supplier collaboration strategies, integration of supply chain management tasks with IT to help speed up decision making process between the SCM partners, signing service level agreements (SLA),purchasing function to increase effectiveness by training and being members of professional bodies such as CIPS and KISM.
Keywords:Assessment, delegated authority, effectiveness, efficiency, inventory, non financial measures, purchasing interaction.
Effective sources and uses of finance is one of the primary activities for the success of a
business, where imprudent financing practices have been identified as a key constraint for the development
of the SME sector. For instance, the empirical evidence suggests that uncertainties of the SMEs due tolack
of skills and knowledgeable workers, economic fluctuations and financingcosts at firm level constitutes to het
ride from proper access to formal financing
CAPACITY BUILDING IN PROCUREMENT AND REGULATORY COMPLIANCE AT RWANDA ENERGY G...AkashSharma618775
The study examined the effect of capacity building in procurement on regulatory compliance at Rwanda
Energy Group. The objective of the study was to assess the effects of training, coaching and leadership
development in public procurement to regulatory compliance at Rwanda Energy Group. A descriptive survey
research design was adopted using quantitative methods and used a closed-ended questionnaire as a data collection
instrument. The study targeted 86 respondents from Rwanda Energy Group. Owing to the small size of the
targeted study population of REG staff based in Kigali, the whole population was taken for respondents to ensure
enough data is collected to inform the study. Collected data were analyzed on quantitative basis using Pearson’s
correlation, multiple regression analysis and descriptive statistics. For the analysis of training in public
procurement, the results have shown that all respondents in REG strongly agree with its effects in enhancing,
enforcing and streamlining regulatory compliance in public procurement. In the study, coaching in public
procurement, the results found that all responses provided, highlighted a positive trend to the first statistical range
(strong agree) of 1.27 as a mean with a minimum standard deviation estimated at 0.789 in general. The research
study analyzed leadership development, the results found that leadership development in public procurement is
strongly correlated with regulatory compliance of Rwanda Energy Group at significance level of 1.53 as the mean
with the minimum standard deviation estimated at 1.070 in general. The researcher recommended that Rwanda
Energy Group should consider, facilitating and involving all procurement staff in capacity building and
development through short courses and trainings organized by Rwanda Public Procurement Authority to improve
compliance with laws and regulations of public procurement in Rwanda.
Role of Procurement Policy on Procurement Performance in State Corporations i...Kevin Kathurima
Abstract: The study sought to determine the role of procurement policy on procurement performance in state corporations in Kenya. The study was considered important because the government organizations across the world spend substantial amounts on public procurement ranging between 8% and 25% of GDP. This study adopted a case study descriptive research design. The population was the 431 staff currently working at Kenya Power regional headquarters. Stratified random sampling was done where number of respondents per strata was determined in relation to total population. The study used both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected by the use of structured questionnaires while secondary data was collected from already existing materials such as company‘s website, company‘s reports and announcements and other external sources such as the media. Regression analysis was used to show the overall relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Correlation analysis was used to show the strength of the association between the each independent variables and dependent variable. Procurement Policy was found to positively relate to procurement performance in state corporations. Keywords: Procurement, Policy, Performance, State Corporations. Title: Role of Procurement Policy on Procurement Performance in State Corporations in Kenya Author: Kevin Kathurima, Dr. Noor Shale International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research ISSN 2348-3156 (Print), ISSN 2348-3164 (online) Research Publish Journals
Factors Influencing Supply Chain Performance in the Public Sugar Sector - A C...paperpublications3
Abstract: This paper sought to evaluate the effect of technology adoption, early supplier involvement, low-cost sourcing and backward integration on supply chain performance in the public sugar sector, guided by four objectives: To assess effectiveness of technology adoption on supply chain performance, to assess the role of early supplier involvement on supply chain performance, to evaluate effectiveness of low-cost sourcing on supply chain performance and to evaluate effectiveness of backward integration on supply chain performance. Purposive sampling was used to select a target population of 60 respondents. Questionnaires were used as the main data collection instruments. Descriptive and inferential statistics was used in data analysis aided by SPSS software. From the findings, technology adoption and early supplier involvement were found to be positively correlated to supply chain performance. Thus the above factors should be considered as major determinants in influencing supply chain performance in the public sugar sector.
Keywords: Agile Supply, Backward integration, Collaborative Relationship, Corporate Strategy, Outsourcing, Supply Chain, Supply Chain Management.
External Business Environment and Performance of Microfinance Institutions: E...AkashSharma618775
This study examined the intensity of competition in the microfinance industry and its relationship
performance of MFIs in Nigeria. From a sample of 121 MFIs in Nigeria, data was collected via a structured
questionnaire. Data collected was analyzed via Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM
3.0) using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS v22) and, findings suggest that MFIs were faced with
intense competition in the form of high cost and difficulty of entry, high operational cost and too many players in
the industry regardless of the type of product and services they offer or lending policies they embrace. The result
further reveal that the intensity of competition has significant negative influence on the amount of loans disbursed
and the amount disbursed to women. The study therefore recommends MFI managers to develop operational
mechanisms for cost and risk reduction to survive and excel.
The document discusses a study on analyzing the competitiveness of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. It finds that SMEs' ability to build effective and efficient networks is a key determinant of their flexibility and productivity. Effective networks are characterized by operational efficiency through lower transaction costs, improved access to working capital, and a more innovative business climate. The study suggests network expansion is critical for SME policy development.
Among the courses offered by Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM) Bachelor of Science in
Accountancy (BSA) had a reputation of consisting of bright students and performing well in the board exam,
even being included in the topnotchers. However somewhere along the line, its performance has dwindled down,
and has been one of the poor performers in licensure exams among other board courses in PLM
This document lists 69 student projects for a Master of Science in Procurement and Logistics program. The projects cover a wide range of topics related to procurement and supply chain management. The topics include strategic procurement, vendor management, inventory management, outsourcing, e-procurement, green procurement, and risk management among various industries in Kenya. The document provides the names of the students and their project titles but no further details about the projects.
A study on (below the line) promotion strategies of telecom industry in weste...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on promotion strategies used by Reliance Communications, a major telecom company in India. The study examines various below-the-line promotion tools used by Reliance, including customer schemes, road shows, event sponsoring, distributor/retailer schemes, attractive margins, associations with other brands, group schemes, and discount offers. Statistical analysis via chi-square tests and ANOVA found that most promotion tools had a significant positive impact on boosting sales, though associations with other brands and group schemes were less effective. The document provides context on the growth of the Indian telecom industry and liberalization of the economy before analyzing Reliance Communication's specific promotion strategies in depth.
The document discusses the PESTLE analysis framework used to analyze a company's external macro environment. PESTLE stands for Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological, Legal, and Environmental factors. It provides examples of each type of factor and questions companies should consider like how political stability or new technologies could impact their industry. Demographic factors that affect target markets like age, income, and location are also discussed.
This document analyzes the external environment that could impact an organization using the STEEPLE framework. It examines Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Legal, and Ethical factors. For each factor, it identifies potential issues and risks, and proposes strategic level actions to address them, such as ensuring plans are in place to deal with weather incidents, maintaining ICT infrastructure resilience, and complying with regulations. The analysis is intended to inform business strategy and planning.
The FMCG sector in India includes household care, personal care, and food and beverages. It has a market size of $25 billion and constitutes 2.15% of India's GDP, growing at 10-12% annually. The sector is the fourth largest in India and employs over 3 million people. It is expected to reach $47 billion by 2013 and $95 billion by 2018 through proposed GST implementation and increased FDI.
The Islamic Rural Bank (IRB) Bumi Rinjani Kepanjen is a financial institution that has Sharia
principles in carrying out its activities conventionally. In improving the development of financial institutions, it
is necessary to assess the company's financial performance. Thus, researchers want to know how the financial
performance of IRB Bumi Rinjani Kepanjen during the 2016-2020 period.
The document provides a marketing strategy report for Simpl, a pay later service provider in India. The objectives are to grow Total Purchase Value by 20% month-over-month for the next year. The strategy recommends focusing on credit offerings to target new merchant segments. It suggests repositioning the brand to emphasize credit while maintaining customer focus. The marketing mix includes enhancing the mobile app to offer credit and integrating offline merchants. Promotional activities, partnerships with influencers, and campus recruitment are also proposed.
This slidedeck attempts to answer the question by evaluating lockdown easing strategies applied by other nations and recommends adaptations for Bangladesh to employ such strategies.
This study aims to analyse the impact of external factors and internal factors on the risk factors of
regional development bank. Sample used in this study is regional development banks in Indonesia in the period
of 2015 – 2019.
9 2 business environment and business ideasbananaapple2
The document discusses several factors that make up a business's external environment and market. This includes the natural environment surrounding a business location, the demographics of customers and suppliers in the area, competitors, and local government regulations. Transportation networks and infrastructure can also affect business operations by facilitating product transportation and customer accessibility. The local economy and culture influence both entrepreneurs and consumers in terms of financial matters, costs of living, and types of acceptable products. Advances in technology can provide efficiency and productivity improvements.
This document summarizes government policies regarding the retail sector in India and other countries. It finds that while governments initially aimed to modernize retail sectors by promoting supermarkets, they later adopted dual policies that supported both organized retail chains and traditional unorganized retailers through capital and regulatory support. Regulations vary across countries, with some strictly limiting foreign retailers while others take a more hands-off approach. Overall, governments provide assistance to domestic retail sectors while balancing the growth of organized and unorganized retail.
The City Skyline of India, The City Skyline of India, provides information on different kinds of consumers, market sizes, their income, savings and expenditure patterns. The product covers demography, age distribution, consumer markets – assets owned, socio economic classifications, life stage of chief wage earner, employment status of chief wage earner, consumer psychographics, income categories, earning potential, education, housing, media consumption, market characteristics, among others
The Effect of Financing and Online Marketing on MSMEs Income Increasing at In...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to determine the effect of The Financing and Online Marketing On Msme
Income Increasing in The Intermoda Modern Market BSD City Tangerang Selatan both partial and simultaneous.
The research was conducted by quantitative using SEM factor analysis method, and the tools used SPSS and
Amos 23. The object of analysis are MSMEs at Intermoda modern market BSD City Tangerang Selatan. The
research design is single cross sectional with sample size of 100 respondents. The results indicate an positive
significant effect of financing and Online Marketing On Msme Income Increasing in The Intermoda Modern
Market BSD City Tangerang Selatan both partial and simultaneous.
Indian Marketing Environment of Faber Castel.ChelJo
The document provides an overview of the Indian marketing environment and key trends impacting it. It discusses the internal and external factors that affect an organization's ability to build customer relationships in the Indian market. Some emerging trends include increased online marketing, integrated marketing, social media usage, and price differentials leading to customer confusion. Ten major trends impacting the Indian market are also outlined, such as connectivity, e-commerce, urbanization, smart cities, energy resources, healthcare, mobility, innovation, and infrastructure development. The document concludes by explaining how to conduct a SWOT analysis in marketing to develop effective strategies.
Society has saluted corporate social responsibility of firms blindly without paying keen interest to the
long-term survival of humanity. This has made firms pay insufficient consideration to the need to produce
ecologically friendly products
FDI in the retail sector in India presents both opportunities and challenges. It could boost the supply chain and bring investment in technology and skills development. However, there are concerns about the impact on small retailers and employment. If regulated properly with a gradual opening and conditions on investment in rural areas, FDI could benefit farmers and consumers while curbing inflation. The human resource challenges include developing skills to match the demands of the modern organized retail sector. Overall, FDI in retail has the potential to modernize retail and improve efficiency if risks are mitigated and inclusive growth is ensured.
FICCI provides comments and analysis on various economic indicators and issues in India based on its surveys. It welcomes the GDP growth of 4.8% in Q2 as exceeding expectations but notes high inflation and interest rates remain problems. A manufacturing survey finds continued subdued growth in Q3 supported by some export improvement but rising credit costs. FICCI also comments on trade data, inflation numbers, IIP data and other economic matters, calling for addressing high food inflation, reforms to strengthen agriculture supply chains and reviewing policy rates given inflation is due to supply issues not monetary factors.
This document summarizes literature on the adoption of e-procurement practices in the construction industry. It reviews 103 research papers from various countries and identifies key factors influencing adoption. Commonly used models for understanding adoption include the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework. Barriers to adoption include management resistance, lack of resources, security concerns, and inadequate employee skills. Drivers include cost savings, increased transparency, and improved supplier relationships. Adoption varies between countries and sectors due to differences in industry structure, regulations, and levels of technology use.
This document outlines the syllabus for Unit 1 of an International Business course. The syllabus covers the following key topics:
1) Why companies engage in international business, the different modes of international business, external influences on international business, and the evolution of international business strategies.
2) The globalization of markets, production, research and development, and finance.
3) The cultural, political, legal, and economic environments facing international businesses, as well as brief coverage of the technological environment.
4) Specific sub-topics within each section, such as the different modes of international business entry, external influences on international business, models of the internationalization process, and drivers of globalization like the global
Among the courses offered by Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM) Bachelor of Science in
Accountancy (BSA) had a reputation of consisting of bright students and performing well in the board exam,
even being included in the topnotchers. However somewhere along the line, its performance has dwindled down,
and has been one of the poor performers in licensure exams among other board courses in PLM
This document lists 69 student projects for a Master of Science in Procurement and Logistics program. The projects cover a wide range of topics related to procurement and supply chain management. The topics include strategic procurement, vendor management, inventory management, outsourcing, e-procurement, green procurement, and risk management among various industries in Kenya. The document provides the names of the students and their project titles but no further details about the projects.
A study on (below the line) promotion strategies of telecom industry in weste...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on promotion strategies used by Reliance Communications, a major telecom company in India. The study examines various below-the-line promotion tools used by Reliance, including customer schemes, road shows, event sponsoring, distributor/retailer schemes, attractive margins, associations with other brands, group schemes, and discount offers. Statistical analysis via chi-square tests and ANOVA found that most promotion tools had a significant positive impact on boosting sales, though associations with other brands and group schemes were less effective. The document provides context on the growth of the Indian telecom industry and liberalization of the economy before analyzing Reliance Communication's specific promotion strategies in depth.
The document discusses the PESTLE analysis framework used to analyze a company's external macro environment. PESTLE stands for Political, Economic, Socio-cultural, Technological, Legal, and Environmental factors. It provides examples of each type of factor and questions companies should consider like how political stability or new technologies could impact their industry. Demographic factors that affect target markets like age, income, and location are also discussed.
This document analyzes the external environment that could impact an organization using the STEEPLE framework. It examines Social, Technological, Economic, Environmental, Political, Legal, and Ethical factors. For each factor, it identifies potential issues and risks, and proposes strategic level actions to address them, such as ensuring plans are in place to deal with weather incidents, maintaining ICT infrastructure resilience, and complying with regulations. The analysis is intended to inform business strategy and planning.
The FMCG sector in India includes household care, personal care, and food and beverages. It has a market size of $25 billion and constitutes 2.15% of India's GDP, growing at 10-12% annually. The sector is the fourth largest in India and employs over 3 million people. It is expected to reach $47 billion by 2013 and $95 billion by 2018 through proposed GST implementation and increased FDI.
The Islamic Rural Bank (IRB) Bumi Rinjani Kepanjen is a financial institution that has Sharia
principles in carrying out its activities conventionally. In improving the development of financial institutions, it
is necessary to assess the company's financial performance. Thus, researchers want to know how the financial
performance of IRB Bumi Rinjani Kepanjen during the 2016-2020 period.
The document provides a marketing strategy report for Simpl, a pay later service provider in India. The objectives are to grow Total Purchase Value by 20% month-over-month for the next year. The strategy recommends focusing on credit offerings to target new merchant segments. It suggests repositioning the brand to emphasize credit while maintaining customer focus. The marketing mix includes enhancing the mobile app to offer credit and integrating offline merchants. Promotional activities, partnerships with influencers, and campus recruitment are also proposed.
This slidedeck attempts to answer the question by evaluating lockdown easing strategies applied by other nations and recommends adaptations for Bangladesh to employ such strategies.
This study aims to analyse the impact of external factors and internal factors on the risk factors of
regional development bank. Sample used in this study is regional development banks in Indonesia in the period
of 2015 – 2019.
9 2 business environment and business ideasbananaapple2
The document discusses several factors that make up a business's external environment and market. This includes the natural environment surrounding a business location, the demographics of customers and suppliers in the area, competitors, and local government regulations. Transportation networks and infrastructure can also affect business operations by facilitating product transportation and customer accessibility. The local economy and culture influence both entrepreneurs and consumers in terms of financial matters, costs of living, and types of acceptable products. Advances in technology can provide efficiency and productivity improvements.
This document summarizes government policies regarding the retail sector in India and other countries. It finds that while governments initially aimed to modernize retail sectors by promoting supermarkets, they later adopted dual policies that supported both organized retail chains and traditional unorganized retailers through capital and regulatory support. Regulations vary across countries, with some strictly limiting foreign retailers while others take a more hands-off approach. Overall, governments provide assistance to domestic retail sectors while balancing the growth of organized and unorganized retail.
The City Skyline of India, The City Skyline of India, provides information on different kinds of consumers, market sizes, their income, savings and expenditure patterns. The product covers demography, age distribution, consumer markets – assets owned, socio economic classifications, life stage of chief wage earner, employment status of chief wage earner, consumer psychographics, income categories, earning potential, education, housing, media consumption, market characteristics, among others
The Effect of Financing and Online Marketing on MSMEs Income Increasing at In...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to determine the effect of The Financing and Online Marketing On Msme
Income Increasing in The Intermoda Modern Market BSD City Tangerang Selatan both partial and simultaneous.
The research was conducted by quantitative using SEM factor analysis method, and the tools used SPSS and
Amos 23. The object of analysis are MSMEs at Intermoda modern market BSD City Tangerang Selatan. The
research design is single cross sectional with sample size of 100 respondents. The results indicate an positive
significant effect of financing and Online Marketing On Msme Income Increasing in The Intermoda Modern
Market BSD City Tangerang Selatan both partial and simultaneous.
Indian Marketing Environment of Faber Castel.ChelJo
The document provides an overview of the Indian marketing environment and key trends impacting it. It discusses the internal and external factors that affect an organization's ability to build customer relationships in the Indian market. Some emerging trends include increased online marketing, integrated marketing, social media usage, and price differentials leading to customer confusion. Ten major trends impacting the Indian market are also outlined, such as connectivity, e-commerce, urbanization, smart cities, energy resources, healthcare, mobility, innovation, and infrastructure development. The document concludes by explaining how to conduct a SWOT analysis in marketing to develop effective strategies.
Society has saluted corporate social responsibility of firms blindly without paying keen interest to the
long-term survival of humanity. This has made firms pay insufficient consideration to the need to produce
ecologically friendly products
FDI in the retail sector in India presents both opportunities and challenges. It could boost the supply chain and bring investment in technology and skills development. However, there are concerns about the impact on small retailers and employment. If regulated properly with a gradual opening and conditions on investment in rural areas, FDI could benefit farmers and consumers while curbing inflation. The human resource challenges include developing skills to match the demands of the modern organized retail sector. Overall, FDI in retail has the potential to modernize retail and improve efficiency if risks are mitigated and inclusive growth is ensured.
FICCI provides comments and analysis on various economic indicators and issues in India based on its surveys. It welcomes the GDP growth of 4.8% in Q2 as exceeding expectations but notes high inflation and interest rates remain problems. A manufacturing survey finds continued subdued growth in Q3 supported by some export improvement but rising credit costs. FICCI also comments on trade data, inflation numbers, IIP data and other economic matters, calling for addressing high food inflation, reforms to strengthen agriculture supply chains and reviewing policy rates given inflation is due to supply issues not monetary factors.
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El documento presenta los diferentes términos para referirse a los miembros de la familia en inglés. Explica los términos para la familia básica o de sangre como madre, padre, hermanos y abuelos. Luego introduce términos para la familia extendida como suegra, cuñado y nuera. Finalmente, incluye nombres cariñosos como mamá y papi, así como otros términos como gemelos, huérfano y parientes.
This document discusses ensuring course continuity at Bowie State University in the event of campus closures or other disruptions. It outlines steps faculty can take to prepare, including developing a communication plan, preparing course materials in electronic and paper formats, and familiarizing themselves and students with the university's online learning platform, Blackboard. The document emphasizes having backup plans, materials, and contact information distributed across on- and off-campus locations. It also reviews BSU's pandemic flu plan and levels of response.
This document summarizes an interview between UKIP leader Nigel Farage and Jeremy Paxman about UKIP's election manifesto. Paxman researches points to challenge Farage on and comes out aggressively using body language and assertive speech. Throughout the combative interview, both men use body language like leaning forward and hand gestures to emphasize their points or show interruption. Paxman moves quickly between topics without letting Farage deflect. He bombards Farage with questions designed to catch him and maintains a stern, controlling presence. If Farage does not answer satisfactorily or tries to change subjects, Paxman firmly repeats the question or slightly alters his wording to press Farage further.
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Financial Distribution Summit 2014 CII's 3rd International Conferenceelithomas202
The CII theme of 'Accelerating Growth, Creating Employment' for 2014-15 aims to strengthen a growth process that meets the aspirations of today's India. During the year, CII will specially focus on economic growth, education, skill development, manufacturing, investments, ease of doing business, export competitiveness, legal and regulatory architecture, labour law reforms and entrepreneurship as growth enablers.
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This document discusses the 12 pillars of global competitiveness as assessed in the Global Competitiveness Report. It provides details on the first four pillars:
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4) Health and primary education - The health of the workforce and basic education levels,
IRJET- The Role of International Cooperation for Globalization TradingIRJET Journal
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Currently, small businesses are the backbone of the economy, which is proven economies of leading
countries - more than 20% of GDP - such a contribution comes from small businesses. It due to the fact that
small businesses are able to most fully satisfy consumer demand, it is more mobile, innovative, able to quickly
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Final project week 4 accelerating digital financial services adoption in bang...Md. Ashraful Alam
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The document discusses a PEST analysis of the textile industry in India. It analyzes the political, economic, social, and technological factors affecting the industry. Politically, it examines laws and regulations. Economically, it looks at growth, interest rates, and exchange rates. Socially, it considers population trends and consumer behavior. Technologically, it addresses automation, innovation, and infrastructure. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of political stability, sustainable policies, and government initiatives in supporting the industry.
The document discusses a PEST analysis of the textile industry in India. It analyzes the industry's political, economic, social, and technological factors. Politically, it examines factors like tax policy and environmental regulations. Economically, it looks at the industry's importance to India's GDP and employment. Socially, it considers trends like population growth and consumer behavior. Technologically, it mentions factors like automation and outsourcing decisions that impact the industry. The textile industry is important to India's economy and employment but external factors like global economic conditions and changing social trends can affect its growth and demand.
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This document examines the effect of digital marketing on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya. It discusses how MSMEs significantly contribute to employment, GDP and economic development in Kenya. However, many MSMEs struggle with low performance and high failure rates. The study aims to determine if digital marketing techniques like mobile phone marketing, social media marketing and internet marketing can improve MSME performance. A conceptual framework is presented showing how these digital marketing tools may positively impact customer base, sales and profits. The dynamic capabilities theory provides the theoretical background for expecting digital marketing to enhance MSME competitiveness and performance in dynamic business environments.
This document examines the effect of digital marketing on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya. It discusses how MSMEs significantly contribute to employment, GDP and economic development in Kenya. However, many MSMEs struggle with low performance and high failure rates. The study aims to determine if digital marketing techniques like mobile phone marketing, social media marketing and internet marketing can improve MSME performance. A conceptual framework is presented showing how these digital marketing tools may positively impact customer base, sales and profits. The dynamic capabilities theory provides the theoretical background for expecting digital marketing to enhance MSME competitiveness and performance in dynamic business environments.
This document examines the effect of digital marketing on the performance of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kenya. It discusses how MSMEs significantly contribute to employment, GDP and economic development in Kenya. However, many MSMEs struggle with low performance and high failure rates. The study aims to determine if digital marketing techniques like mobile phone marketing, social media marketing and internet marketing can improve MSME performance. A conceptual framework is presented showing how these digital marketing tools may positively impact customer base, sales and profits. The dynamic capabilities theory provides the theoretical background for expecting digital marketing to enhance MSME competitiveness and performance over time.
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[To download this presentation, visit:
https://www.oeconsulting.com.sg/training-presentations]
This presentation is a curated compilation of PowerPoint diagrams and templates designed to illustrate 20 different digital transformation frameworks and models. These frameworks are based on recent industry trends and best practices, ensuring that the content remains relevant and up-to-date.
Key highlights include Microsoft's Digital Transformation Framework, which focuses on driving innovation and efficiency, and McKinsey's Ten Guiding Principles, which provide strategic insights for successful digital transformation. Additionally, Forrester's framework emphasizes enhancing customer experiences and modernizing IT infrastructure, while IDC's MaturityScape helps assess and develop organizational digital maturity. MIT's framework explores cutting-edge strategies for achieving digital success.
These materials are perfect for enhancing your business or classroom presentations, offering visual aids to supplement your insights. Please note that while comprehensive, these slides are intended as supplementary resources and may not be complete for standalone instructional purposes.
Frameworks/Models included:
Microsoft’s Digital Transformation Framework
McKinsey’s Ten Guiding Principles of Digital Transformation
Forrester’s Digital Transformation Framework
IDC’s Digital Transformation MaturityScape
MIT’s Digital Transformation Framework
Gartner’s Digital Transformation Framework
Accenture’s Digital Strategy & Enterprise Frameworks
Deloitte’s Digital Industrial Transformation Framework
Capgemini’s Digital Transformation Framework
PwC’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cisco’s Digital Transformation Framework
Cognizant’s Digital Transformation Framework
DXC Technology’s Digital Transformation Framework
The BCG Strategy Palette
McKinsey’s Digital Transformation Framework
Digital Transformation Compass
Four Levels of Digital Maturity
Design Thinking Framework
Business Model Canvas
Customer Journey Map
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Part 2 Deep Dive: Navigating the 2024 Slowdownjeffkluth1
Introduction
The global retail industry has weathered numerous storms, with the financial crisis of 2008 serving as a poignant reminder of the sector's resilience and adaptability. However, as we navigate the complex landscape of 2024, retailers face a unique set of challenges that demand innovative strategies and a fundamental shift in mindset. This white paper contrasts the impact of the 2008 recession on the retail sector with the current headwinds retailers are grappling with, while offering a comprehensive roadmap for success in this new paradigm.
1. A Paper on
What changes are observed in the marketing system of Bangladesh during last
two decades?
Course: MKT-521-Marketing Management
Prepared for
Dr.Md. Belayet Hossain
Professor
Department of Marketing
University of Dhaka
Dhaka
Prepared by
Md. Anwarul Haider, ID #41427027
EMBA, 27th
Batch,
Department of Marketing
University of Dhaka
Dhaka
Date of Submission: July 01, 2016
2. 1. Introduction
In market economies, there are assortments of various marketing systems that exist,
contingent upon the business and the organizations inside that industry. It is essential for little
entrepreneurs to comprehend what sort of marketing system they are working in when
settling on valuing and creation choices, or while figuring out if to enter or leave a specific
industry. Marketing system is changing day by day in the world market and its’ impact is
noticeable in Bangladesh as well. A marketing system is any precise procedure empowering
numerous business sector players to offer and ask: helping bidders and venders associate and
make bargains. It is the value instrument as well as the whole arrangement of control,
capability, qualifications, notorieties and clearing that encompasses that system and makes it
work in a social context.
Since a marketing system depends on the supposition that players are always included and
unequally empowered, a marketing system is recognized particularly from a voting
framework where hopefuls look for the backing of voters on a less normal premise. Be that as
it may, the cooperation’s amongst business sector and voting frameworks are an essential part
of political economy, and some contend they are difficult to separate, e.g. frameworks like
aggregate voting and spillover voting include a level of business sector like dealing and
exchange off, instead of straightforward explanations of decision.
2. Change of Marketing System
As is generally experienced, markets are not static, but rather in consistent flux. The
progressions are not unsurprising and frequently shocking, even after exhaustive business
sector investigation and key arranging. Our intercessions turn out results that were either
unexpected or unforeseen. This sort of conduct makes particular difficulties for observing and
assessment of advancement intercessions. Changes in business sectors must be observed and
measured utilizing approaches that grasp their dynamic and erratic nature. Progresses in
many-sided quality sciences can give helpful standards and ideas to fabricate the
establishments of more viable and pertinent checking and assessment structures for both
business sector and money related frameworks. Some changes of the changes of marketing
system of Bangladesh are discussed in this paper.
2.1. Change is Technology
ICT is the backbone of any digital initiative. ICT covers the vast area of information
technology, communication technology and the telecommunication technology. ICT is also a
combination of physical backbone and intellect. Computer systems, network machineries,
software, wire and wireless connectivity systems, broadcast hardware and many other
hardware and accessories are the physical backbone. The trained human behind the backbone
are the intellect. Digital Bangladesh is an Idea that includes the IT use for management,
administration and governance to ensure transparency, accountability and answerability at all
levels of society and state. To materialize the idea of digital Bangladesh, development of
countrywide backbone and expected number of human recourses are the basic needs.
1
3. Despite having 50 years of history the government has only from 1997 started the process of
developing a national ICT strategy. In 2002 Bangladesh identified ICT as a "thrust sector" as
it represents potential for quick wins in reforms, job creation, industry growth, improving
governance and facilitating inclusion, and it has high spillover effects to other sectors. Today,
in Bangladesh, the overall IT sector (excluding telecoms) is small, valued at $300 million,
with IT/ITES claiming 39% ($117 million) of that value. The overall IT/ITES industry has
enjoyed a high growth rate of 40% over the last five (5) years and this trend is expected to
continue.
Fig. 1: Proportion of households access to ICT at National Level
Source: BBS, 2013
Fig. 2: Proportion of households access to ICT at Local Level
Source: BBS, 2013
Fig. 3: Proportion of households access to ICT at Local Level
Source: BBS, 2013
2
4. 2.2. Change in Agriculture
Enhancing the execution of the farming segment is an essential method for lightening
neediness amongst the most helpless and underestimated in Bangladesh. The reception of
ease horticultural advancements by little holder agriculturists is generally comprehended to
be a noteworthy driver of neediness lightening and nourishment security. Commercialization
of new and existing advances is progressively being seen as the best method for empowering
far reaching appropriation by agriculturists. However innovation commercialization exercises
in Bangladesh are described by regularly divided and inconsistent methodologies with little
coordination. In this the marketing system for innovation commercialization can be seen to
experience the ill effects of various systemic shortcomings. Intercessions by improvement
associations in the marketing system to fortify these ranges of shortcoming can prompt
significant effects in professional poor development and destitution easing. Arranged by
International Development Enterprises (iDE) for the Swiss Agency for Development
Cooperation (SDC), this study gives a photo of the innovation market framework in
Bangladesh. The study examinations the marketing system utilizing a set up business sector
improvement approach1, concentrating especially on recognizing the issues around
innovation commercialization, the fundamental systemic limitations, the key partners and
administrations which affect upon the framework, and the key regions of the empowering
environment for innovation commercialization. This examination empowers the report to
utilize a mediation rationale tool2 to distinguish various passage focuses for intercessions
which can be actualized to reinforce the marketing system.
Agriculture is a major economic activity in Bangladesh. It currently employs around 50
percent of country’s labor force and contributes around 20 percent of country’s GDP. Growth
in agricultural sector has important linkages with the overall economy through various
channels. It is important to note that, at the WTO, Bangladesh, as an LDC, is not bound to
undertake any liberalization in its domestic agricultural sector in terms of tariff cut or subsidy
withdrawal. However, there are concerns that actions taken by the developed and developing
countries in terms of reduction in agricultural domestic support measures might have
important negative implications for the net food importing countries like Bangladesh. It is
also important to note that under bilateral trading arrangements, such as India-Bangladesh
bilateral FTA, there are scopes for increased trade in agricultural products between
Bangladesh and India. Bangladesh’s market access for its agricultural exports in India is
likely to increase whereas there will be increased imports of agricultural products from India.
Therefore, liberalization in the trade in agriculture has important implications for the
agricultural commodities which are either exported or imported. Increased market access of
agricultural exports from Bangladesh under such trade agreement will lead to rise in
production and employment in those export-oriented sectors; whereas, domestic liberalization
in the agricultural sectors may dampen output and employment in the import-competing
agricultural sectors. It thus appears that the growth in the domestic agricultural sector doesn’t
only rely on the domestic policies and programs, rather global and regional trade policies
have important implications for this sector. Moreover, the various economic policies and
programs, such as domestic fiscal policies, import policies and programs for growth in
agricultural productivity also affect the development of the agricultural sector in an economy.
3
5. This study explores the links between major economic policy reforms and growth the
agricultural sector in Bangladesh. This study examines how economic policy reforms affect
the agricultural sector in Bangladesh in terms of output, import, export and employment.
Under a general equilibrium framework, this study explores three trade liberalization
scenarios (a global agricultural trade liberalization scenario under WTO-Doha agreement,
Bangladesh – India bilateral FTA, and domestic agricultural trade liberalization), one fiscal
policy scenario (rise in agricultural subsidy) and one technological change scenario (rise in
agricultural productivity).
2.3. Change is Transport
Transport developments have been driven in Bangladesh mostly by improvised
considerations having no explicit focus on future requirements and the means of meeting
these requirements on a competitive as well as sustainable basis. The unplanned combination
of rapid urbanization and motorization has been a key cause of numerous transport problems
in Bangladesh. It has resulted in deterioration in accessibility, service levels, safety, comfort,
operational deficiencies. The rapid urbanization process, high vehicular population growth
and that of the mobility, inadequate transportation facilities and policies, varied traffic mix
with over concentration of non-motorized vehicles, absence of dependable transport system
and inadequate traffic management practices and parking facilities have created a significant
worsening of traffic and environmental problems particularly in urban areas. Traffic accidents
are now a very serious and growing problem and the safety situation is very severe by
international standard. The problem of road accidents costing the community in the order of
US$ 800 million (nearly 2% of GDP) each year. The other serious deficiencies resulting from
ad-hoc planning are sectoral bias improper modal mix, un-integrated system, serious
institutional weakness, limited role of the private sector etc. The current deficiencies have
produced an unsustainable trend of transport development, which is characterized by
misallocation of resources, adverse impacts on the environment and lack of competition. The
current disturbing trends in transport development indicate the need for guidelines to make
such development environmentally and to create a transport system that can meet the growing
demand for transport services. In this paper characteristics of transportation and consequent
mobility, safety and environmental effects are discussed. The purpose of the present paper is
to conceptualized a vision and identify supporting policies for sustainable transport
development. The authors also make an attention on key transport issues and possible options
for ensuring sustainable transport development in Bangladesh.
Public Sector Financial Outlay for Development of Transport in Fifth Plan (In million taka, at
1997 prices)
4
6. Table: Transportation system changing scenerio
Sub-Sector Total Allocation Ongoing Projects New Projects
Road Transport 64905.50 51500.00 13405.50
Bangladesh Railway 24000.00 17900.00 6100.00
Water Transport 13550.00 9750.00 3800.00
Air Transport 7500.00 6160.00 1340.00
Sub-Total 109955.50 85310.00 24645.50
Bangabandhu Bridge 11800.00 11,800.00 -
Total 121755.50 97110.00 24645.50
Note: Of the total Plan outlay, only 20.24 per cent is available for new projects. The highest outlay is given to
the road sub-sector (about 53.30 per cent) which is followed by Bangladesh Railway (19.71 percent).
2.4. Change is Education
The South Asian nation of Bangladesh is one of the world’s most densely populated
countries. Currently the eighth-largest state by population, Bangladesh is home to more than
160 million people. It is bordered by India to the west, north, and east, and Burma to the
southeast.
Previously a province of Pakistan, Bangladesh is a relatively new country that secured its
independence in 1971. Most Bangladeshis are Muslims and the official language is Bengali.
The unofficial second language, however, is English, and it is widely used in higher
education as the language of instruction at both private and public institutions.
Just over half of the country’s GDP is generated by the service sector, but even so, nearly half
of its people are employed in agriculture. Poverty remains a massive issue in Bangladesh,
with nearly a third of the population (31.5%) at or below the national poverty line.
However, the Bangladeshi economy has begun to transform itself over the past decade or
more, and has clearly established a pattern of strong and steady growth over the period. “For
the last 20 years the economy of Bangladesh has been growing at the rate of 5% on average,”
says Shamsul Haque, the vice-chancellor of Northern University Bangladesh. “This growth
has been witnessed by the changing composition of GDP in the major sectors. Currently over
50% of GDP comes from the service sector and about 30% from manufacturing industries,
and agriculture contributing to just under 20%. This transformation in the economy created
demand for higher education in the country.”
A massive school-aged population and strengthening economy have placed
Bangladesh on the list of key emerging markets for the next decade
Tertiary enrolment has tripled in the country since 2000, as has outbound mobility
Private universities are playing an increasingly important role in meeting the growing
demand for higher education
5
7. New legislation introduced in 2014 has also opened the door to new branch campuses
in the country operated by foreign universities
2.4.1. Burgeoning demand for higher education
Bangladesh shares the same challenges of many of its South Asian neighbours: its economy
is growing quickly as is its large, youthful population. 34% of Bangladeshis are aged 15 or
younger, and the country has an opportunity to realise the full benefit of this “demographic
dividend” in the years ahead – but only if it can provide education and training to the millions
of students who need it.
“Rising demand in South Asia for higher education is currently not being met,” reports the
British Council. “As South Asian countries forge a path towards growth of their industry and
services sectors, the role of the higher education sector in facilitating a skilled,
knowledgeable workforce has become critical.”
Indeed, Bangladesh has seen a tremendous increase in enrolment over the last decade or so.
Total tertiary enrolment has nearly tripled since 2000 and surpassed two million students in
2012. But even with that growth, overall participation ratios are quite low, to the point that
only 13.23% of college-age students were enrolled in higher education in 2012, as compared
to 24.80% in India or 26.70% in China for that same year.
The overall enrolment growth since 2000, however, is an important indicator of a dramatic
spike in demand for higher education. Looking ahead, the British Council counts Bangladesh
along with Nigeria, the Philippines, Turkey, and Ethiopia; among the emerging economies
with the greatest forecast growth in tertiary enrolment for the next decade.
Domestic tertiary enrolment is forecast to increase by another 700,000 students through 2022,
meaning that the total number enrolled in higher education will approach three million by that
point.
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8. Fig. 4: Tertiary school populations in South Asia, 2010
Source: UNESCO, UN World Population Prospects
2.4.2. Outbound keeping pace
Just as the increase in domestic tertiary enrolment reflects an underlying surge in demand
over the last ten to 15 years, Bangladeshi outbound mobility has also grown over this period.
Just over 7,900 Bangladeshis pursued higher education abroad in the year 2000, but that
number had tripled by 2013.
UNESCO tells us that an estimated 24,112 Bangladeshi students went abroad that year, with
a fairly balanced distribution among major study destinations.
Interestingly, most students pursue their studies outside of the region. The UK was the
leading choice among Bangladeshi students in 2013 (4,204, or 17.44% of the total), followed
by the US with 3,664 students (15.20%), Australia with 3,603 (14.94%), Malaysia with 2,003
(8.31%), and Canada with 1,530 students (6.35%). Add Japan and the 1,364 Bangladeshi
students that it hosted in 2013, and those top six destinations together account for just over
two-thirds of all outbound mobility from the country.
Demand for an overseas education is being fueled by a supply-demand gap at home, but also
by persistent quality issues in Bangladeshi higher education and by corresponding issues of
employability.
A recent British Council report makes the following general observation of education
outcomes in the region: “An unfortunate by-product of the low quality of higher education –
both for the economies of the region and the students themselves – is the low employability
of graduates who emerge from the universities. Though there are notable exceptions, as a
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9. general rule, employers in South Asia are more inclined towards graduates from the large
public universities.”
2.4.3. Growing role of private providers
Study abroad is one solution to a capacity crunch at home. But an expansion of the system
through growing participation of private-sector providers is another. With the country’s
independence in the early 1970s, many schools and institutions in Bangladesh were brought
under state control. The National University was established in 1992 and functions as an
umbrella institution to administer exams and award credentials for a large network of
affiliated colleges delivering both undergraduate and graduate degree programs. The National
University remains the premiere higher education institution in the country today, and
competition for entry – in part because of the heavy state subsidies for tuition – is fierce. But
the expansion of private universities has been an important part of the expansion of
Bangladeshi higher education over the last decade, and increasingly it is the private sector
that is expected to shoulder the load of the country’s growing demand for advanced
education. As the British Council has observed, “Rocketing demand for higher education has
facilitated the growth of private provision as a strategy to absorb pressure on public sector
places, shifting the costs of tuition away from the state, onto students and their families.”
There are 31 public universities in Bangladesh today but the number of private institutions is
growing quickly. Estimates vary, in part due to how private institutions are counted, but there
are as many as 84 private universities operating currently – the vast majority of which have
been established since 2000. Private institutions enroll an estimated half million students, or
roughly a quarter of the total tertiary enrolment in the country. The growing influence of the
universities and their burgeoning student body was recently felt when the government was
forced to abruptly alter plans to impose a 7.5% VAT (value added tax) levy on private
university fees. In the face of mounting student protests, the government changed its policy
so that university fees would be inclusive of the VAT, in effect meaning that the tax burden
has shifted (at least for the moment) to the institutions themselves rather than the students. Up
until last year, the growing influence of private university operators had also kept at bay new
legislation that sought to open the Bangladeshi market to foreign providers. However, after a
delay of several months, a new law was brought forward on 31 May 2014 to allow foreign
universities to establish joint ventures with local partners and operate branch campuses or
study centers in Bangladesh. Any such branch operations are subject to the approval and
oversight of Bangladesh’s University Grants Commission (UGC) and must comply with a
regulatory and licensing structure set out in the new legislation. The move remains
controversial, at least within the educator sector in Bangladesh. Private providers charge that
allowing foreign providers to set up local operations will weaken higher education in the
country. The government for its part is confident of the quality controls in place and of the
level of oversight provided for by the new law. “We will exercise caution so that no one can
deceive students and no one can do business in the name of providing an education,” said
Education Minister Nurul Islam Nahid.
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10. 3. Participatory Market Systems Development
Participatory Market System Development (PMSD) is Practical Action’s approach to
inclusive markets that reduce poverty on a large scale and protect the environment. Markets,
whether for crops, livestock or even technologies, can act as a powerful platform to give
marginalized farmers in developing countries, and those who provide services to them, access
to valuable networks, technologies, experiences and assets that can help them work their way
out of poverty.
However, markets can be plagued with inefficiency and inequality between different groups
of people, especially in contexts where poverty is acute. This can be caused by a number of
things, for example a lack of access to critical information like the current price of crops,
misunderstandings and conflicts between buyers and transporters, inefficient policies or just
poor infrastructure.
Practical Action has been developing an approach called Participatory Market System
Development (PMSD) to make markets more inclusive, reduce poverty on a large-scale and
protect the environment.
PMSD is designed to bring all of the key people within a particular market together. These
people are known as stakeholders, or market actors. The PMSD process works to build trust
and a joint vision of change between these market actors, and helps them to collectively
identify obstacles and opportunities affecting their market system. Facilitators trained in
PMSD techniques support the group of market actors to come up with joint strategies and
action plans that will overcome these obstacles, and take advantage of potential opportunities
to improve market conditions for everyone. The approach, which has been developed over 12
years of fieldwork, is based on three broad principles: systems thinking, participation, and
facilitation. You can read more about these principles further below. PMSD is based on three
core principles.
3.1.1. Systems thinking
Markets are complex systems that adapt to new information constantly. They are made up of
large numbers of actors who are connected to one another and whose decisions are influenced
by, and have an influence on each other. These “complex and adaptive” systems behave in
ways that achieve more than the sum of their parts. In other words, we cannot predict how the
system will behave by looking at the individual people or parts; we need to understand the
relationships and the interactions.
3.1.2. Participation
Applying systems thinking to markets forces us to recognize that no single actor can
determine how the system will change. Some very powerful actors can influence the trends or
general direction of change, but how this change manifests in reality is a product of the
decisions of all the actors. As a consequence, if we want to influence how a market system
develops, we need to bring strategic players together to gain an understanding of the whole
system, to jointly assess blockages and opportunities and to implement collaborative
strategies and actions that will improve how the system functions.
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11. 3.1.3. Facilitation
Facilitation can be understood here as creating the conditions for public and private market
actors to drive change themselves. If we want to become effective facilitators, we have to
therefore avoid becoming actively involved in the market as market actors. Facilitators can
provide support, and even use subsidies as a way to build trust and joint visions, and to
contribute to the introduction and dissemination of new ideas, practices or business models;
however this must always be as part of an exit strategy. Good facilitation is at the heart of
sustainability, because it is underpinned by the ownership that the key actors have over their
own process of change.
4. Conclusion
The major aspects considered in this paper are issues of present marketing system in
Bangladesh which is changing in a great pace. The is an efficient system that must be linked
with fostering economic development, enhancing the quality of the environment, reducing
waste, promoting citizen friendly development patterns and encouraging fair and equitable
access and safe mobility to residents of different socioeconomic groups. The existing
institution should be defined roles and make ready in the new society. Integrated and
comprehensive approach would ensure with all stakeholders. Best practices in the developing
countries need to agree to a package of measures for achieving sustainable development. And
accepting change in the very first stage after examining will definitely help improving the
overall development of the country.
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