Exploring the Global Demographics of TwitterAxel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns, Darryl Woodford, and Troy Sadkowsky presented at the Association of Internet Researchers conference, Daegu, Korea, 22-25 Oct. 2014.
Social Media in Australia: A ‘Big Data’ Perspective on TwitterAxel Bruns
Invited presentation at the University of Melbourne, 4 April 2017.
Twitter research to date has focussed mainly on the study of isolated events, as described for example by specific hashtags or keywords relating to elections, natural disasters, public events, and other moments of heightened activity in the network. This limited focus is determined in part by the limitations placed on large-scale access to Twitter data by Twitter, Inc. itself. This research presents the first ever comprehensive study of a national Twittersphere as an entity in its own right. It examines the structure of the follower network amongst some 4 million Australian Twitter accounts and the dynamics of their day-to-day activities, and explores the Australian Twittersphere’s engagement with specific recent events.
Mapping Social TV Audiences: The Footprints of Leading Shows in the Austral...Axel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns, Darryl Woodford, Tim Highfield, and Katie Prowd, presented at the Association of Internet Researchers conference, Daegu, Korea, 22-25 Oct. 2014.
Mapping Movements: Social movement research and big data: critiques and alter...Tim Highfield
Paper presented by Sky Croeser and Tim Highfield at Compromised Data? colloquium, Toronto, Canada, 29 October 2013. http://www.infoscapelab.ca/news/oct-28-29-colloquium-compromised-data-new-paradigms-social-media-theory-and-methods
[Tim's additional note: This presentation is focused specifically on doing research around social movements and producing findings and contributing new knowledge about how activists use social media and online technologies – there is some very important and detailed quantitative analysis of Twitter discussions around social movements and uprisings which provide critical information about communication online and responses to international events, and my intent is not to discount this work just because it is quant-only – these studies do different things and have different aims, and so the scope of their findings is not the same by extension (I’m not sure that I made this point clearly in the presentation, though).]
Exploring the Global Demographics of TwitterAxel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns, Darryl Woodford, and Troy Sadkowsky presented at the Association of Internet Researchers conference, Daegu, Korea, 22-25 Oct. 2014.
Social Media in Australia: A ‘Big Data’ Perspective on TwitterAxel Bruns
Invited presentation at the University of Melbourne, 4 April 2017.
Twitter research to date has focussed mainly on the study of isolated events, as described for example by specific hashtags or keywords relating to elections, natural disasters, public events, and other moments of heightened activity in the network. This limited focus is determined in part by the limitations placed on large-scale access to Twitter data by Twitter, Inc. itself. This research presents the first ever comprehensive study of a national Twittersphere as an entity in its own right. It examines the structure of the follower network amongst some 4 million Australian Twitter accounts and the dynamics of their day-to-day activities, and explores the Australian Twittersphere’s engagement with specific recent events.
Mapping Social TV Audiences: The Footprints of Leading Shows in the Austral...Axel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns, Darryl Woodford, Tim Highfield, and Katie Prowd, presented at the Association of Internet Researchers conference, Daegu, Korea, 22-25 Oct. 2014.
Mapping Movements: Social movement research and big data: critiques and alter...Tim Highfield
Paper presented by Sky Croeser and Tim Highfield at Compromised Data? colloquium, Toronto, Canada, 29 October 2013. http://www.infoscapelab.ca/news/oct-28-29-colloquium-compromised-data-new-paradigms-social-media-theory-and-methods
[Tim's additional note: This presentation is focused specifically on doing research around social movements and producing findings and contributing new knowledge about how activists use social media and online technologies – there is some very important and detailed quantitative analysis of Twitter discussions around social movements and uprisings which provide critical information about communication online and responses to international events, and my intent is not to discount this work just because it is quant-only – these studies do different things and have different aims, and so the scope of their findings is not the same by extension (I’m not sure that I made this point clearly in the presentation, though).]
Presentación para la “Conferencia internacional sobre redes sociales: Implicancias para los negocios, política y sociedad”, organizada por el programa Do Future, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile. Charla: “La protesta en la era de las redes sociales” (24 de agosto de 2012).
Media ecology of a revolt: Following hashtags and hyperlinks in the Gezi prot...Molly Kalan
Research project completed as part of DMI Summer School 2013: On the challenges of studying social media data. Authors: Davide Beraldo, Evelien D'heer, Molly Kalan, Zuzana Karascakova, Emily Stacey
Slides for Guest Lecture Skype with COMM 4370 New Media Technologies and Communicationat Schreiner University, February 28, 2013. Focuses on the role of the Internet and social media in democracy, protest, activism, and social change.
Researching Social Media – Big Data and Social Media AnalysisFarida Vis
Researching Social Media – Big Data and Social Media Analysis, presentation for the Social Media for Researchers: A Sheffield Universities Social Media Symposium, 23 September 2014
Everyone’s Watching It: The Role of Hype in Television Engagement through So...Darryl Woodford
Presentation by Darryl Woodford & Katie Prowd, Queensland University of Technology, at the Social Media and The Transformation of Public Space Conference: Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 18 June 2014.
Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2019 finalSABC News
The Reuters Institute's eighth annual Digital News Report is based on a survey of 75,000 news users in 38 countries across the world including in Europe, the Americas, Asia-Pacific and, for the first time, Africa where we have looked at news trends in South Africa.
Presentation on "Choosing the Right Social Media Tools to Get Your Message Out". Some of the tools may have changes since 2012 but this is all about the basics to help you no matter what comes and goes.
Good Connections Are Always Worth Preserving: Publishing and Social Technologies by Jill O'Neill, Director of Planning & Communication, NFAIS for the October 16, 2013 NISO Virtual Conference: Revolution or Evolution: The Organizational Impact of Electronic Content.
Why aren't Evaluators using Digital Media Analytics?CesToronto
Whether it’s through blogs, tweets, or even the comments section of an online newspaper, the world is increasingly talking online. However, the potential uses for the massive amounts of information available on the internet remain largely untapped in the sphere of evaluation.
This presentation will explore innovative methods to extract these insights from the large and complex collections of digital data publicly available online. In particular, we will examine the unprecedented uses, and potential limitations, of digital media analytics to:
• Measure the outcomes of public outreach, advocacy, communications, and information sharing programs;
• Establish current and retroactive baselines;
• Conduct “borderless” data collection to gain insights from other countries, as well as disapora communities in Canada;
• Identify unknown stakeholder groups and create detailed stakeholder maps; and,
• Provide context and insight to inform further data collection.
Types of Polarisation and Their Operationalisation in Digital and Social Medi...Axel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns, Tariq Choucair, Katharina Esau, Sebastian Svegaard, and Samantha Vilkins, presented at the Association of Internet Researchers conference, Philadelphia, 18 Oct. 2023.
Determining the Drivers and Dynamics of Partisanship and Polarisation in Onli...Axel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns, Katharina Esau, Tariq Choucair, Sebastian Svegaard, and Samantha Vilkins, presented at the ECREA Political Communication conference in Berlin, 1 Sep. 2023.
Towards a New Empiricism: Polarisation across Four DimensionsAxel Bruns
Paper by Axel Bruns, Tariq Choucair, Katharina Esau, Sebastian Svegaard, and Samantha Vilkins, presented at the IAMCR 2023 conference, Lyon, 9-13 July 2023.
The Anatomy of Virality: How COVID-19 Conspiracy Theories Spread across Socia...Axel Bruns
Keynote by Axel Bruns, with Edward Hurcombe and Stephen Harrington, presented at the International Center for Journalists' Empowering the Truth Summit, 23 Feb. 2023.
A Platform Policy Implementation Audit of Actions against Russia’s State-Cont...Axel Bruns
Paper by Sofya Glazunova, Anna Ryzhova, Axel Bruns, Silvia Ximena Montaña-Niño, Arista Beseler, and Ehsan Dehghan, presented at the International Communication Association conference, Toronto, 29 May 2023.
The Filter in Our (?) Heads: Digital Media and PolarisationAxel Bruns
Invited presentation in a seminar series organised by the Centre for Deliberative Democracy & Global Governance at the University of Canberra, the QUT Digital Media Research Centre, and the News and Media Research Centre at the University of Canberra.
Gatewatching 5: Weaponising Newssharing: ‘Fake News’ and Other MalinformationAxel Bruns
Lecture 5 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A., Harrington, S., & Hurcombe, E. (2021). Coronavirus Conspiracy Theories: Tracing Misinformation Trajectories from the Fringes to the Mainstream. In M. Lewis, E. Govender, & K. Holland (Eds.), Communicating COVID-19: Interdisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 229–249). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-79735-5_12
Gatewatching 10: New(s) Publics in the Public SphereAxel Bruns
Lecture 10 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2018). New(s) Publics in the Public Sphere. Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Ch. 8. Peter Lang.
Gatewatching 4: Random Acts of Gatewatching: Everyday Newssharing PracticesAxel Bruns
Lecture 4 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2018). Random Acts of Gatewatching: Everyday Newssharing Practices. Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Ch. 4. Peter Lang.
Gatewatching 11: Echo Chambers? Filter Bubbles? Reviewing the EvidenceAxel Bruns
Lecture 11 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2022). Echo Chambers? Filter Bubbles? The Misleading Metaphors That Obscure the Real Problem. In M. Pérez-Escolar & J. M. Noguera-Vivo (Eds.), Hate Speech and Polarization in Participatory Society (pp. 33–48). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003109891-4
Gatewatching 1: Introduction: What’s So Different about Journalism Today?Axel Bruns
Lecture 1 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2018). Introduction. Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Ch. 1. Peter Lang.
Lecture 8 in the course From Gatekeeping to Gatewatching: News and Journalism in the Digital Age.
This lecture series addresses the continuing transformation of the production and consumption of journalism in the contemporary media environment. It provides a brief history of the impact of participatory online news production and engagement practices – from the first wave of citizen journalism to the social media platforms of today – on how news content is disseminated and experienced; examines reactive and proactive responses to these changes by news organisations and journalists; and explores the longer-term impact of these developments on the public sphere, touching on the power of social media platforms and their role in shaping their users’ information diets.
Readings are largely drawn from Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere (Bruns, 2018), with additional readings recommended for selected lectures.
Reading for this lecture:
Bruns, A. (2018). Hybrid News Coverage: Liveblogs. Gatewatching and News Curation: Journalism, Social Media, and the Public Sphere. Ch. 7. Peter Lang.
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Enhance your social media strategy with the best digital marketing agency in Kolkata. This PPT covers 7 essential tips for effective social media marketing, offering practical advice and actionable insights to help you boost engagement, reach your target audience, and grow your online presence.
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Improving Workplace Safety Performance in Malaysian SMEs: The Role of Safety ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: In the Malaysian context, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) experience a significant
burden of workplace accidents. A consensus among scholars attributes a substantial portion of these incidents to
human factors, particularly unsafe behaviors. This study, conducted in Malaysia's northern region, specifically
targeted Safety and Health/Human Resource professionals within the manufacturing sector of SMEs. We
gathered a robust dataset comprising 107 responses through a meticulously designed self-administered
questionnaire. Employing advanced partial least squares-structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) techniques
with SmartPLS 3.2.9, we rigorously analyzed the data to scrutinize the intricate relationship between safety
behavior and safety performance. The research findings unequivocally underscore the palpable and
consequential impact of safety behavior variables, namely safety compliance and safety participation, on
improving safety performance indicators such as accidents, injuries, and property damages. These results
strongly validate research hypotheses. Consequently, this study highlights the pivotal significance of cultivating
safety behavior among employees, particularly in resource-constrained SME settings, as an essential step toward
enhancing workplace safety performance.
KEYWORDS :Safety compliance, safety participation, safety performance, SME
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“To be integrated is to feel secure, to feel connected.” The views and experi...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Although a significant amount of literature exists on Morocco's migration policies and their
successes and failures since their implementation in 2014, there is limited research on the integration of subSaharan African children into schools. This paperis part of a Ph.D. research project that aims to fill this gap. It
reports the main findings of a study conducted with migrant children enrolled in two public schools in Rabat,
Morocco, exploring how integration is defined by the children themselves and identifying the obstacles that they
have encountered thus far. The following paper uses an inductive approach and primarily focuses on the
relationships of children with their teachers and peers as a key aspect of integration for students with a migration
background. The study has led to several crucial findings. It emphasizes the significance of speaking Colloquial
Moroccan Arabic (Darija) and being part of a community for effective integration. Moreover, it reveals that the
use of Modern Standard Arabic as the language of instruction in schools is a source of frustration for students,
indicating the need for language policy reform. The study underlines the importanceof considering the
children‟s agency when being integrated into mainstream public schools.
.
KEYWORDS: migration, education, integration, sub-Saharan African children, public school
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Mapping Online Publics: New Methods for Twitter Research
1. Mapping Online Publics: New
Methods for Twitter Research
Axel Bruns, Jean Burgess, and Darryl Woodford
ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation
Queensland University of Technology
Brisbane, Australia
a.bruns / je.burgess / dp.woodford @ qut.edu.au
http://mappingonlinepublics.net/
2. SOCIAL MEDIA RESEARCH AND ‘BIG DATA’
• Social media as the ‘big data’ moment in HASS
research
• But ‘big data’ + ‘social media’ almost always =
‘Twitter data’
• Computational social science – e.g. MSR NYC;
epidemiology; election & stock market prediction
3. Scott A. Golder*,
Michael W. Macy (2011)
Diurnal and Seasonal
Mood Vary with Work,
Sleep, and Day length
Across Diverse Cultures,
Science 333 (6051):
1878-1881
4. SOCIAL MEDIA RESEARCH AND ‘BIG DATA’
• ‘Computational turn’ in new humanities research: shift
from computational tools to a new computational
paradigm (Berry, 2012).
• Eg shift from ‘close’ to ‘distant’ reading (Moretti);
‘software studies’ (eg Fuller, 2008) and ANT
approaches to new media platforms; ‘natively’ digital
methods to diagnose patterns of social change
(Rogers, 2009).
• Intersections between data-driven social media
research & critical platform studies (Gillespie)
5. THE MAPPING ONLINE PUBLICS PROJECT
• Australian Research Council (ARC) Discovery Project (2010-13) – $410,000 +
ARC Centre of Excellence for Creative Industries and Innovation (CCI)
– First comprehensive study of Australian social media use
– Computer-assisted cultural analysis: tracking, mapping, analysing networked publics
– media, communication & cultural studies’ concerns; combining quantitative analytics
with qualitative analysis
• Mapping public engagement around politics, crisis, culture on Twitter as part of
the broader media ecology
• Various spin-offs: ARC Linkage, LIEF, Future Fellowship, ATN-DAAD, etc.
8. HASHTAG PUBLICS: #EGYPT @MENTIONS
1-28 Feb. 2011 15 June to 15 Sep. 2011
@mentions between users tweeting predominantly in Latin (blue) vs. Arabic (green) characters
9. PERSONAL PUBLICS
• How do personal publics (cf. Jan Schmidt) around social media
accounts form and dissolve?
– No clear data available through Twitter API
– But: API delivers lists of followers/followees
– And: account creation date for such accounts is known
Method for approximating follower accession
(cf. Bruns, Woodford, Sadkowsky, First Monday 19.4)
– Benefits:
• Shows impact of key events on follower growth
• Shows following strategies of central account
• Can indicate influx of ‘fake’ followers (followback bots, etc.)
• Offers comparative tracking across selected population of accounts
– Limitations:
• Unable to determine un/refollowing
13. TWITTER AND TV: TELEMETRICS
• The Importance of Hype
• Social Media Audiences
• From Sabermetric to Telemetrics
• The HypometerTM
• Work with Katie Prowd and partially funded by
QUTBluebox
14. THE IMPORTANCE OF HYPE
• Traditional ratings measure
what people have watched, but
have limited impact on what
people *will* watch.
• That is, they are divorced from
the “decision moment”.
• Yet, companies spend millions
promoting shows and
attempting to influence viewer
behaviour, both through TV ads
and through social media.
• How do we measure that?
15. SOCIAL MEDIA RATINGS
• Contemporary commercial social media ratings have the same limitation,
even if you trust their numbers
Cable
Channel vs
Major
Network?
Why is
having more
followers the
important
statistic?
2.5 hour
special
1 hour
show
16. BUT YOU NEED TO GET IT RIGHT
Beamly Screenshot: 31 May 2014
17. BUT YOU NEED TO GET IT RIGHT
Beamly Screenshot: 31 May 2014
18. BIG BROTHER USA VS AU (AUDIENCE)
• In US, for Big Brother (&
shows generally), there is little
correlation between viewers
and tweets.
• In Australia, for Big Brother
and other shows in our pilots,
high correlation between
viewer count and tweets.
• Applying US models to
Australia is not possible.
• Algorithms need to adjust for
their local environment and
industry context
19. SEASONAL MODELS • Blue Line represents the
ratio of total viewers,
Orange Line represents ratio
of tweets (to season average
per show).
• In both one run seasons
(top) and those with mid-
season break (bottom),
tweets are highly
exaggerated version of
traditional ratings model.
• In other words: Users tweet
much more around
premieres & finales than
regular shows. Metrics must
account for this.
20. THE HYPOMETERTM
• iOS app developed as functional prototype
to act as a ‘modern TV Guide’ for Australian
television
• Calculates ‘hype’ via a proprietary algorithm
which accounts for national and industry
context
• Ongoing evaluation of both hype figures and
predictions vs. post-show TV ratings and
social media engagement.
• Clear trend towards ‘dynamic’ audiences; a
proportion of the population on whom
broadcasters should focus.
22. TWITTER AND THE NEWS: ATNIX
• Australian Twitter News Index (ATNIX):
– Long-term project to track all tweets sharing links to Australian news sites
– Tracking, link extraction, processing, analysis
• Outcomes include:
– Day-to-day (second-by-second) volume of links being shared
– Course-of-day / course-of-week activity patterns
– Trending stories, long-term issues
– Distribution of attention across sites, and change over time
– Impact of paywalls and other changes to site structure and functionality
– Mindshare? Marketshare?
• Further extensions:
– Translation to other mediaspheres: DETNIX, NOTNIX, SWETNIX
– Comparison with other platforms/practices: Facebook, Hitwise, internal data
25. TWITTER IN AUSTRALIA (AND BEYOND)
• Putting Twitter into context:
– Do specific activities reach beyond pre-existing networks?
– Can we benchmark the phenomena we observe?
– How do individual events compare to each other?
• Research needs:
– Background information on underlying follower/followee network
structures in Australia
How (and how far) does information travel, whom does it reach?
– Baseline data on everyday average Twitter activity patterns in Australia
How extraordinary are extraordinary events, compared to “normal”?
– Standardised metrics for a wide range of events and occurrences
Do similar events unfold similarly? Can we use this to identify them?
28. FOLLOWER NETWORKS
Perth
Marketing / PR
Design
Web
Creative
Farming
Agriculture
Hardline
Conservatives
Conservatives
Journalists
ALP
Progressives
Greens
News
Opinion
News
NGOs
Social Policy
IT
Tech
Social Media
Tech
PR
Advertising
Real Estate
Property
Jobs
HR
Business
Business
Property
Parenting
Mums Craft
Arts
Food
Wine
Beer
Adelaide
Social
ICTs
Creative
Design
Fashion
Beauty
Utilities
Services
Net Culture
Books
Literature
Publishing
Film
Theatre
Arts
Radio
TV Music
Dance
Hip Hop
Triple J
Talkback
Breakfast TV
CelebritiesCycling
Union
NRL
Football
Cricket
AFL
Swimming
V8s
Evangelicals
Teaching
e-Learning
Schools
Christians
Hillsong
Teens
Jonas Bros.
Beliebers
@KRuddMP
@JuliaGillard
Follower/followee network:
~120,000 Australian Twitter users
(of ~950,000 known accounts by early 2012)
colour = outdegree, size = indegree
29. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
Dissemination of Julia Gillard’s “misogyny” speech, 9 Oct. 2012
(from Bruns & Sauter, “Anatomie eines Trending Topics”, DGPuk Vienna, 8 Nov. 2013)
30. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
Dissemination of Julia Gillard’s “misogyny” speech, 9 Oct. 2012
(from Bruns & Sauter, “Anatomie eines Trending Topics”, DGPuk Vienna, 8 Nov. 2013)
33. PRACTICAL CHALLENGES
• Data access, platform volatility
• Research ethics
– textual research using public texts, or ‘human subjects’ research
using personal data?
– Consequences of public/personal convergence, data
markets/open data movement, and ‘context collapse’ (boyd)
– Cross-national and cross-disciplinary differences, need for public
discussion
34. PRACTICAL CHALLENGES
• Better integration with existing social and cultural theory
& empirical work
– Mixed methods, especially integration of qualitative and
ethnographic approaches
• Propagation and regularisation of methods (and
consequences for research training)
– ‘Code literacy’ sufficient to engage with the material
consequences of software platforms