This document discusses the management of broiler chickens during the pre-slaughter period. It covers key topics like feed withdrawal, catching and loading of chickens, transportation, and waiting time at the processing plant. The optimal duration for each step is important to maximize welfare and productivity while minimizing risks like contamination or weight loss. Proper planning and coordination of activities within the less than 24 hour pre-slaughter period is vital for success.
The Effect of Beak Length and Condition on Food Intake and Feeding Behaviour ...Umifadilah Umifadilah
Hens (70 weeks-of-age) with short (10-11 mm), long (13-15 mm) and divided upper beaks (1-3 mm
difference in beak length between the left and right sides of the upper beak) were selected from a flock of hens
beak trimmed at hatching and re-trimmed at 14 weeks. Hens were switched from a mash diet to various whole
grain diets at weekly intervals in order to determine the effect of beak length and condition on food intake,
feeding behaviour and particle mix consumed from diets. Birds switched from a mash diet to a mixture of whole
grain diets suffered a 22.6 g/day drop (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) more pecks at the water nipple than divided beak birds.
These studies demonstrated that beak condition of layers has important implications for egg farmers. The
performance of birds with short upper beaks might be adversely affected when fed free choice or whole grain
diets.
Manual práctico del manejo de pollo de engorderaulboadarojas
Este documento proporciona recomendaciones sobre el manejo adecuado del pollo de engorde y del galpón. Explica los elementos y construcciones necesarias para el galpón como el suelo de cemento, los techos a dos aguas y los elementos dentro del galpón como bebederos, comederos, termómetros y cortinas. También cubre las condiciones ambientales ideales como la temperatura, humedad y ventilación, así como el manejo semanal del pollo de engorde.
This document provides an overview of key areas of focus for addressing carcass quality issues at the processing plant, including transport, receiving, live-hang, stunning, bleeding, scalding, defeathering, evisceration, and chilling. Specifically:
- Transport time should be minimized to reduce bruising, and birds should arrive at the plant 8-12 hours after feed removal.
- Receiving areas should provide airflow and protection from temperature extremes while birds await processing.
- Live-hang areas require low-light and careful handling to avoid injuries.
- Stunning and bleeding must be properly conducted to ensure humane treatment and minimize meat quality issues.
- Scalding and defeather
Before slaughter, broilers are subjected to several preslaughter management events such as feed withdrawal, catching, crating, transport, and lairage. The aim of this study was to gain insight into factors which influence mortality, stress, energy metabolism, and meat quality of the broilers on the last day of their life.
The document discusses the transport of broilers from farms to slaughterhouses. It notes that transport conditions can affect meat quality and cause losses through mortality. Birds face various stressors during transport like food and water deprivation, high stocking densities, and thermal stresses. Longer transport times and distances are associated with higher mortality. Proper ventilation, stocking density requirements, and avoiding very high or low temperatures can help minimize stress on the birds during transport. However, transport still poses welfare issues like physical injuries, dehydration, and stress that can impact meat quality and live weight.
Dr. Tugrul Durali Speaker at Knowledge Day 2015 Poultry India
Poultry India 2015 - Knowledge Day Technical Seminar - Presentation by Prof. Dr Tugrul Durali on "Critical care of Day-old-Chicks from Pull-Out to Housing"
Constraints to the adoption of innovations in agricultural research and envir...Turlough Guerin GAICD FGIA
There are several constraints to the
adoption of technologies and innovations by Australian
farmers. Here an attempt has been made to define the
major constraints to adoption. These are identified as: the
extent to which the farmer finds the new technology
complex and difficult to comprehend; how readily
observable the outcomes of an adoption are; its financial
cost; the farmer's beliefs and opinions towards the
technology; the farmer's level of motivation; the farmer's
perception of the relevance of the new technology; and
the farmer's attitudes towards risk and change. The classical adoption-diffusion model and
subsequent modifications are discussed. In particular,
issues relating to the participatory action research
(PAR) approach are raised and discussed. In addition,
methodologies in extension research are briefly
discussed and the roles of extension personnel and
agricultural scientists in the technology adoption
process are examined.
The adoption of innovations in natural resource
management is discussed and the findings indicate that
this is an area of agriculture in which extension practice
and research will play an increasingly important role in
the future. Recommendations for further research into
adoption of technological innovations in resource
management and agriculture are made.
Influence of feeding administration of brood-stock on breeding performance of...AbdullaAlAsif1
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of three different formulated feeds with varying protein and lipid levels on the breeding performance of common carp. Brood fish were fed one of three experimental diets for 120 days. Diet 2, containing 28.60% protein and 11.06% lipid, resulted in the highest gonadosomatic index, fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate, and lowest larval deformity compared to the other diets. The results indicate that Diet 2, with 28.60% protein and 11.06% lipid, provides the optimal nutrition to support better breeding performance in common carp.
The Effect of Beak Length and Condition on Food Intake and Feeding Behaviour ...Umifadilah Umifadilah
Hens (70 weeks-of-age) with short (10-11 mm), long (13-15 mm) and divided upper beaks (1-3 mm
difference in beak length between the left and right sides of the upper beak) were selected from a flock of hens
beak trimmed at hatching and re-trimmed at 14 weeks. Hens were switched from a mash diet to various whole
grain diets at weekly intervals in order to determine the effect of beak length and condition on food intake,
feeding behaviour and particle mix consumed from diets. Birds switched from a mash diet to a mixture of whole
grain diets suffered a 22.6 g/day drop (P<0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05)><0.05) more pecks at the water nipple than divided beak birds.
These studies demonstrated that beak condition of layers has important implications for egg farmers. The
performance of birds with short upper beaks might be adversely affected when fed free choice or whole grain
diets.
Manual práctico del manejo de pollo de engorderaulboadarojas
Este documento proporciona recomendaciones sobre el manejo adecuado del pollo de engorde y del galpón. Explica los elementos y construcciones necesarias para el galpón como el suelo de cemento, los techos a dos aguas y los elementos dentro del galpón como bebederos, comederos, termómetros y cortinas. También cubre las condiciones ambientales ideales como la temperatura, humedad y ventilación, así como el manejo semanal del pollo de engorde.
This document provides an overview of key areas of focus for addressing carcass quality issues at the processing plant, including transport, receiving, live-hang, stunning, bleeding, scalding, defeathering, evisceration, and chilling. Specifically:
- Transport time should be minimized to reduce bruising, and birds should arrive at the plant 8-12 hours after feed removal.
- Receiving areas should provide airflow and protection from temperature extremes while birds await processing.
- Live-hang areas require low-light and careful handling to avoid injuries.
- Stunning and bleeding must be properly conducted to ensure humane treatment and minimize meat quality issues.
- Scalding and defeather
Before slaughter, broilers are subjected to several preslaughter management events such as feed withdrawal, catching, crating, transport, and lairage. The aim of this study was to gain insight into factors which influence mortality, stress, energy metabolism, and meat quality of the broilers on the last day of their life.
The document discusses the transport of broilers from farms to slaughterhouses. It notes that transport conditions can affect meat quality and cause losses through mortality. Birds face various stressors during transport like food and water deprivation, high stocking densities, and thermal stresses. Longer transport times and distances are associated with higher mortality. Proper ventilation, stocking density requirements, and avoiding very high or low temperatures can help minimize stress on the birds during transport. However, transport still poses welfare issues like physical injuries, dehydration, and stress that can impact meat quality and live weight.
Dr. Tugrul Durali Speaker at Knowledge Day 2015 Poultry India
Poultry India 2015 - Knowledge Day Technical Seminar - Presentation by Prof. Dr Tugrul Durali on "Critical care of Day-old-Chicks from Pull-Out to Housing"
Constraints to the adoption of innovations in agricultural research and envir...Turlough Guerin GAICD FGIA
There are several constraints to the
adoption of technologies and innovations by Australian
farmers. Here an attempt has been made to define the
major constraints to adoption. These are identified as: the
extent to which the farmer finds the new technology
complex and difficult to comprehend; how readily
observable the outcomes of an adoption are; its financial
cost; the farmer's beliefs and opinions towards the
technology; the farmer's level of motivation; the farmer's
perception of the relevance of the new technology; and
the farmer's attitudes towards risk and change. The classical adoption-diffusion model and
subsequent modifications are discussed. In particular,
issues relating to the participatory action research
(PAR) approach are raised and discussed. In addition,
methodologies in extension research are briefly
discussed and the roles of extension personnel and
agricultural scientists in the technology adoption
process are examined.
The adoption of innovations in natural resource
management is discussed and the findings indicate that
this is an area of agriculture in which extension practice
and research will play an increasingly important role in
the future. Recommendations for further research into
adoption of technological innovations in resource
management and agriculture are made.
Influence of feeding administration of brood-stock on breeding performance of...AbdullaAlAsif1
This document summarizes a study that examined the effects of three different formulated feeds with varying protein and lipid levels on the breeding performance of common carp. Brood fish were fed one of three experimental diets for 120 days. Diet 2, containing 28.60% protein and 11.06% lipid, resulted in the highest gonadosomatic index, fecundity, fertilization rate, hatching rate, and lowest larval deformity compared to the other diets. The results indicate that Diet 2, with 28.60% protein and 11.06% lipid, provides the optimal nutrition to support better breeding performance in common carp.
This document provides guidance on organic poultry production for meat. It covers key topics such as feeding organic poultry, breeds suitable for organic systems, brooding young chicks, and growing and processing birds. Specific guidance is given on temperature requirements for brooding chicks, moving birds out to range housing, and disease management throughout growth and processing. Financial considerations are also discussed.
Drying Characteristics and Physical and Nutritional Properties of Shrimp Meat...Nii Korley Kortei
This research article studied the effects of two traditional drying techniques - solar tunnel drying and air-oven drying - on the physical and nutritional properties of shrimp meat. The drying rate was faster for solar drying than air-oven drying. Both methods produced comparable color development in the shrimp, but solar-dried shrimp appeared darker. Chemical analysis found that protein, fat, and ash contents were similar between drying methods, though fat was slightly higher in air-oven dried shrimp. Rehydration behavior was similar but solar dried shrimp absorbed moisture more rapidly. The results demonstrate that different drying approaches can affect shrimp quality differently.
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
David Filmer developed FLOCKMAN to address problems that arose in the poultry industry when practices changed in the late 1950s. FLOCKMAN controls meal-time feeding and lighting to better mimic a chicken's natural behaviors and digestion. This improves feed efficiency, health, and welfare. Multiple trials show FLOCKMAN increases profit $0.05 per bird on average through reduced feed costs and increased productivity. FLOCKMAN has been successfully used on over 2.2 million birds internationally.
This document provides guidance on broiler management during the brooding period. It discusses the importance of chick quality, house preparation, water and feed quality, and maintaining proper temperatures and humidity levels. Key points include planning chick deliveries to minimize differences in parent flock ages, pre-heating the house and preparing equipment before chick arrival, ensuring constant access to water and supplemental feeders for the first week, and monitoring early growth to ensure targets are met. Close attention must be paid to temperature gradients, ventilation, lighting and humidity levels to allow the chicks to grow properly.
Compost bedded pack barns (CBP) may be a viable housing option for organic dairy farms based on a survey of organic dairy producers. CBP were ranked as the housing system that best meets the needs of organic dairy herds. Survey respondents indicated that CBP fit within organic standards by providing cow comfort, allowing natural behaviors, and facilitating nutrient management. Producers saw benefits of CBP including improved cow comfort, shelter, and access to outdoors. While some herds spent most or all of their time on pasture year-round, many spent only part of the year at pasture, suggesting CBP could serve as an alternative housing system for organic dairy cows.
Effects of pre transport fasting on theambiusanton
This study investigated the effects of fasting young cattle for 8 hours prior to an 8-hour road transport journey. The study found that fasting the cattle for 8 hours before transport did not negatively impact the physiological or hematological responses of the cattle during or after transport. Specifically, there were no significant differences in rectal temperature, live weight, or blood measurements among the treated and control groups before or after transport. While fasted cattle lost more weight during transport than non-fasted cattle, all cattle weights recovered by days 4-10 post-transport. The study concluded that an 8-hour transport journey was not stressful for young cattle even without access to food for 8 hours beforehand.
The document summarizes research on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) being conducted in China and other countries. SRI is an alternative rice cultivation method that involves wider spacing of young seedlings, reduced water usage, and other practices. Studies have found SRI can lead to higher rice yields, improved grain quality, and reduced costs compared to conventional methods. Researchers are exploring different techniques to adapt SRI principles to local growing conditions. Overall, results suggest SRI has potential to increase rice productivity while reducing environmental impacts.
This document describes a computer model developed to predict the responses of lactating ewes to concentrate supplementation. The model considers the effects of concentrate supplementation timing and levels on ruminal pH and forage intake. It simulates organic acid production from carbohydrate fermentation, saliva buffer production, and ruminal pH based on these factors. The model was able to predict the effects of increasing concentrate supplementation levels and timing on dry matter intake and forage substitution. Simulations suggested feeding concentrate in a single evening meal or in no more than two meals per day to minimize negative impacts on forage intake.
This research proposal aims to study alkali-treated sorghum spent grain as a feed ingredient for broilers. The researcher will determine the optimum inclusion level of treated spent grain that can replace maize without affecting broiler performance. Data on intake, growth, and economics will be collected and analyzed. 240 birds will be fed diets with 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% inclusion of treated spent grain from weeks 2 to 10. The results may identify cost-effective feed alternatives and inclusion levels to support the local poultry industry.
This document provides an outline for a research proposal on using alkali-treated sorghum spent grain as a feed ingredient in broiler diets. The objectives are to determine the optimal inclusion level of treated sorghum spent grain that can replace maize without affecting broiler performance or growth. 240 birds will be fed one of four treatment diets containing 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% inclusion of treated spent grain to analyze effects on intake, growth, and economic feasibility. Data on feed consumption, weight gain, and processing yields will be collected and analyzed to evaluate results and make recommendations.
Behavior and performance of lactating sows and pigletsreared indoors or outdoorsAmanda D'avila Verardi
This document summarizes a study comparing the behavior and productivity of lactating sows and their litters reared indoors in farrowing crates or outdoors in farrowing huts. The study found that sows housed indoors spent more time lying and drinking than outdoor sows, while outdoor piglets spent more time walking, playing, and nursing than indoor piglets. However, the different housing systems did not significantly influence production parameters such as litter size or piglet mortality. Overall, the outdoor system allowed for a richer behavioral repertoire in piglets but did not impact productivity.
Assessment of the broilers performance, gut healthiness and carcass character...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the performance responses, guts healthiness, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed on formulated diets included dried coriander, turmeric and thyme. Unsexed commercially available chicks were enrolled into five experimental treatments each of eighty birds with four replicates per treatment. The birds were housed in deep litter clean pens. The experimental groups were as follow: Control; coriander; thyme; turmeric, and mixed. Two formulated diets (starter & finisher) to which all the dietary additives were added in a dried powdered form and at the level of 0.75% expect for the mixed group as each additive was used at level 0.25%. Performance parameters including weekly body development, body weights gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded during the 35-d experimental period. Also, representative samples from each replicate were gathered for the detection of carcass traits, consumer acceptability, and the gut morphometric changes. The data revealed that coriander, and turmeric significantly (p<0.05) increased the villus heights and crypt depths as compared to control which is concomitant with the improvement of performance results when incorporated solely in broilers diet at 0.75% level , but consumer acceptability was lowered specifically for the turmeric –fed group.
This document summarizes research on pullet management. It discusses the importance of proper pullet development and nutrition for optimal egg production and quality. Key points include:
- Pullets require precise nutrition to support skeletal, organ and reproductive development from 6-18 weeks of age. Interrupted growth can impair later production.
- Nutritional interventions like adjusting protein, energy, fat and mineral levels can influence pullet body weight, uniformity, and traits like medullary bone development that impact egg production.
- Prelay diets fed before sexual maturity are important for building body reserves and calcium stores to support initial egg laying. Diets with precise energy and nutrient densities optimize pullet composition and performance.
This document summarizes research on pullet management. It discusses the importance of proper pullet nutrition, management, and genetics for optimal development and future egg production performance. Specifically, it addresses:
- Pullet development phases and the importance of nutrition during growth.
- Studies showing improved egg production and quality from higher protein and energy diets during rearing.
- Benefits of dietary fat supplementation and prelay diets for increased body weight and reserves at sexual maturity.
- The role of calcium intake and prelay diets in supporting medullary bone development and sustaining future egg production and quality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This study examined seed dispersal by mallards through feeding trials. Seeds from various wetland plants were fed to captive mallards and their fecal samples collected every 4 hours for 48 hours. Recovered seeds were planted and monitored for germination over 60 days. Most seeds were recovered within 24 hours. Control seeds generally germinated better than fed seeds, and germination declined with gut retention time for some species. Mallards were found to be effective dispersers for most studied species, with variation relating to plant reproductive strategies and habitat preferences.
This document provides guidance on broiler chicken management. It discusses preparing the housing, ensuring quality chicks and transportation, preparing feed and water systems, and monitoring early chick performance. Key points include minimizing age differences between parent flocks, preparing equipment and heating the housing before chick arrival, checking feed and water quality and availability, and monitoring chick growth by weighing samples at 7 days. Maintaining proper temperature and humidity is also essential for chick health and growth during the brooding period.
Retos y Oportunidades para la Avicultura de Norteamérica - AVEM Querétarousapeec_mexico
El documento discute los retos y oportunidades para la industria avícola de América del Norte. Menciona que Brasil y Estados Unidos dominan el mercado mundial de carne de pollo y que la demanda global continuará creciendo. También analiza el reciente acuerdo comercial entre Estados Unidos, México y Canadá y cómo podría integrar más a las industrias avícolas de América del Norte. Finalmente, resalta retos sanitarios pendientes y oportunidades para aumentar el comercio entre los países.
La cadena de valor de la carne de ave en Norteamericausapeec_mexico
Este documento resume la visión y actividades de USAPEEC, una asociación de exportadores de productos avícolas de EE. UU. Su objetivo es promover una mayor integración de las industrias avícolas de EE. UU. y México para incrementar el consumo de proteínas de ave en México a través de productos listos para cocinar y comer. También analiza las tendencias de producción de carne de pollo y pavo en ambos países, señalando su alta dependencia y oportunidades para trabajar como socios comerciales en la
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This document provides guidance on organic poultry production for meat. It covers key topics such as feeding organic poultry, breeds suitable for organic systems, brooding young chicks, and growing and processing birds. Specific guidance is given on temperature requirements for brooding chicks, moving birds out to range housing, and disease management throughout growth and processing. Financial considerations are also discussed.
Drying Characteristics and Physical and Nutritional Properties of Shrimp Meat...Nii Korley Kortei
This research article studied the effects of two traditional drying techniques - solar tunnel drying and air-oven drying - on the physical and nutritional properties of shrimp meat. The drying rate was faster for solar drying than air-oven drying. Both methods produced comparable color development in the shrimp, but solar-dried shrimp appeared darker. Chemical analysis found that protein, fat, and ash contents were similar between drying methods, though fat was slightly higher in air-oven dried shrimp. Rehydration behavior was similar but solar dried shrimp absorbed moisture more rapidly. The results demonstrate that different drying approaches can affect shrimp quality differently.
Performance Characteristics and Carcass Yield of Indigenous Turkeys Fed Indom...iosrjce
This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of
one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which
indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one
to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the
Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were
taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and
computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and
feed cost were calculated. Three birds were randomly selected from each replicate for carcass and organ
evaluation and were expressed as percentages of the body weight. The result showed that the IW significantly
(p< 0.05) affected the average weight gain and improved feed conversion ratio. The cost of feed per kg
decreased with increasing levels of IW in the diet. Significant differences were not observed in the carcass and
organ except in the breast yield. The lowest cost of feed was obtained at 100% inclusion level. The reduction in
feed cost is an advantage to the farmer who desires low cost of production. It was evident that IW could be
incorporated into the diet of local strain of turkey poults up to 100% level without any deleterious effect on the
performance of the turkeys, however, the 66.67% replacement which led to higher final body weight and better
feed conversion is recommended.
David Filmer developed FLOCKMAN to address problems that arose in the poultry industry when practices changed in the late 1950s. FLOCKMAN controls meal-time feeding and lighting to better mimic a chicken's natural behaviors and digestion. This improves feed efficiency, health, and welfare. Multiple trials show FLOCKMAN increases profit $0.05 per bird on average through reduced feed costs and increased productivity. FLOCKMAN has been successfully used on over 2.2 million birds internationally.
This document provides guidance on broiler management during the brooding period. It discusses the importance of chick quality, house preparation, water and feed quality, and maintaining proper temperatures and humidity levels. Key points include planning chick deliveries to minimize differences in parent flock ages, pre-heating the house and preparing equipment before chick arrival, ensuring constant access to water and supplemental feeders for the first week, and monitoring early growth to ensure targets are met. Close attention must be paid to temperature gradients, ventilation, lighting and humidity levels to allow the chicks to grow properly.
Compost bedded pack barns (CBP) may be a viable housing option for organic dairy farms based on a survey of organic dairy producers. CBP were ranked as the housing system that best meets the needs of organic dairy herds. Survey respondents indicated that CBP fit within organic standards by providing cow comfort, allowing natural behaviors, and facilitating nutrient management. Producers saw benefits of CBP including improved cow comfort, shelter, and access to outdoors. While some herds spent most or all of their time on pasture year-round, many spent only part of the year at pasture, suggesting CBP could serve as an alternative housing system for organic dairy cows.
Effects of pre transport fasting on theambiusanton
This study investigated the effects of fasting young cattle for 8 hours prior to an 8-hour road transport journey. The study found that fasting the cattle for 8 hours before transport did not negatively impact the physiological or hematological responses of the cattle during or after transport. Specifically, there were no significant differences in rectal temperature, live weight, or blood measurements among the treated and control groups before or after transport. While fasted cattle lost more weight during transport than non-fasted cattle, all cattle weights recovered by days 4-10 post-transport. The study concluded that an 8-hour transport journey was not stressful for young cattle even without access to food for 8 hours beforehand.
The document summarizes research on the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) being conducted in China and other countries. SRI is an alternative rice cultivation method that involves wider spacing of young seedlings, reduced water usage, and other practices. Studies have found SRI can lead to higher rice yields, improved grain quality, and reduced costs compared to conventional methods. Researchers are exploring different techniques to adapt SRI principles to local growing conditions. Overall, results suggest SRI has potential to increase rice productivity while reducing environmental impacts.
This document describes a computer model developed to predict the responses of lactating ewes to concentrate supplementation. The model considers the effects of concentrate supplementation timing and levels on ruminal pH and forage intake. It simulates organic acid production from carbohydrate fermentation, saliva buffer production, and ruminal pH based on these factors. The model was able to predict the effects of increasing concentrate supplementation levels and timing on dry matter intake and forage substitution. Simulations suggested feeding concentrate in a single evening meal or in no more than two meals per day to minimize negative impacts on forage intake.
This research proposal aims to study alkali-treated sorghum spent grain as a feed ingredient for broilers. The researcher will determine the optimum inclusion level of treated spent grain that can replace maize without affecting broiler performance. Data on intake, growth, and economics will be collected and analyzed. 240 birds will be fed diets with 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% inclusion of treated spent grain from weeks 2 to 10. The results may identify cost-effective feed alternatives and inclusion levels to support the local poultry industry.
This document provides an outline for a research proposal on using alkali-treated sorghum spent grain as a feed ingredient in broiler diets. The objectives are to determine the optimal inclusion level of treated sorghum spent grain that can replace maize without affecting broiler performance or growth. 240 birds will be fed one of four treatment diets containing 0%, 10%, 20%, or 30% inclusion of treated spent grain to analyze effects on intake, growth, and economic feasibility. Data on feed consumption, weight gain, and processing yields will be collected and analyzed to evaluate results and make recommendations.
Behavior and performance of lactating sows and pigletsreared indoors or outdoorsAmanda D'avila Verardi
This document summarizes a study comparing the behavior and productivity of lactating sows and their litters reared indoors in farrowing crates or outdoors in farrowing huts. The study found that sows housed indoors spent more time lying and drinking than outdoor sows, while outdoor piglets spent more time walking, playing, and nursing than indoor piglets. However, the different housing systems did not significantly influence production parameters such as litter size or piglet mortality. Overall, the outdoor system allowed for a richer behavioral repertoire in piglets but did not impact productivity.
Assessment of the broilers performance, gut healthiness and carcass character...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract—The objectives of the current study were to evaluate the performance responses, guts healthiness, and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens fed on formulated diets included dried coriander, turmeric and thyme. Unsexed commercially available chicks were enrolled into five experimental treatments each of eighty birds with four replicates per treatment. The birds were housed in deep litter clean pens. The experimental groups were as follow: Control; coriander; thyme; turmeric, and mixed. Two formulated diets (starter & finisher) to which all the dietary additives were added in a dried powdered form and at the level of 0.75% expect for the mixed group as each additive was used at level 0.25%. Performance parameters including weekly body development, body weights gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were recorded during the 35-d experimental period. Also, representative samples from each replicate were gathered for the detection of carcass traits, consumer acceptability, and the gut morphometric changes. The data revealed that coriander, and turmeric significantly (p<0.05) increased the villus heights and crypt depths as compared to control which is concomitant with the improvement of performance results when incorporated solely in broilers diet at 0.75% level , but consumer acceptability was lowered specifically for the turmeric –fed group.
This document summarizes research on pullet management. It discusses the importance of proper pullet development and nutrition for optimal egg production and quality. Key points include:
- Pullets require precise nutrition to support skeletal, organ and reproductive development from 6-18 weeks of age. Interrupted growth can impair later production.
- Nutritional interventions like adjusting protein, energy, fat and mineral levels can influence pullet body weight, uniformity, and traits like medullary bone development that impact egg production.
- Prelay diets fed before sexual maturity are important for building body reserves and calcium stores to support initial egg laying. Diets with precise energy and nutrient densities optimize pullet composition and performance.
This document summarizes research on pullet management. It discusses the importance of proper pullet nutrition, management, and genetics for optimal development and future egg production performance. Specifically, it addresses:
- Pullet development phases and the importance of nutrition during growth.
- Studies showing improved egg production and quality from higher protein and energy diets during rearing.
- Benefits of dietary fat supplementation and prelay diets for increased body weight and reserves at sexual maturity.
- The role of calcium intake and prelay diets in supporting medullary bone development and sustaining future egg production and quality.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
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Manejo del pollo en engorda durante el periodo pre-sacrificio
1.
MANEJO DEL POLLO DE ENGORDA DURANTE EL PERIODO PRE-SACRIFICIO
S. F. Bilgili, PhD.
Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5416 USA
bilgisf@auburn.edu
Resumen
Desde el punto de vista logístico, el suministro ininterrumpido de pollos a la planta de
procesamiento de vital importancia para maximizar la utilización de la mano de obra e
instalaciones, y requiere de planeación cuidadosa, coordinación y ejecución de varias tareas (es
decir, retiro del alimento, captura y carga, transportación y espera en la planta) en una
programación casi por hora. Estas tareas deben ser realizadas consistentemente durante este
periodo pre-sacrificio (usualmente de menos de 24 horas de duración), el cual tiene la mayor
influencia sobre el bienestar, calidad y cantidad de producto comercializable (rendimiento) de
pollos de engorda en la planta de procesamiento.
Introducción
La producción comercial de pollos de engorda involucra sistemas de alojamiento confinado para
el control óptimo del ambiente de crianza, crecimiento, bioseguridad, salud de la parvada y
manejo. Por lo tanto, lo pollos pasan toda la vida encasetados y bajo condiciones bastante
familiares y estandarizadas. Sin embargo, con el inicio del retiro de alimento previo al sacrificio y
el manejo subsecuente, enjaulado, transportación y espera en la planta, los pollos se exponen a
infinidad de factores estresantes y potencialmente a micro y macro ambientes extremos.
Se han publicado excelentes artículos sobre los efectos del retiro del alimento (Wabeck, 1972;
Chen et al., 1983; Veerkamp, 1986; Northcutt et al., 1997; Bilgili, 2002), captura (Shackelford et al.,
1969; Gregory and Austin, 1992; Nunes, 1998), sistemas de transporte (Kettlewell and Turner, 1985;
Williams, 1987; Mitchell and Kettlewell, 1998), estrés (Freeman, 1980; Kite and Duncan, 1987;
Duncan, 1989; Warriss et al., 1992; Moran and Bilgili, 1995), y retención en la planta (Shackleford
et al., 1984; Petracci et al., 2001; Bianchi et al., 2006; Schneider et al., 2012) de los atributos de
calidad del pollo de engorda. Esta revisión intentará remarcar este conocimiento e incorporar
experiencias de campo, cuando sea apropiado, para resaltar la importancia económica de este
periodo pre-sacrificio.
Ayuno:
El tipo, cantidad, ubicación, y consistencia del contenido del tracto digestivo en un pollo al
sacrificio está directamente relacionado al consumo de agua y alimento previo al mismo, y la tasa
de vaciado durante el retiro de alimento pre-sacrificio. Este retiro se refiere al tiempo total de
ayuno en la caseta (usualmente 4-5 horas con disponibilidad de agua), en el tránsito a la planta,
y el tiempo que las aves se mantienen en esta (tiempo de espera en la planta). Las experiencias
de campo (Savage, 1995; Northcutt and Savage, 1996; Bilgili, 1998) y los estudios controlados
(Wabeck, 1972; Veerkamp, 1978; Papa, 1991) indican que la contaminación de la canal puede
tener lugar con periodo excesivamente corto (menos de 8 horas) o excesivamente largos (más de
12 horas) de periodo total de retiro de alimento. Mientras que la contaminación asociada con el
periodo corto de ayuno se debe al vaciado incompleto de tracto digestivo (esto es, alimento en
2.
el buche y otros segmentos del tracto digestivo), los asociados con periodo largo de ayuno se
atribuyen a la ruptura (es decir, tracto intestinal débil y gaseoso) de la integridad tisular (Bilgili,
1988; Northcutt et al, 1997; Bilgili and Hess, 1997).
La intensidad de la pérdida de peso o encogimiento que ocurre en asociación con el ayuno es de
extrema preocupación para los procesadores. Generalmente se acepta que la pérdida de peso
que ocurre durante las primeras 4-6 horas del ayuno se debe al vaciado del tracto gastrointestinal
(Northcutt and Buhr, 1997). Después de este periodo inicial, que usualmente tiene lugar en la
granja y con acceso al agua, la pérdida de peso se incrementa linealmente entre 0.25 a 0.5% por
hora, depende de la temperatura ambiental, y los machos pierden más peso que las hembras
(Chen et al., 1978; Benibo and Farr, 1985; Veerkamp, 1986).
Captura y enjaule:
La captura de pollos vivos generalmente se realiza manualmente y permanece como un trabajo
que no ha cambiado durante las últimas 5 décadas de crecimiento y expansión de la industria
(Kettlewell and Turner, 1985). Comúnmente, la captura se hace capturando a las aves por una
pata, colectando un grupo de 4-5 aves suspendidas en una mano (depende del tamaño del ave),
y cargándolas en los módulos de transportación empleados (jaulas, jaulas de vertido [dump-
cages], o cajones). La inversión de las aves durante la captura reduce la lucha y aleteo, y en
consecuencia el potencial de lesionarse a sí mismas y a otras aves. El número de aves capturadas
en una mano dependerá del tamaño del ave, pero nunca debe exceder 5. La cantidad de aves en
cada jaula o módulo se basa en el tamaño de las aves, y frecuentemente se modifica debido a la
distancia y temporada (Benoff, 1986). Sin embargo, la densidad máxima en la jaula debe permitir
a las aves echarse en una sola capa y no exceder 20 kg/m2. El cambio de jaulas individuales a
sistemas de transporte modular ha demostrado ahorrar mano de obra (20%), incrementar la
eficiencia de carga (10%) y viabilidad (0.2%), y hasta 15% de mejora en la clasificación de las
canales (Thornton, 1984). Comparado con las jaulas apiladas, los sistemas de cajones modulares
y jaulas de vertido (cada uno con 10-12 jaulas fijas) permiten el transporte fácil de los módulos
con montacargas. Por supuesto que se requiere suficiente espacio de techo en las casetas para
tales sistemas. Aunque la captura es común tanto en la noche como en el día, los pollos grandes
(> 3 kg) generalmente se programan para la noche o la madrugada para prevenir muertos al
arribo (MAA -DOA’s en inglés-). Independientemente del sistema de captura que se utilice, la
condición de la jaula o los módulos, supervisión, velocidad de captura, y técnica de enjaulado
usualmente determinan la extensión de las lesiones y el daño de las canales. Las prácticas de
captura y enjaulado generalmente se vinculan con varios problemas hemorrágicos en la pechuga,
húmero y muslo (Gregory and Austin, 1992; Nunes, 1998) y específicamente a dislocación de las
alas. En clima cálido, ahora es común el uso de ventiladores (>20 °C) y atomizadores o
nebulizadores (>27 °C) sobre las aves en jaulas o módulos mientras los vehículos se cargan, para
reducir el estrés térmico.
Con los años se han desarrollado varios tipos de sistemas de captura y enjaule de manos libres o
automáticos (Polach, 1977; Shackelford and Wilson Lee, 1981; Kettlewell and Turner, 1985; O’Neill,
1987; Scott, 1993; Martin, 1998), sin embargo, su aplicación comercial ha sido limitada debido al
costo inicial relativamente alto, la confiabilidad operacional, y la necesidad de mantenimiento
continuo y complejo. Lacy y Czarick (1998) reportaron mejoras en el bienestar de pollos
cosechados mecánicamente, desde el punto de vista de la reducción del estrés y lesiones. Estos
investigadores también observaron mejores condiciones de trabajo así como menores costos. Sin
embargo, los desafíos de operación (transportación, mayor tiempo para instalación e inactividad)
3.
con el sistema de captura mecánico comparado con las cuadrillas convencionales de captura
fueron una limitación (Ramasamy et al., 2004).
Transportación y tiempo de espera en la planta:
La transportación de pollos de engorda en jaulas o módulos de la granja a la planta es un factor
estresante pre-sacrificio importante (Freeman, 1984), pero también es un componente importante
de la producción de carne de pollo. El manejo, confinamiento, agrupamiento, movimiento, ruido,
disrupción social y el microclima, en adición a la privación de agua y alimento, todos son factores
estresantes importantes. El grado de estrés que sufren las aves durante la transportación depende
del sistema de confinamiento usado, la distancia, velocidad del aire, y las condiciones ambientales.
La velocidad del aire (viento) realmente puede exacerbar el estrés bajo condiciones frías-mojadas
y reducirlo bajo condiciones de calor-humedad. El estrés térmico es una causa principal de MAA
en pollos de engorda. Hay un vínculo directo entre el microambiente térmico y los MAA.
Usualmente la mortalidad es la mayor en las secciones del vehículo de transporte donde la
temperatura y humedad son extremas. Los MAA varían grandemente y dependen de factores
como la época, ubicación geográfica, duración de la jornada, tamaño del ave, densidad de
enjaulado, estado de salud, diseño del vehículo de transporte, tipo y duración durante el tiempo
de espera en la planta. Debido a las pérdidas de calor convectivo, el encogimiento de las aves es
mayor cuando se sujetan a movimiento activo (es decir, transportación) que cuando se mantienen
estáticos (Kettlewell and Turner, 1985). Moran y Bilgili (1995) compararon la pérdida de peso de
pollos transportados o mantenidos estáticos por 6 horas, a los 39 y 53 días de edad. Las aves
transportadas perdieron más peso y rendimiento de carne. Consistente con observaciones previas
(Kite and Duncan, 1987), el daño de las canales fue mayor, en ambas edades, en las aves que se
mantuvieron estáticas por mayor periodo. Esta observación se atribuye al incremento de la
actividad de las aves en jaulas mantenidas por periodos de espera extendidos. Se detectó efecto
significativo de la transportación en parámetros fisiológicos sanguíneos de aves transportadas
debido a deshidratación, hemo-concentración, daño muscular, y catabolismo proteico (Bilgili et
al., 2003). Yalcin et al. (2004) reportó de manera similar incremento en la creatincinasa plasmática
debido al enjaulado y transportación del pollo, especialmente con incremento de la masa
muscular. En este estudio, la respuesta al estrés fue alta en aves más jóvenes (<42 días de edad)
debido a la transportación y en aves más grandes (>49 días de edad) debido al enjaulado. En
adición, también se observa un efecto significativo del estrés de la transportación sobre la
excreción microbiana (Mulder, 1996), incluidas Salmonella (Rigby et al., 1982) y Campylobacter
(Stern et al., 1995; Whyte et al., 2001).
Tanto la distancia de transportación (Warris et al., 1992) como el tiempo de espera (Bilgili, 1995)
han demostrado correlacionar con la MAA en pollos. Aunque quizá se pueda hacer poco para
minimizar las condiciones de la transportación (distancia, condiciones del camino, clima), existen
oportunidades para minimizar el tiempo de espera en la planta y mejorar sus condiciones. Los
procedimientos de operación estándar (POE –SOP en inglés-) para las áreas de espera, tanto para
invierno como para el verano, deben incluir: el tiempo de espera (<2 horas), establecimiento de
la temperatura para la operación de ventiladores y nebulizadores, y condiciones de iluminación.
Los camiones de transporte no deben mantenerse fuera de los cobertizos de espera (bajo el sol)
por periodos largos si el movimiento adecuado del aire. Un modelo predictivo de la inducción de
estrés calórico durante la transportación comercial ha sido desarrollado para mejorar el diseño
del vehículo de transporte (Mitchell and Kettlewell, 1998). Pueden usarse vehículos de transporte
ventilados tanto activa (clima frío) como pasivamente (clima cálido) para transportar al pollo de
engorda, depende de la ubicación geográfica y el macroclima extremo.
4.
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the Quality of Poultry Meat, Zaragoza, Spain.
BILGILI, S. F., MORAN, E. T. JR., and SPANO, J. S. (2003) Pre-slaughter
alterations in blood chemistry of broiler chickens. Pages 345-351, in: Proc. of the
XVIth European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Meat, Ploufragan, France.
CHEN, T.C., SHULTZ, C. D., REECE, F. N., LOTT, B. D. and MCNAUGHTON, J.
L. (1983) The effect of extended holding time, temperature, and dietary energy on
yields of broilers. Poultry Science 62:1566-1571.
DUNCAN, I. J. H. (1989) The assessment of welfare during the handling and transport
of broilers. Pages 93–107 in: Proceedings of the Third European Symposium on
Poultry Welfare. Tours, France.
FREEMAN, B. M. (1984) Transportation of Poultry. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 40:19-31.
GREGORY, N. G. (1992) Catching damage. Broiler Industry 11: 14-16.
GREGORY, N. G., and AUSTIN, S. D. (1992) Causes of trauma in broilers arriving a
poultry processing plants. The Veterinary Record 131: 501-503.
KETTLEWELL, P. J. and TURNER, M. J. B. (1985) A review of broiler chicken
catching and transport systems. J. Ag. Eng. Res. 31:93-114.
KITE, V. G. and DUNCAN, I. J. H. (1987) Some studies of the stressfulness of
harvesting and transporting broilers. Pages 35-41, in: Proc. 7th
Australian Poultry and
Feed Convention Sydney, Australia.
LACY, M. P., and M. CZARICK (1998) Mechanical harvesting of broilers. Poultry
Science 77: 1794-1797.
MARTIN, D. (1998). Auto-harvesting arrives in Europe. Broiler Industry, 8: 27-34.
MITCHELL, M. A. and KETTLEWELL, P. J. (1998) Physiological stress and
welfare of broiler chickens in transit: Solutions, not problems! Poultry Science
77: 1803-1814.
MORAN, E. T., JR., and BILGILI, S. F. (1995) Influence of broiler livehaul on carcass
quality and further-processing yields. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 4:13-22.
MULDER, R. W. A. W. (1996) Impact of transport on the incidence of human pathogens. Misset
World Poultry 12: 18-19.
NORTHCUTT, J. K., and BUHR, R. J. (1997) Longer feed withdrawal can be costly.
Broiler Industry 12: 28-34.
5.
NORTHCUTT, J. K. and SAVAGE, S. I. (1996) Managing feed withdrawal: The
broiler’s last meal. Broiler Industry 9: 24-27.
NORTHCUTT, J. K., SAVAGE, S. I., and VEST, L. R. (1997) Relationship between
feed withdrawal and viscera condition in broilers. Poultry Science 76: 410-414.
O’NEIL, J. J. (1987) Latest developments in pick-up and transportation of live broilers.
Pages 42-48, in: Proc. 7th
Australian Poultry and Feed Convention, Sydney, Australia.
PAPA, C. M. (1991) Lower gut contents of broiler chickens withdrawn from feed and
held in cages. Poultry Science 70:375-380.
PETRACCI, M. D., FLETCHER, D. L., and NORTHCUTT, J. K. (2001) The effect
of holding temperature on live shrink, processing yield, and breast meat quality of
broiler chickens. Poultry Science 80:670-675.
POLACH, M. (1997) Mechanical catching and handling of broilers. Shaver Focus,6:3-4
RAMASAMY, S., BENSON, E. R., and VAN WICKLEN, G. L. (2004) Efficiency of
a commercial mechanical chicken catching system. J. App. Poultry Res. 13: 19-28.
RIGBY, C. E., PETIT, J. R., BENTLY, A. H., SPENCER, J. L., SALOMONS, M.
O., and LIOR, H. (1982) The relationship of Salmonellae from infected broiler flocks,
transport crates or processing plants to contamination of eviscerated carcasses.
Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 46: 272-278.
SAVAGE, S. I. (1995) Preparing broilers to minimize reprocessing. Pages 109-112,
in: Proc. 30th
National Meeting on Poultry Health and Processing, Ocean City, MD.
SCHNEIDER, B. L., RENEMA, R. A., BETTI, M., CARNEY, V. L., and
ZUIDHOF, M. J. (2012 Effect of holding temperature, shackling, sex, and age on
broiler breast meat quality. Poultry Science 91:468-477.
SCOTT, G. B. (1983) Poultry handling: A review of mechanical devices and their
effect on bird welfare. World’s Poultry Science Journal 49:44-57.
SHACKLEFORD, A. D., and WILSON LEE, V. (1981) Loading live poultry: A time
and motion study of loading broiler chickens by hand, forklift truck, and squeeze-lift
truck. Advances in Agricultural Technology, AAT-S-22/June USDA.
SHACKLEFORD, A. D., CHILDS, R. E., and HAMANN, J. A. (1969) Determination
of bruise rates on broilers before and after handling by live bird pickup crews.
Agricultural Research Service Bulletin No.52-47, USDA.
SHACKLEFORD, A. D., WHITEHEAD, W. F., DICKENS, J. A., THONSON, J. E.,
and WILSON, R. I. (1984) Evaporative cooling of broilers during pre-slaughter
holding. Poultry Science 63: 927-931.
STERN, N. J., CLAVERO, M. R. S., BAILEY, J. S., COX, N. A., and ROBACH, M.
C. (1995) Campylobacter spp. In broilers on the farm and after transport. Poultry
Science 74: 937-941.
THORNTON, G. (1984) One in three plants convert to cages. Broiler Industry 5: 20-28.
VEERKAMP, C. H. (1978) The influence of fasting and transport on yield of broilers.
Poultry Science 57:634-638.
VEERKAMP, C. H. (1986) Fasting and yields of broilers. Poultry Science 65:1299-
1304.
WABECK, C. J. (1972) Feed and water withdrawal time relationship to processing
yield and potential fecal contamination of broilers. Poultry Science 51:1119-1121.
WARRIS, P. D., BEVIS, E. A., BROWN, S. N., and EDWARDS, J. E. (1992) Longer
journeys to processing plants are associated with higher mortality in broiler chickens.
British Poultry Science 33:201-206.
WHYTE, P. COLLINS, J. D., MCGILL, K., MONAHAN, C, and O’MAHONY, H.
(2001) The effect of transportation stress on excretion rates of Campylobacters in
market-age broilers. Poultry Science 80:817-820.
6.
WILLIAMS, D. M. (1987) Establishing a successful live haul program. Zootecnica,
4: 36-39.
YALCIN, S., OZKAN, S., OKTAY, G., CABUK, M., ERBAYRAKTAR, Z., and
BILGILI, S. F. (2004) Age-related effects of catching, crating, and transportation at
different seasons on core body temperature and physiological blood parameters in
broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13:549-560.
7.
MANAGING BROILER CHICKENS DURING THE PRE-SLAUGHTER PERIOD
S. F. Bilgili, PhD.
Department of Poultry Science, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849-5416 USA
bilgisf@auburn.edu
Abstract
From a logistical standpoint, an uninterrupted supply of broilers to the processing plant is of
utmost importance for maximum utilization of labor and facilities, and requires careful planning,
coordination, and execution of several tasks (i.e., feed withdrawal, catching and loading,
transportation and plant holding) on a nearly hourly basis. These tasks have to be performed
consistently during this pre-slaughter period (usually < 24 h in duration), which has the greatest
influence on welfare, quality, and marketable product quantity (i.e., yield) of broiler chickens in
the processing plant.
Introduction
Commercial broiler chicken production involves confined housing systems for optimal control of
rearing environment, growth, biosecurity, flock health and management. Therefore, broiler
chickens spend all their life indoors and under fairly familiar and standardized conditions.
However, with the initiation of pre-slaughter feed withdrawal and subsequent handling, crating,
transportation and plant holding, broilers are exposed a myriad of “stressors” and potentially to
extremes in micro- and macro-environment.
Excellent articles have been published on effects of feed withdrawal (Wabeck, 1972; Chen et al.,
1983; Veerkamp, 1986; Northcutt et al., 1997; Bilgili, 2002), catching (Shackelford et al., 1969;
Gregory and Austin, 1992; Nunes, 1998), transport systems (Kettlewell and Turner, 1985; Williams,
1987; Mitchell and Kettlewell, 1998) and stress (Freeman, 1980; Kite and Duncan, 1987; Duncan,
1989; Warriss et al., 1992; Moran and Bilgili, 1995), and plant holding (Shackleford et al., 1984;
Petracci et al., 2001; Bianchi et al., 2006; Schneider et al., 2012) of broiler chicken quality attributes.
This review will attempt to outline this body of knowledge and incorporate field experiences,
where appropriate, to highlight the economic importance of this pre-slaughter period.
Feed withdrawal:
The type, amount, location, and consistency of digestive tract contents in a broiler at slaughter
are directly related to feed and water intake prior to, and rate of clearance during, the pre-
slaughter feed withdrawal. Feed withdrawal refers to total time of fasting in the house (usually 4-
5 hours with water available), in transit to the plant, and the time birds are held at the plant (plant
holding time). Field experiences (Savage, 1995; Northcutt and Savage, 1996; Bilgili, 1998) and
controlled studies (Wabeck, 1972; Veerkamp, 1978; Papa, 1991) indicate that carcass
contamination can take place with both excessively short (less than 8 hours) or excessively long
(over 12 hours) of total feed withdrawal period. Whereas, contamination associated with short
fasting periods is due to incomplete emptying of the digestive tract (i.e., feed in the crop and
other segments of the digestive tract), those associated with long fasting periods is attributed to
a breakdown (i.e., weak and gaseous intestinal tract) of tissue integrity (Bilgili, 1988; Northcutt et
al, 1997; Bilgili and Hess, 1997).
8.
The extent of weight loss or shrink that occurs in association with feed withdrawal is of extreme
concern to the processors. It is generally accepted that weight loss occurring during the first 4 to
6 hours of fasting is due to gastrointestinal emptying (Northcutt and Buhr, 1997). After this initial
period, which usually takes place at the farm with access to water), weight losses increase linearly
between 0.25 to 0.50% per hour, depending on the environmental temperature with males loosing
more weight than females (Chen et al., 1978; Benibo and Farr, 1985; Veerkamp, 1986).
Catching and crating:
Catching live broilers is often accomplished by manual labor and remains to be a job unchanged
during the last 5 decades of industry growth and expansion (Kettlewell and Turner, 1985).
Commonly, catching is performed by grabbing the birds by one leg, gathering a bundle of 4-5
birds suspended in one hand (depending on bird size), and then loading them to into the
transportation modules used (crates, dump-cages or drawers). Inversion of birds during catching
reduces struggle and wing flapping, and therefore the potential for injury to themselves and other
birds. The number of birds caught in one hand will depend on bird size, but should never exceed
five. The number of birds placed in each crate or module is based on bird size, and often modified
due to live-haul distance and season (Benoff, 1986). However, the maximum crating density
should allow birds to sit in a single layer and not exceed 20 kg/m2
. Switching from individual crates
to modular transport systems has been shown to save labor (20%), increase payload efficiency
(10%) and livability (0.2%), and up to 15% improvement in carcass grade (Thornton, 1984).
Compared to the stacked crates, the modular drawer and dump-cage systems (each with 10-12
fixed cages) allows easy transport of modules with forklifts. Of course sufficient ceiling clearance
in the broiler house is a must for such systems. Although both day- and night-time catching is
common, large broilers (3+ kg) are usually scheduled for night or early morning catch to prevent
DOA’s. Regardless of the catching system used, the condition of crates or modules, availability of
supervision, catch speed and crating technique usually determines the extent of injuries and
carcass damage. Catching and crating practices are often linked to various hemorrhagic problems
in the breast, drumsticks and thighs (Gregory and Austin, 1992; Nunes, 1998) and to specifically
to wing dislocations. In warm climates, it is now common practice to use fans (>20 C) and misters
or foggers (>27C) on birds in crates and modules while the transport vehicles are loaded to reduce
thermal stress in broiler chickens.
Various types of hands-off or automatic catching and crating systems have been developed over
the years (Polach, 1977; Shackelford and Wilson Lee, 1981; Kettlewell and Turner, 1985; O’Neill,
1987; Scott, 1993; Martin, 1998), however their commercial application have been limited due to
relatively high initial cost, operational reliability, and need for continuous and complex
maintenance. Lacy and Czarick (1998) reported improvements in welfare of mechanically
harvested broilers both from stress and injury reduction standpoints. These investigators also
observed improved working conditions as well as lower costs. However, operational challenges
(transportation, longer set-up and idle times) with mechanical catching system compared to
conventional catch crews was a limitation (Ramasamy et al., 2004).
Transportation and plant holding:
Transportation of broiler chickens confined in crates or modules from the farm to the plant is an
important pre-slaughter stressor (Freeman, 1984), but is also an important component of broiler
meat production. Handling, confinement, crowding, motion, noise, social disruption and
microclimate, in addition to feed and water deprivation are all important stressors. The degree of
stress encountered by the birds during transportation depends on the confinement system used,
9.
distance, air speed and the ambient conditions. Air (wind) speed can actually exacerbate the stress
under cold-wet conditions and ameliorate it under hot-humid conditions. Thermal stress is a
major cause of DOA’s in broiler chickens. There is a direct link between the thermal
microenvironment and DOA’s. Mortality is usually highest in sections of the transport vehicle
where the temperature and humidity is extreme. The DOA’s vary widely depending upon factors
such as season, geographical location, journey length, bird size, crating density, health status,
transport vehicle design, type and conditions during plant holding. Because of convective heat
losses, live shrink of broilers is greater when they are subjected to active movement (i.e.,
transportation) than when they are held stationary (Kettlewell and Turner, 1985). Moran and Bilgili
(1995) compared the weight losses of broilers transported or held stationary for 6 hours both at
39 and 53 days of age. Transported birds lost more weight and meat yield. Consistent with
previous observations (Kite and Duncan, 1987), carcass damage was higher, at both ages, on birds
that were held stationary for extended period. This observation is attributed to increased bird
activity in crates held for extended periods of holding. Significant effect of transportation was
detected in blood physiological parameters of transported broilers due to dehydration, hemo-
concentration, muscle damage, and protein catabolism (Bilgili et al., 2003). Yalcin et al. (2004)
similarly reported increases in plasma creatine kinase due to crating and transportation of broiler
chickens, especially with increasing body mass. In this study stress response was high in younger
birds (<42 days of age) due to transportation and older birds (>49 days of age) due to crating. In
addition, a significant effect of transportation stress on microbial shedding (Mulder, 1996),
including Salmonella (Rigby et al., 1982) Campylobacter (Stern et al., 1995; Whyte et al., 2001) is
also observed.
Both transportation distance (Warris et al., 1992) and holding time (Bilgili, 1995) have been shown
to correlate with DOA’s in broilers. Although perhaps little can be done to minimize the
transportation conditions (distance, road conditions, ambient climate), opportunities exist for
minimizing plant holding time and improving holding conditions. Standard operating procedures
(SOP) for live holding areas, both for summer and winter conditions, should include: target holding
time (<2 h), set temperatures for operation of fans and foggers, and lighting conditions. Transport
trucks should not be held outside the holding sheds (under the sun) for extended periods without
adequate air movement. A predictive model of the induction of heat stress during commercial
transportation have been developed improve transport vehicle design (Mitchell and Kettlewell,
1998). Depending on the geographical location and extremes in macroclimate, both actively (cold
weather) and passively (warm weather) ventilated transport vehicles may be utilized to transport
broiler chickens.
References
BENIBO, B. S., AND FARR, A. J. (1985) The effects of feed and water withdrawal and
holding shed treatments on broiler yield parameters. Poultry Science 64: 920-924.
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12: 24-30.
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BIANCHI, M., PETRACCI, M., AND CAVANI, C. (2006) The influence of genotype,
market live weight, transportation and holding conditions prior to slaughter on broiler
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Poultry Science Journal 58: 123-130.
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carcass quality and grade. Pages 13-20, in: Proc. of the XII European Symposium on
the Quality of Poultry Meat, Zaragoza, Spain.
BILGILI, S. F., MORAN, E. T. JR., and SPANO, J. S. (2003) Pre-slaughter
alterations in blood chemistry of broiler chickens. Pages 345-351, in: Proc. of the
XVIth European Symposium on the Quality of Poultry Meat, Ploufragan, France.
CHEN, T.C., SHULTZ, C. D., REECE, F. N., LOTT, B. D. and MCNAUGHTON, J.
L. (1983) The effect of extended holding time, temperature, and dietary energy on
yields of broilers. Poultry Science 62:1566-1571.
DUNCAN, I. J. H. (1989) The assessment of welfare during the handling and transport
of broilers. Pages 93–107 in: Proceedings of the Third European Symposium on
Poultry Welfare. Tours, France.
FREEMAN, B. M. (1984) Transportation of Poultry. World’s Poult. Sci. J. 40:19-31.
GREGORY, N. G. (1992) Catching damage. Broiler Industry 11: 14-16.
GREGORY, N. G., and AUSTIN, S. D. (1992) Causes of trauma in broilers arriving a
poultry processing plants. The Veterinary Record 131: 501-503.
KETTLEWELL, P. J. and TURNER, M. J. B. (1985) A review of broiler chicken
catching and transport systems. J. Ag. Eng. Res. 31:93-114.
KITE, V. G. and DUNCAN, I. J. H. (1987) Some studies of the stressfulness of
harvesting and transporting broilers. Pages 35-41, in: Proc. 7th
Australian Poultry and
Feed Convention Sydney, Australia.
LACY, M. P., and M. CZARICK (1998) Mechanical harvesting of broilers. Poultry
Science 77: 1794-1797.
MARTIN, D. (1998). Auto-harvesting arrives in Europe. Broiler Industry, 8: 27-34.
MITCHELL, M. A. and KETTLEWELL, P. J. (1998) Physiological stress and
welfare of broiler chickens in transit: Solutions, not problems! Poultry Science
77: 1803-1814.
MORAN, E. T., JR., and BILGILI, S. F. (1995) Influence of broiler livehaul on carcass
quality and further-processing yields. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 4:13-22.
MULDER, R. W. A. W. (1996) Impact of transport on the incidence of human pathogens. Misset
World Poultry 12: 18-19.
NORTHCUTT, J. K., and BUHR, R. J. (1997) Longer feed withdrawal can be costly.
Broiler Industry 12: 28-34.
NORTHCUTT, J. K. and SAVAGE, S. I. (1996) Managing feed withdrawal: The
broiler’s last meal. Broiler Industry 9: 24-27.
NORTHCUTT, J. K., SAVAGE, S. I., and VEST, L. R. (1997) Relationship between
feed withdrawal and viscera condition in broilers. Poultry Science 76: 410-414.
O’NEIL, J. J. (1987) Latest developments in pick-up and transportation of live broilers.
Pages 42-48, in: Proc. 7th
Australian Poultry and Feed Convention, Sydney, Australia.
PAPA, C. M. (1991) Lower gut contents of broiler chickens withdrawn from feed and
held in cages. Poultry Science 70:375-380.
PETRACCI, M. D., FLETCHER, D. L., and NORTHCUTT, J. K. (2001) The effect
of holding temperature on live shrink, processing yield, and breast meat quality of
broiler chickens. Poultry Science 80:670-675.
POLACH, M. (1997) Mechanical catching and handling of broilers. Shaver Focus,6:3-4
RAMASAMY, S., BENSON, E. R., and VAN WICKLEN, G. L. (2004) Efficiency of
a commercial mechanical chicken catching system. J. App. Poultry Res. 13: 19-28.
11.
RIGBY, C. E., PETIT, J. R., BENTLY, A. H., SPENCER, J. L., SALOMONS, M.
O., and LIOR, H. (1982) The relationship of Salmonellae from infected broiler flocks,
transport crates or processing plants to contamination of eviscerated carcasses.
Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine 46: 272-278.
SAVAGE, S. I. (1995) Preparing broilers to minimize reprocessing. Pages 109-112,
in: Proc. 30th
National Meeting on Poultry Health and Processing, Ocean City, MD.
SCHNEIDER, B. L., RENEMA, R. A., BETTI, M., CARNEY, V. L., and
ZUIDHOF, M. J. (2012 Effect of holding temperature, shackling, sex, and age on
broiler breast meat quality. Poultry Science 91:468-477.
SCOTT, G. B. (1983) Poultry handling: A review of mechanical devices and their
effect on bird welfare. World’s Poultry Science Journal 49:44-57.
SHACKLEFORD, A. D., and WILSON LEE, V. (1981) Loading live poultry: A time
and motion study of loading broiler chickens by hand, forklift truck, and squeeze-lift
truck. Advances in Agricultural Technology, AAT-S-22/June USDA.
SHACKLEFORD, A. D., CHILDS, R. E., and HAMANN, J. A. (1969) Determination
of bruise rates on broilers before and after handling by live bird pickup crews.
Agricultural Research Service Bulletin No.52-47, USDA.
SHACKLEFORD, A. D., WHITEHEAD, W. F., DICKENS, J. A., THONSON, J. E.,
and WILSON, R. I. (1984) Evaporative cooling of broilers during pre-slaughter
holding. Poultry Science 63: 927-931.
STERN, N. J., CLAVERO, M. R. S., BAILEY, J. S., COX, N. A., and ROBACH, M.
C. (1995) Campylobacter spp. In broilers on the farm and after transport. Poultry
Science 74: 937-941.
THORNTON, G. (1984) One in three plants convert to cages. Broiler Industry 5: 20-28.
VEERKAMP, C. H. (1978) The influence of fasting and transport on yield of broilers.
Poultry Science 57:634-638.
VEERKAMP, C. H. (1986) Fasting and yields of broilers. Poultry Science 65:1299-
1304.
WABECK, C. J. (1972) Feed and water withdrawal time relationship to processing
yield and potential fecal contamination of broilers. Poultry Science 51:1119-1121.
WARRIS, P. D., BEVIS, E. A., BROWN, S. N., and EDWARDS, J. E. (1992) Longer
journeys to processing plants are associated with higher mortality in broiler chickens.
British Poultry Science 33:201-206.
WHYTE, P. COLLINS, J. D., MCGILL, K., MONAHAN, C, and O’MAHONY, H.
(2001) The effect of transportation stress on excretion rates of Campylobacters in
market-age broilers. Poultry Science 80:817-820.
WILLIAMS, D. M. (1987) Establishing a successful live haul program. Zootecnica,
4: 36-39.
YALCIN, S., OZKAN, S., OKTAY, G., CABUK, M., ERBAYRAKTAR, Z., and
BILGILI, S. F. (2004) Age-related effects of catching, crating, and transportation at
different seasons on core body temperature and physiological blood parameters in
broilers. Journal of Applied Poultry Research 13:549-560.