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- 1. UNIT-2
- 2. 1. ManagingOrganization Communication 2. formalandInformal Communication 3. Intrapersonal Communication 4. ModelsforInterPersonal Communication 5. Exchange Theory .
- 3. Managerial communication is a function which helps managers communicates with each other as wellaswithemployeeswithintheorganization.
- 4. Communication helps in the transfer of information from one party also called the sender to the other partycalledthereceiver. 1. Themessagehastobeclearandwellunderstood ineffective communication. 2. The team members should know what their managerorteamleaderintendstocommunicate. 3. helps in the smooth flow of information among managersworkingtowardsacommongoal.
- 5. 1. Interpersonal Communication - Interpersonalcommunicationgenerallytakes placebetweentwoormoreindividualsatthe workplace. 2. Organizational Communication - Communicationtakingplaceatalllevelsinthe organizationreferstoorganizational communication.
- 6. Communicationisnecessaryfortheexchangeof ideasamongst employeeswithintheorganization Managerial communication is essential at the w orkplace to achievetargetswithinthedesiredtimeframe Effectivecommunicationalsoreducesduplicacyofwork Managers must communicate w ith their team members to understand and address their grievances and problems Managerialcommunicationalsohelpsmanagerssetgoalsand targetsforthemselvesand organization Managerial communication plays a crucial role at the times of crisis Employees feel secure and develop a sense of ow nership towardsorganization
- 7. Verbal Communication Written Communication Body Language Organizational Communication Formal Communication Informal Communication Direction of Communication Flow Upward Communication Downward Communication
- 8. Individualsneedtotakecareoftheirbody languagew hilecommunicating. Make sure you exude positive body language while interacting with your fellow workers and team members.
- 9. Facial Expressions, Hand movements and Gestures Do notcarryafrownonyourface.Smilemoreoften. Thiswaypeoplewouldloveinteractingwithyouand payattentiontowhateveryouintendtocommunicate. Handmovementsalsoplayanimportantrolein effectivemanagerialcommunication.Thespeaker must not fiddlewith thingswhilespeaking. It is essential for managers to make an eye contact with team members for the desired impact.
- 10. Verbalcommunicationisoneof themostcommon waysof communicatingattheworkplace Body Language FacialExpressions,Handmovementsand Gestures Writtenmodesof communication Emailsneedtobeself explanatorywitharelevant subject line Communicationalsotakesplacethroughcirculars and notices.
- 11. Partialityandworkplacepoliticsarethemajorbarrierstoeffective communicationattheworkplace. Managersmustnotbepartialtoanyof theirteammembers Asresponsiblemanagersonemuststayawayfromnastypolitics atworkplace. Listencarefullywhattheotherpersonhastosaybeforejumping toconclusions Do notaddressyourteammembersjustforthesakeof it.Take careof yourpitchand tone. Do notaddressemployeesduringlunchhoursorwhentheyare abouttoleavefortheday Prefernottointeractverbally. Do notcommunicateseparatelywithyourteammembersas informationmightnotreachinitsdesired form.
- 13. GRAPEVIN
- 14. • gossip - noun- lightinformalconversationfor social occasions 1. areport(oftenmalicious)aboutthebehaviorof other people 2. apersongiventogossipinganddivulgingpersonal informationabout others • gossip - verb - wagone'stongue;speakabout othersandrevealsecretsor intimacies 1. talksociallywithoutexchangingtoo
- 16. Grapevine is aninformal communication, unorganized and unofficial channelof communication in an organization. When the formal channels fail or do not work properly and some over- smart people spread rumors, false and irresponsible statement or half-truths in all the directions. It is called communicationonthegrapevinechannel.
- 17. • Grapevine communication, information spreads very fastinalldirectionsasthisvineofgrapes spreads. Grapevinemeansasourceofsecretinformation.It is kindof horizontal communication,whichtakes place withinagroup,betweenpersonsof equal status. • • Grapevine is an integral part of the communication system in an organization. This is the highly sensitive channel as it is a great boon as well as a curse.
- 20. The Wheel, TheCluster, TheChain and Free Flow .
- 22. In this type of grapevine, one person is predominant. He transmits grapevine to different persons or group of persons. He is at the center and various lines of communication become the stokers of the wheel. Every person in the wheel becomes the causative factor for starting another wheel.
- 30. • Grapevine communication brings about a strong bond among peer groups. It develops because of the involvement of the persons connected with an organization. It gives mental satisfaction to the participants and gradually reduces emotional outbursts and reactions. It keeps the employees anticipating and acts as a buffer against Shockwaves.Itisfastandcansupplement formal channels. It provides informal feedback on the changescontemplatedbythe Management.
- 32. • Grapevine, is definitely dangerous to the health of an organization if allowed to grow without monitoring. Grapevine channel distorts or exaggeratesthecontentofamessage.Ithas the potential to spread unnecessary gossip. It may result in character assassination and personal vilification of individuals. It may provoke sudden unwanted and unexpected reactions from emotionallyunstable people.
- 33. • Grapevine channels can be moderated but not eliminated. A transparent administration policy, employee-friendly attitude, fruitful peer group meetings, inter-action sessions, parties and outings where all those connected with the organisation participate are someof thestrategiestomonitorgrapevineanduseit to the advantage of the organization. Business houses and industries adopt one or several of these strategies to keep grapevine under reasonable control so that it does not degenerate into a rumour mill and promote unwantedgossipsessionsamongthe employees.
- 39. Self-conception(self-awareness) Belief(trueorfalse,goodor bad) Values(rightor wrong) Attitude(learnedideaofthepersonanditisgenerallyconsistent withvalue) Perception(understandingofbothwithinandoutside world) Expectation(futuristicorientedmessage ) Internaldiscourse(thinking,concentratingandanalyzing withinoneself) Solo-vocal(oneshoutsloudlyforclarifyingone-selfor rehearsing) Solo-writtencommunication(writingforoneself )
- 41. It is an exchange of information between two or more people. It is also an area of study . Related skills are learned and can be improved. During interpersonal communication there is messagesendingandmessagereceiving.
- 42. Communicationisasocialprocessinvolving understandingandtransferofinformationfrom onepersonto others.
- 49. WRITTEN COMMUNICATION Includesletters,faxes memos Someexpertsbelievethatcommunicatingwith this mediumensuresthatintendedmessagewill reach tothereceivereveryonewillreadthesame words soeveryonewillgetthesame message.
- 50. TELECOMMUNICATIONS Itincludestelephones,intercomandothervoice communication. Can bemoreeffectivebecausetheyuse45%of messagecapability(7verbaland37 tonal) THIRD PARTY COMMUNICATION Worstof four methods. Notonlythemessagecoveysthemeaningauthor intendsbutalsothemessagemaybeinterpreted differentlybythe receiver Itleadstoambiguityandconfusion.
- 51. FACE TO FACE Itisthebestwaytocommunicationinmost cases Offersfullrangeof communication. Sendercanimpartdesiredmeaningandreceivercan askquestionsoraskif clarificationis needed. Howevertheeffectivenessof mediumdependson kindof messageandcharacteristicsof listener. GESTURAL COMMUNICATION. This type of communication is done withoutthe use of speech .Thoughts are communicated through bodily movements.
- 53. WHATWIFE SAYS TO THE HUSBAND ……….go tothestore,laydownthemulch, washandwaxthecar,getthekidstoschoolrentsome videos,andfinishtherestof dishes Whathusbands hear Go blahblah blah lay down blahblahblah and Blahblahblahget blahblahblahssome blahblah blah rest.
- 54. HOW DOES SALES THINKS We need10morepeople Itwillleadtogreatersales Hencegreater profit. HOW DOES HR THINKS We needtocutsalesstaffby10 Itwillreducecost Henceincrease profit SOLUTION Effectiveinterpersonal communication
- 55. accurateself perceptionincreasesthelikelihood of accurateinterpersonalcommunication. realisticperceptionof othersisakeyelementin solvingproblemsjointlyandworkingwithothers. TENDENCIES CAUSING PERCEPTIONAL DISTORTIONS ARE:
- 56. Stereotyping-typicallyclassifyingagrouponbasis of a bias Thehaloeffect-positiveimpressionof someone Implicitpersonalitytheory-assumptionthattraits go together
- 57. THEORY OF BALANCEBY DARWIN Thereisatendencytomaintainbalanceinour body,structureandattitude. Incaseof imbalancebalanceisregainedthrough cooperationwithourpeersand family . EMPHATIC LISTENING We areeitherspeakingorpreparing tospeak.
- 58. Ask…….are weignoring? Arewepretending? Areweselectively listening? Arewelistening attentively? Areweindulginginemphatic listening?
- 59. Interpersonalcommunicationcannotmakeup forineffectiveactions or half hearted efforts because Superficialwordscouldeasilybe sensed Characterandintegritygeneratestrustand communicatesmost
- 60. Takingresponsibilityfortheeveryworduttered. Activating thebrain before activatingthemouth. Thinkingof theimpactwordswillhave.
- 61. Apologizingseriouslyincaseof mistakes. Keepingcommitments . Attendingtolittlethings. Engagingmindbeforemouth. Criticizingactionbehaviorinsteadof personality .
- 62. Smile always. Be appreciative. Pay attention. Practiceactive listening. Bringingpeople together. Resolve conflicts. Communicateclearlyusingsimplelanguage. Stepinothers shoes. Avoid complaining.
- 63. Exchange theories view social order as the unplanned outcome of acts of exchange between membersofsociety.
- 64. Itisasocialpsychologicalandsociologicalperspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiatedexchangesbetweenparties. Socialexchangetheorypositsthathumanrelationships are formedby theuse of a subjectivecost-benefit analysis and thecomparisonof alternatives. The theory has roots in economics, psychology and sociology . Social exchange theory features many of the main assumptions found in rational choice theory and structuralism
- 65. Peoplewhoareinvolvedintheinteractionarerationallyseeking to maximizetheirprofits. Mostgratificationamonghumanscomesfromothers. People have access to information about social, economic, and psychological aspects of their interactions that allows them to consider alternative, more profitable situations relative to their presentsituation. Peoplearegoalorientedinafreely competitivesystem. Exchangeoperateswithincultural norms. Socialcreditispreferredoversocial indebtedness. Themoredeprivedtheindividualfeelsintermsof anact,the more thepersonwillassignvalueto it. People are rational and calculate the best possible means to compete in rewarding situations. The same is true of punishment avoidancesituations.
- 66. Mateselection research, maritalstabilityresearch, maritalsatisfactionresearch, familyviolence research, parenting research, roledifferentiation research, workrelationshipsresearch,and familyrelationships research.
- 67. 1. Rational-choice 2. Anthropological-exchange theory .
- 68. it is sometimes known, rational-action theory locates the source of order in the personal advantage individuals gain through co-operative exchange. Can be traced as far back as classical political economyof theeighteenth century . EX: Adam Smith's theory of the division of labour, expounded at the start of The Wealth of Nations (1776)
- 69. claims that both order and the pursuit of individual advantage are effects of the underlying ritual and symbolicnatureof thething exchanged. has grown out of the fact that market institutions in non-industrialized societies are typically more rudimentary than those found in modern economies.Exchangedoesexist,butitcontains an important element of obligation, whereas market transactions arebydefinitionbasedon choice.
- 72. People develop patterns of exchange to cope with power differentials and to deal with the costs associatedwithexercisingpower. These patterns describe behavioral rules or norms that indicate how people trade resources in an attempttomaximizerewardsandminimizecosts.
- 73. There are Reciprocity, Generalized Exchange, and Productive Exchange. In a direct exchange, reciprocation is confined to the two actors. One social actor provides value to another one and the other reciprocates. There are three different types of reciprocity: Reciprocity as a transactional pattern of interdependent exchanges Reciprocityasafolk belief Reciprocityasamoralnorm
- 75. Emotions produced by exchange are involuntary, internal responses. Individuals attempt to understand what in a social exchangesituationproduces emotions The mode of exchange determines the features of the exchange task and influences the attribution of the emotion produced. The attribution of emotions resulting from different exchangemodesimpactthesolidarityfeltwith partners or groups. Through these emotional processes, networks can developgroup properties.
- 76. KatherineMilleroutlinesseveralmajorobjectionstoorproblemswiththe socialexchangetheoryasdevelopedfromearlyseminal works. reduceshumaninteractiontoapurelyrationalprocessthatarises from economic theory. favors openness as it was developed in the 1970s when ideas of freedomandopennesswerepreferred,buttheremaybetimes when opennessisn’tthebestoptionina relationship. assumesthattheultimategoalof arelationshipisintimacywhen this mightnotalways be thecase. places relationships in a linear structure, when some relationships mightskipstepsorgobackwardsintermsofintimacy .