Considering the frequency of jail breaks, murder and homicides in Nigerian prisons and the
resultant loss of lives of prison warders and inmates during such conflicts or attacks in the prison facilities; this
study submits that the effective management of hostile behaviour of inmates will be best achieved with more
experienced warders who have adaptable personality trait towards best practices in the criminal justice
administration. Utilizing the Cullen’s (1994) Advanced social support theory as a general theoretical framework
for understanding criminology and criminal justice administration. Campbell’s (1990) Performance theory was
also explored to highlight job specific areas which need to grow in experience to deepen the support provided by
prison warden officers as crucibles in understanding the psycho-sociological nature of prison deviance and the
variance of drug psychoactive substances. Theoretical appraisals of both theories provided the needed linkage
which implicated certain dispositional traits to be more suitable in coping and managing amorphous nature of
prison inmates. The understanding thus provided, will be rich in managing deviant variance especially of
inmates with psychoactive substance history. It is recommended that the management of Nigerian Prisons
understand the need for personnel screening and the need to deploy more experienced officers than newbies in
the supervision of inmates to be able to manage hostility, anticipate and control violence and other ensuing
antecedents which will be directed either towards inmates or officers
Investigating Personality Constructs in Etiology of Criminal BehaviorsIJMTST Journal
The present research aims to investigate personality constructs in etiology of criminal behaviors. This
descriptive study was conducted on 200 students of Tehran Medical Science University (100 female students
and 100 male students) in 2018-2019. Subjects, accessible,were selectedwith stratified sampling method
and they participated in the research voluntarily.In the research two questionnaires were used for gathering
data namely, Neo and Criminal Behaviors. The data were analyzed with Pearson correlation, simultaneous
regression and stepwise regression. The data indicated that: neuroticism personality trait (r=-0/45),
agreement (r=-0/63), agreement (r=-63) and loyalty (r=-0/69) with significant negative relationship(p=0/01)
and extraversion traits (r=0/78) and open to experience (r=0/71) with significant positive relationship
(p=0/01): the results of linear and hierarchy regression showed that generally these personality traits
explain 75% of criminal behaviors variance which extraversion 60%, loyalty 8%, neuroticism 4%, open to
experience 1% and agreement 2%. The results indicated that findings of this research can apply to create
intervening programs for the ones engaging in criminal behaviors and also preventing this behaviorfor the
ones who are exposed tosuch behaviors.
Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) as key
structures in the development of psychopathology. The purpose
of current research was studying the role of EMSs as the
predictor of psychiatric symptoms including interpersonal
sensitivity, psychoticism, paranoia, and hostility in the murderers
jailed in Shiraz city. Methods: Eighty male jailed murderers were
selected at hand sampling method. To gather the data,
Demographic Questionnaire, Young Maladaptive Schemas
Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) and Symptoms Checklist-
90-Revised (SCL-90-R)(questions related to the symptoms of
interpersonal sensitivity, psychoticism, paranoia, and hostility)
were used. For data analysis, statistical methods of one way
variance analysis (ANOVA), Pearson correlation and stepwise
multiple-variable regression were used. Results: Data analysis
using stepwise multiple-variable regression showed that strongest
predictor related to any of interpersonal sensitivity, psychoticism,
paranoia, hostility symptoms, listed respectively for these
symptoms, were schemas of subjugation, emotional inhibition,
entitlement/grandiosity , and emotional inhibition respectively.
Conclusions: As a whole, it is concluded that the EMSs can
predict psychiatric symptoms of interpersonal sensitivity,
psychoticism, paranoia, and hostility in the murderers.
Battered women syndrome;Intimate Partner ViolenceBenson Babu
This document contains summaries of 4 qualitative research studies on intimate partner violence:
1. The first study interviewed abused women in Sweden about their experience leaving violent relationships. It identified fear, confusion from the partner's behavior changes, and worry for safety as driving forces to leave. External support also played a key role.
2. The second study interviewed battered women in Finland about coping with violence. It found they struggled to survive and escape total control by partners using threats and violence. Support from others was important in leaving.
3. The third study in the UK used interviews to understand how domestic abuse affected women's identity, sense of self, and resilience. It found culture and society influenced how abuse was perceived and
This document provides an overview of Jade Stevens' dissertation which examines the theoretical explanations of sexual offending. The dissertation will explore theories such as Finkelhor's Precondition Model, Marshall and Barbaree's Integrated Theory, and Ward and Siegert's Pathway Model to understand why some individuals are sexually attracted to children. It will also look at female sexual offenders and whether the theories apply differently. The document outlines Stevens' methodology, which will involve a literature review of existing research. It acknowledges some limitations around primary research due to ethical considerations of interviewing sexual offenders.
Effects of Imprisonment on Inmates at Industrial Area Remand and Lang’ata Wom...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
This chapter introduces evolutionary forensic psychology as a framework for understanding criminal behavior and the legal system. It argues that evolutionary processes shaped not only physical adaptations but also cognitive mechanisms to solve survival and reproductive problems over human evolutionary history. Recurrent conflicts between individuals, such as competition over mates and resources, likely favored strategies for inflicting costs on rivals. Understanding these ancestral conflicts provides insight into modern conflicts that relate to criminal behavior and victimization. An evolutionary perspective can help unify and advance the field of forensic psychology.
Running head internal and external stakeholders violence in pris.docxcowinhelen
Running head: internal and external stakeholders: violence in prisons 1
internal and external stakeholders: violence in prisons 6Internal and External Stakeholders: Violence in Prisons
Paula King
Strayer University
CRJ 499 Criminal Justice Capstone
Dr. Tamara Mangum
July 31, 2017
Internal and External Stakeholders: Violence in Prisons
Violence in prisons is a major issue that needs addressing. It dates to ancient prisons where prisoners used to fight to gain recondition and command respect from other inmates. In most circumstances, the violence was instigated by groups of offenders who thought they were superior compared to others. Prisoners could gang up according to the type of chargers that and the duration of their sentences in prison. That was the main criteria for the gang selection. On the other hand, prisoners tended to gang up against the officers who could either result in massive injuries or even worse prisons escape.
Several factors instigate prison violence. Some of them are within the bars of the prison, and other have their impacts from the outside of prisons. Internal factors are mainly propelled by stakeholders who by far have the greatest influence in the prisons. That includes the prison wardens, high profile prisoners, prisoners of great importance or who are key witnesses to ascertain cases and finally, the management of the prisons also have a significant role to play. It is important to understand what transpires before and after an act of violence in prison.
In most circumstances, it’s hard to ascertain the cause of violence in prison when there is little or no organization at all. That boils down to the fact that some prisons are overcrowded and there is no clear demarcation of petty offenders from those high-profile criminals. That is the role of the prison management, and most at times, it is overlooked. Therefore, they create a negative influence towards reducing crime levels in prisons. Further, it is important to understand the logistics of imprisonment this is affected by the state laws and the prosecution authority. They have the mandate to ensure that prisons are entitled to perform different correctional duties to various types of prisoners.
On the other hand, the individuals and organizations that have an indirect impact on prison violence or indirectly affected by the violence are considered as the external stakeholders. For instance, the families and communities that are linked or close to the prisons along with the government are the ones who are externally affected by the violence since any violent act may negatively affect them whether psychologically, socially or financially (National Institute of Corrections, 2017). The other external stakeholders include the courts, prosecutors, police agencies, and inmate advocacy groups (Horgan, 2012). Admittedly, the internal and external stakeholders have influenced the situation in both positive and negative ways (Horgan, 2012). First, the prisoners as internal ...
This document discusses research on the effects of incarceration and rehabilitation programs on recidivism. It outlines how rehabilitation was originally the goal of prisons but the "Nothing Works" doctrine in the 1970s claimed rehabilitation programs were ineffective. Later research refuted this, finding cognitive behavioral therapies and skills training programs reduced recidivism. However, more research is needed on how prison subcultures and negative peer influences may undermine rehabilitation efforts, and on carefully assigning inmates to appropriate security levels to foster better treatment outcomes.
Investigating Personality Constructs in Etiology of Criminal BehaviorsIJMTST Journal
The present research aims to investigate personality constructs in etiology of criminal behaviors. This
descriptive study was conducted on 200 students of Tehran Medical Science University (100 female students
and 100 male students) in 2018-2019. Subjects, accessible,were selectedwith stratified sampling method
and they participated in the research voluntarily.In the research two questionnaires were used for gathering
data namely, Neo and Criminal Behaviors. The data were analyzed with Pearson correlation, simultaneous
regression and stepwise regression. The data indicated that: neuroticism personality trait (r=-0/45),
agreement (r=-0/63), agreement (r=-63) and loyalty (r=-0/69) with significant negative relationship(p=0/01)
and extraversion traits (r=0/78) and open to experience (r=0/71) with significant positive relationship
(p=0/01): the results of linear and hierarchy regression showed that generally these personality traits
explain 75% of criminal behaviors variance which extraversion 60%, loyalty 8%, neuroticism 4%, open to
experience 1% and agreement 2%. The results indicated that findings of this research can apply to create
intervening programs for the ones engaging in criminal behaviors and also preventing this behaviorfor the
ones who are exposed tosuch behaviors.
Early maladaptive schemas (EMSs) as key
structures in the development of psychopathology. The purpose
of current research was studying the role of EMSs as the
predictor of psychiatric symptoms including interpersonal
sensitivity, psychoticism, paranoia, and hostility in the murderers
jailed in Shiraz city. Methods: Eighty male jailed murderers were
selected at hand sampling method. To gather the data,
Demographic Questionnaire, Young Maladaptive Schemas
Questionnaire-Short Form (YSQ-SF) and Symptoms Checklist-
90-Revised (SCL-90-R)(questions related to the symptoms of
interpersonal sensitivity, psychoticism, paranoia, and hostility)
were used. For data analysis, statistical methods of one way
variance analysis (ANOVA), Pearson correlation and stepwise
multiple-variable regression were used. Results: Data analysis
using stepwise multiple-variable regression showed that strongest
predictor related to any of interpersonal sensitivity, psychoticism,
paranoia, hostility symptoms, listed respectively for these
symptoms, were schemas of subjugation, emotional inhibition,
entitlement/grandiosity , and emotional inhibition respectively.
Conclusions: As a whole, it is concluded that the EMSs can
predict psychiatric symptoms of interpersonal sensitivity,
psychoticism, paranoia, and hostility in the murderers.
Battered women syndrome;Intimate Partner ViolenceBenson Babu
This document contains summaries of 4 qualitative research studies on intimate partner violence:
1. The first study interviewed abused women in Sweden about their experience leaving violent relationships. It identified fear, confusion from the partner's behavior changes, and worry for safety as driving forces to leave. External support also played a key role.
2. The second study interviewed battered women in Finland about coping with violence. It found they struggled to survive and escape total control by partners using threats and violence. Support from others was important in leaving.
3. The third study in the UK used interviews to understand how domestic abuse affected women's identity, sense of self, and resilience. It found culture and society influenced how abuse was perceived and
This document provides an overview of Jade Stevens' dissertation which examines the theoretical explanations of sexual offending. The dissertation will explore theories such as Finkelhor's Precondition Model, Marshall and Barbaree's Integrated Theory, and Ward and Siegert's Pathway Model to understand why some individuals are sexually attracted to children. It will also look at female sexual offenders and whether the theories apply differently. The document outlines Stevens' methodology, which will involve a literature review of existing research. It acknowledges some limitations around primary research due to ethical considerations of interviewing sexual offenders.
Effects of Imprisonment on Inmates at Industrial Area Remand and Lang’ata Wom...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
This chapter introduces evolutionary forensic psychology as a framework for understanding criminal behavior and the legal system. It argues that evolutionary processes shaped not only physical adaptations but also cognitive mechanisms to solve survival and reproductive problems over human evolutionary history. Recurrent conflicts between individuals, such as competition over mates and resources, likely favored strategies for inflicting costs on rivals. Understanding these ancestral conflicts provides insight into modern conflicts that relate to criminal behavior and victimization. An evolutionary perspective can help unify and advance the field of forensic psychology.
Running head internal and external stakeholders violence in pris.docxcowinhelen
Running head: internal and external stakeholders: violence in prisons 1
internal and external stakeholders: violence in prisons 6Internal and External Stakeholders: Violence in Prisons
Paula King
Strayer University
CRJ 499 Criminal Justice Capstone
Dr. Tamara Mangum
July 31, 2017
Internal and External Stakeholders: Violence in Prisons
Violence in prisons is a major issue that needs addressing. It dates to ancient prisons where prisoners used to fight to gain recondition and command respect from other inmates. In most circumstances, the violence was instigated by groups of offenders who thought they were superior compared to others. Prisoners could gang up according to the type of chargers that and the duration of their sentences in prison. That was the main criteria for the gang selection. On the other hand, prisoners tended to gang up against the officers who could either result in massive injuries or even worse prisons escape.
Several factors instigate prison violence. Some of them are within the bars of the prison, and other have their impacts from the outside of prisons. Internal factors are mainly propelled by stakeholders who by far have the greatest influence in the prisons. That includes the prison wardens, high profile prisoners, prisoners of great importance or who are key witnesses to ascertain cases and finally, the management of the prisons also have a significant role to play. It is important to understand what transpires before and after an act of violence in prison.
In most circumstances, it’s hard to ascertain the cause of violence in prison when there is little or no organization at all. That boils down to the fact that some prisons are overcrowded and there is no clear demarcation of petty offenders from those high-profile criminals. That is the role of the prison management, and most at times, it is overlooked. Therefore, they create a negative influence towards reducing crime levels in prisons. Further, it is important to understand the logistics of imprisonment this is affected by the state laws and the prosecution authority. They have the mandate to ensure that prisons are entitled to perform different correctional duties to various types of prisoners.
On the other hand, the individuals and organizations that have an indirect impact on prison violence or indirectly affected by the violence are considered as the external stakeholders. For instance, the families and communities that are linked or close to the prisons along with the government are the ones who are externally affected by the violence since any violent act may negatively affect them whether psychologically, socially or financially (National Institute of Corrections, 2017). The other external stakeholders include the courts, prosecutors, police agencies, and inmate advocacy groups (Horgan, 2012). Admittedly, the internal and external stakeholders have influenced the situation in both positive and negative ways (Horgan, 2012). First, the prisoners as internal ...
This document discusses research on the effects of incarceration and rehabilitation programs on recidivism. It outlines how rehabilitation was originally the goal of prisons but the "Nothing Works" doctrine in the 1970s claimed rehabilitation programs were ineffective. Later research refuted this, finding cognitive behavioral therapies and skills training programs reduced recidivism. However, more research is needed on how prison subcultures and negative peer influences may undermine rehabilitation efforts, and on carefully assigning inmates to appropriate security levels to foster better treatment outcomes.
Running head: SUICIDE IN PRISONS 1
SUICIDE IN PRISONS 8
Jimetria Grice
Professor Maria Karabehou
Suicide in Prison
Colorado Technical University
Date: September 9, 2019
Suicide in Prisons
Introduction
The frequency of suicide in jails and prisons in the US has been on the rise and surprisingly nothing much seems to be done about it. In 2012 and 2013 the rate of suicide seems to have stabilized in prisons, however, in 2014, it went up by over 30%. As of the end of 2014, a total of 3,927 inmates had been confirmed to have committed suicide while incarcerated. Out of the 3,927, 3483 suicides were in state prisons and 444 were in federal prisons (Grinberg, 2017). The fact that it is convicted felons and suspected criminals who commit suicide seem not to cause an alarm or raise eyebrows. The fact that suicide accounts for 7% of all deaths in prisons ought to have the department of corrections look into the matter with the intention of reducing the rate at which people take away their lives if not stop it completely.
The prevalence of prison suicide
Earlier this year a financier by the name Jeffrey Epstein was found hanging from his cell. Jeff was on trial for sex trafficking. The suicide of Jeff led to the raising of questions as regards suicides in correctional facilities. Jeff’s suicide case shed light on the dire situation in prisons considering that he was in a federal correctional facility (Kim, 2019). To make matters worse, a month before his successful attempt, Jeff had been put on suicide watch after he was discovered to have marks that resemble an attempted suicide. Despite him being a high profile suspected criminal and despite him attempting to take his life earlier, it seems nothing was done to prevent him from committing suicide.
There are several cases like Jeff’s where people take their lives in prison for many unknown reasons. According to the last research carried out by the correctional department as regards suicide the findings were that jails had the highest number of successful suicides, State prisons came in second and federal prisons came in last. According to the research, suicide in jails was the number one cause of deaths in jail. As of the end of 2014, suicide-related deaths in local jails were 50 for every 100,000 inmates, suicide-related deaths in state prisons were 20 for every 100,000 inmates and suicide-related deaths in federal prisons were 15 for every 100,000 inmates (Fazel, Ramesh & Hawton, 2017).
Factors that contribute to prison suicide
There are several factors that have been identified to contribute to prison suicide however there are two common factors. One of the common factors is mental health. Out of the total number of inmates that committed suicide in 2014, 34% of them were identified t ...
250 WORDS EACH Q. 1. Correctional employees are responsible fo.docxvickeryr87
250 WORDS EACH
Q. 1. Correctional employees are responsible for the functionality of the jail or prison in which they are assigned to. They are divided into two sections the security and the program section. On the security side they are responsible for the movement of all inmates and the day to day lives of the inmates. “In this role, the security staff serves as a quasi-court system within the prison facility by hearing testimony related to the alleged violation, both from the inmate, as well as witnesses that might be correctional staff members or other inmates” (APUS). They are able to hand down punishments and infractions as they see and will offer disciplinary actions as needed. They are also responsible for the safety of the inmates as well. On the other side of the correctional role is the program role. They are responsible for rehab and re integrate these inmates back into society. They can pinpoint needs and make a plan to help them, this includes levels of security, what programs they can take and what will make them productive members of society. While these staff members encounter a variety of inmates and people they also have stress which adds to their daily life. They are in regular contact with inmates, some which can be violent and high risk inmates. They are held in the same conditions as the inmates and are subject to restricted access and sensitive information.
When people are held with those who are criminals in any capacity for long periods of time there is corruption that can happen in very different ways some minimal and some bigger. “The level of compensation for staff working in many correctional agencies is not very high. Add to that the fact that these individuals are interacting on a regular basis with criminals that are willing to pay for assistance with smuggling in prohibited items and the temptation for officer corruption becomes high” (APUS). While correctional officers should be held to a higher standard there are different levels of corruption that happens. Inmates knowing that lower wages are paid to staff members they are able to pay them money to do things such as smuggle goods into the prison, contraband such as cell phones, extra privileges within the prison like outside time, perhaps better jobs and extra perks for money. You will also see things where there is sexual relations amongst prisoners and staff members. Another would be prisoners who want to manipulate the guards by offering them money so they are able to injure other inmates, they are able to control things and get away with offences. Money seems to be the motivator to this, there is also the factor of possibly knowing one another which is why things like rings, tattoos and other personal identifiers are used in order to have the inmates not be able to blackmail officers or use that against them.
I think that training is the number one aid to the issue. Being able to identify as a supervisor if a guard is having too much contact wit.
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Bahea Nasser
My research is overall in the issue of the mass incarceration rate of people with serious mental illness. My research goes into detail about the factors and causes of this problem, re-offending, deinstitutionalization, other important information, and how people with serious mental illness in the criminal justice system receive inadequate treatment.
This document summarizes a presentation on mental illness among incarcerated individuals. It provides statistics showing high rates of mental illness among prison and jail populations. For example, approximately 60% of incarcerated individuals suffer from mental illness, around 5 times the general public rate. The document also discusses specific challenges in Louisville, such as overcrowding reducing resources for inmates. It then analyzes how five forms of oppression - marginalization, violence, exploitation, powerlessness and cultural imperialism - apply to incarcerated individuals with mental illness. Finally, it outlines the presentation's goals of identifying current mental health issues among inmates, recommending solutions, and strategies for social work curriculums to address this issue.
The document discusses current methods used to maintain custody and control of inmates in correctional facilities. It outlines several challenges to maintaining order, including inmate violence, gang activity, drug use, and overcrowding. Current methods to deter violence and ensure safety include improved staff screening and training, better classification of inmates, supermax facilities for problematic inmates, denying gang recognition, and making facilities more humane. However, more work still needs to be done to permanently address the underlying issues contributing to violence in prisons.
1. Discuss the prison subculture for inmates and correction.docxdurantheseldine
1. Discuss the prison subculture for inmates and
correctional officers.
2. Compare importation theory with exportation theory.
3. Identify different aspects of prison culture that explain
how offenders and officers view the world around them.
4. Discuss how professionalization and the diversification
of correctional staff have impacted the prison subculture.
5. Discuss the impact that prison gangs have had
on prisons, including the traditional prison subculture.
6. Identify the 13 gangs listed in this chapter as the
primary prison gangs in the United States.
7. Explain what prison systems do to control gang
problems that occur in their facilities.
10ch
ap
te
r
Prison
Subculture
and Prison
Gang
Influence
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
236 Introduction to Corrections
I will stand by my brother
My brother will come before all others
My life is forfeit should I fail my brother
I will honor my brother in peace as in war
Aryan Brotherhood Oath
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides students with a very unique aspect of the world of corrections. Students will learn that
within the institutional environment, there is a commonality of experiences that arise between those who are
involved; this is true for both inmates and staff. Indeed, many people may not be aware that, in fact, the mind
and the world of the inmate often affect the mind-set of security personnel who work with the inmate. In
essence, there is an exchange of beliefs and perspectives that often come together to produce a unique fusion
between the two groups. This exchange of beliefs creates a unique subculture that is the product of both
inmate norms being brought in from the outside and those taken from the prison to the outside community.
It is important for students to understand that prison staff are not immune to the effects of the
profound social learning that occurs, and, over time, as they become more enmeshed in the prison social
setting, they begin to internalize many of the beliefs and norms held by the prison subculture. While this
may seem to be counterproductive and/or even backward from what one might wish within the prison
environment, this is an inevitable process as prison staff find themselves interacting with the street men-
tality on a day-to-day basis. In actuality, this is a maturing of correctional workers as they begin to see a
world that is not necessarily black and white but instead has many shades of gray. Issues become more
complicated than being simple “good guy and bad guy” situations as correctional workers work with
offenders on a personal level. The nuances and differences between different offenders tend to complicate
what initially might seem like simple decisions.
Because correctional staff interact with these offenders on a daily basis, a sense of understanding
develops both among correctional staff and between staff and the inmate population. Inmates come to expect
certain reactions from correct.
This document summarizes a study that aims to determine whether rapists prefer younger or older victims. The study analyzes behavioral data from 100 men charged with sexual assault to identify common themes. It also examines perceptions of victim responsibility based on age. Younger subjects saw victims as more responsible, while older subjects attributed less responsibility. The study uses random assignment to compare how descriptions, photos and videos influence perceptions of scenarios varying victim resistance and assailant behavior. Proper ethics and security protocols would be followed to prevent harm to subjects.
This document summarizes a study that aims to determine whether rapists prefer younger or older victims. The study analyzes behavioral data from 100 men charged with sexual assault to identify common themes. It also examines perceptions of victim responsibility based on age. Younger subjects saw victims as more responsible, while older subjects attributed less responsibility. The study uses random assignment to compare how descriptions, photos and videos influence perceptions of scenarios varying victim resistance and assailant behavior. Proper ethics and security protocols would be followed to prevent harm to subjects.
This document summarizes a study that aims to determine whether rapists prefer younger or older victims. The study analyzes behavioral data from 100 men charged with sexual assault to identify themes. It also examines perceptions of victim responsibility based on age. Younger subjects saw victims as more responsible than older subjects. The methodology describes a randomized between-subjects design testing the effects of variables like victim demeanor and resistance through slides, stories and photographs. Procedures are described to protect subjects from harm during data collection.
This document summarizes a presentation on mental illness among incarcerated individuals. It finds that approximately 60% of prisoners suffer from mental illness, much higher than the general public. In Louisville, 25% of jailed individuals have a serious mental illness. The presentation examines how incarcerated individuals with mental illness experience oppression, including marginalization, exploitation, cultural imperialism, violence, and powerlessness. It proposes investigating rates of mental illness in prisons, current treatment programs, and identifying solutions to better address inmates' mental health needs and minimize social injustices they face.
My presentation is about the prison life for both officers and inmates. The Pro's and Con's to both lives! About Americas goal to create better people and a better America!
26 MAY JUNE 2015 AMERICANJailsManaging Aggressive I.docxvickeryr87
26 | MAY | JUNE 2015 AMERICANJails
Managing Aggressive Inmates
AMERICANJails MAY | JUNE 2015 | 27
One of the most commonly
asked questions in the world
of corrections is, “How can we
produce a noticeable reduction in
aggressive behavior among the
inmates in our facilities?”
The answer to this question
begins with the correctional staff.
The modern correctional profes-
sional is considerably different
from the media stereotype of the
brute whose primary responsi-
bility is controlling inmates and
preventing escapes. From that
antiquated perspective, a “prison
guard” has no skills of note and
even less compassion.Managing Aggressive Inmates
CarlTon payne
28 | MAY | JUNE 2015 AMERICANJails
The current and future correctional environment
requires officers with a strong educational background
and vigorous training. Therefore, psychological
approaches offer particular advantages in accomplishing
training goals focused on managing aggressive inmates.
This management can best be accomplished by expand-
ing the definition of aggression, understanding the
impact of staff attitudes, and determining how to acquire
staff buy-in.
In the past, aggression was defined as behavior that
results in personal injury and destruction of property.
It may take the form of psychological devaluation
and degradation as well as physical harm (Bandura &
Ribes-Inesta, 1976). However, according to psychological
research, physically aggressive behavior is also rooted
in an individual’s background, attitudes, and beliefs
(Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; McLeod, 2009). For example,
in 2013, county jails in California reported a significant
increase in violence (Lofstrom, Magnus, & Martin, 2013)
marked by a rise in the number of inmate fights and
assaults on staff members. Officials attributed this to
gang-influenced power struggles inside jails, a higher
number of felons being sentenced to county facilities,
and housing offenders who previously would have
gone to State prisons. By expanding the focus beyond
power and control to attitudes, background, and beliefs,
the correctional staff in those facilities would acquire
invaluable information that would enable them to make
better predictions, identify behaviors, and intervene
more effectively regardless of inmates’ custody status.
For example, a history of victimization or trauma is
often predictive of engagement in physically aggres-
sive behavior, whereas frail egos, low self-esteem, and
seclusion are factors that contribute to self-destructive
behaviors (Twenge, Catanese, & Baumeister, 2002).
Correctional officers who learn about the causes of
aggression also gain insight into the strategies required
to head off physically aggressive action. The ability to
recognize the behavioral motivations and situational
cues that lead to aggression is a major aid in making the
most effective interventions. Psychology-based training
helps identify a variety of beh.
This document provides details for submitting a dissertation for an MSc Criminology program. It includes a cover page with the student's name, ID number, dissertation title, word count, and contact information. It also includes a declaration of originality signed and dated by the student, and the dissertation's table of contents. The dissertation itself explores how female prison officers establish and negotiate boundaries between their personal and professional relationships with inmates, male colleagues, and their families.
Jessica Griffin recommends civilly committing John Q based on her review of his history and recent infractions in state prison. John Q has a long history of non-compliance with medication and treatment for his schizophrenia, which has led to repeated violent outbursts and assaults against staff and other inmates. Virginia law allows for the civil commitment of individuals who are deemed a danger to themselves or others as evidenced by recent behavior. Given John Q's pattern of violence stemming from non-compliance with his schizophrenia treatment, Griffin believes he meets the state criteria for civil commitment to protect both himself and the community upon his release from prison.
An analysis of socio economic impact of imprisonment in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic impacts of imprisonment in Nigeria. It finds that imprisonment is not economically viable for society and creates socio-economic hardships for offenders and their families. Maintaining prisoners costs billions annually for the Nigerian government. Imprisonment also disproportionately affects people from impoverished backgrounds and can perpetuate cycles of poverty, unemployment, and crime. Alternative approaches to imprisonment are suggested to address these issues.
2
Literature Review
Arlenn Campos
Department of forensic psychology
Northcentral University
PSY- 6510 V3 : Capstone in forensic psychology
Dr. John Mitchell
October 20, 2022
Introduction
The Efficacy of Psychological Treatments for Violent Offenders in Correctional.
A.
Who Are the Treatments for In a Correctional Facility?
In terms of its consequences on victims, the life quality for violators, and the financial impact it places on correctional facilities, the healthcare system, and society as a whole, violence is a serious global public health issue. According to research, a very small percentage of habitually aggressive people is liable for a disproportionately large number of violent episodes. These individuals are often jailed or, in the case of those with mental illness, confined in secure facilities for the goal of incapacitating and rehabilitating them. Up to 70% of prison inmates, hospitalized offenders, and felons under supervision in the community in affluent countries are violent offenders, as well as clinical psychologists are frequently depended upon to handle the rehabilitative requirements of those deemed at danger of future violence. In recent years, there has been a global explosion in the creation and execution of programs addressing offender behavior (Bartol & Bartol. 2019). These efforts are the result of comprehensive meta-analytic as well as primary research demonstrating that these programs may significantly lower a criminal's likelihood to commit more offenses. Widely referred to as the "what works" or risk-need-responsivity model to offender rehabilitation, the most effective programs conform to core, empirically proven service delivery criteria (Andrews & Bonta, 2010).
1.
Drug Addictions Definition
"A curable, chronic medical condition involving intricate interactions amongst neural pathways, genetics, the surroundings, and a person's life experiences," is how the American Society of Addiction Medicine describes addiction. Addicts abuse drugs or engage in activities that quickly become obsessive and, most of the time, continue doing so despite the fact that they are having negative effects on their lives. Many individuals, although not all, start taking drugs or participating in activities freely at some point in their lives. On the other hand, addiction has the potential to diminish one's capacity for self-control.
2.
Offenders’ Definition
The criminal justice system labels violent offenders among the most serious criminals because they have been apprehended, found guilty, and even incarcerated for felony crimes like robbery, aggravated battery, sexual violence and spousal abuse, rape, and even murder (Woody, 2019)). Offenders who committed violent crimes either possessed, owned, or utilized a firearm or other potentially lethal weapon, which resulted in the victim's death or significant physical damage. According to the findings of a study (Conis & Delisi, 201.
Mass Incarceration and the Prison Industri.docxendawalling
Mass Incarceration and the Prison Industrial Complex
Amber Edwards
Sco 102
Instructor: Craig Allen
5/3/2020
Mass Incarceration and the Prison Industrial Complex
The United States experienced stability in the rates of imprisonment from the year 1920 to early 1970s. However, that has changed over the past four decades considering that the rates of imprisonment have multiplied. Currently, the United Sates has over 2.2 million incarcerated adults which is by far the largest population globally. The rapid increase of incarceration in the US for the past four decades has prompted various critiques including the question as to why there is a large population of incarcerated citizens.
The aim of this paper is to argue on the ethical issues existing with the mass incarceration particularly the breaches that occur minus ethics. Also the paper will discuss the constitutes of ethical behaviour within the U.S system by using Utilitarianism, Ethical Egoism, Deontology which will shed light on the concerns of mass incarceration as well as the prison industrial complex.
Incarceration is among the most applicable strategies to handle social issues which act as an interference to the poor. Generally, the problems are joined together and defined as crime. The most targeted population in this case are people of color (Wagner & Sawyer, 2018). Some of the impacts of the increased rates of incarceration are homelessness, drug addiction, mental illnesses, unemployment and many more. Generally, prisons do not make the social issues or crimes go away rather, they make people disappear. The practice of making people disappear away from immigrants the poor as well as racially marginalized societies has currently become a business.
The increase in the rates of imprisonment is among the most systematic applied government social program in the contemporary world. However, issues such as criminalization, social profiling and mass imprisoning of people of color is the main challenge in the criminal justice system. Another ethical concern is making mass incarceration a source of income or rather a business. Prison privatization is also another ethical concern which is the capital’s contemporary movement in the prison industry. Generally, government run prisons are typically in gross violation particularly in international human rights standards making the private prisons less liable. Incarceration is nothing less than slavery considering that a large number if these inmates offer labor services to a country without a living wage, bargaining power of even labor protections. Generally, labor is the only thing the imprisoners can withhold.
The breaches of ethics in slavery, racial profiling and using incarceration for profiting purposes in the prison industry are too much. Among the ethical breach that is reflective is the health in the system. Both mental and physical health of the inmates is a primary concern considering that a large number of the inmates suffer.
This document discusses various approaches to addressing domestic violence, including theories of its underlying causes, intervention program structures, and community prevention strategies. Cognitive-behavioral therapy views violence as a learned behavior that can be unlearned through alternative cognitions. The Duluth Model promotes egalitarian relationships and offender accountability. Coordinated community response teams manage victim and offender cases while hosting prevention events. Specialized domestic violence courts and diversion programs aim to reduce recidivism and improve support for victims and offenders.
This document summarizes key aspects of discretion and dilemmas faced by correctional professionals such as officers and treatment staff. It discusses halfway houses and issues like drugs and abuse that can occur. It describes the discretion that officers have in charging infractions and outlines types of officers. Ethical issues for treatment staff, medical experiments on prisoners, and cases of misconduct by probation officers are also summarized.
Study of Road Patterns and Space Formation in Settlement Areas on the Edge of...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to find developments in road patterns from 2008 to 2024 and explain the
influence of road patterns on the formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar. This research uses a
quantitative descriptive approach and diachronic reading analysis techniques. This research uses overlapping
maps (superimpose), surveys, and interviews. The results of this research are to find factors that influence the
formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar, including the flat topographic conditions. Demographics
continue to increase in the population of the study location. The social culture at the study location is that the
residents who live on the edges of Lake Laut Tawar are residents who have family relationships. Distribution of
space designations that change function from agricultural land to residential land. Land values vary on the edges
of Lake Laut Tawar according to their zones.
KEYWORDS : Road Pattern, Lake Edge, Laut Tawar Lake
HAPIS AT KATANUNGAN, PANGUNGULILA NG MGA NAIWAN: SIPAT-SURI SA MAIKLING KUWEN...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang pagpapatiwakal o sariling pagtapos ng buhay ay isang malubhang dilema na madalas na
kinahaharap ng isang taong nakararanas ng malalim na hirap at kalungkutan. Ang isa sa mga dahilan ng
pagpapatiwakal ay ang pagtingin dito bilang isang paraan ng pagtakas mula sa mga suliranin at hamon ng buhay.
Ang pagsusuri sa maikling kuwentong "Bahay sa Dilim" ni Alfredo Enriquez ay isang uri ng kwalitatibong
pananaliksik na gumamit ng pagsusuring pangnilalaman upang maabot ang layunin nito na tukuyin at
maipaliwanag ang mga isyu ng dilema at desisyon sa pagpapatiwakal, pagmamahal sa pamilya, at pangungulila
at pagsisisi. Sa paggamit ng mga teoryang pampanitikan tulad ng eksistensyalismo at romantisismo bilang mga
gabay, ninais ng mga mananaliksik na magbigay-liwanag at solusyon sa mga isyu ng pagpapatiwakal. Ito ay
magiging patnubay sa pagpapalawak ng kaalaman tungkol sa mga suliranin at karanasan ng mga pamilyang
Pilipino, pati na rin sa mga laban na hinaharap ng isang tao na nakararanas ng isang dilema. Sa dulo, hinahamon
ng pag-aaral na ito na gamitin pa ang iba't ibang uri ng panitikan na mas naglalarawan ng tunay na karanasan at
realidad ng buhay.
KEYWORDS : pagpapatiwakal, dilema, kalungkutan, buhay, pangungulila
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Similar to Management of Hostile Behaviour of Prison Inmates with Psychoactive Substance History: The Role of Job Experience
Running head: SUICIDE IN PRISONS 1
SUICIDE IN PRISONS 8
Jimetria Grice
Professor Maria Karabehou
Suicide in Prison
Colorado Technical University
Date: September 9, 2019
Suicide in Prisons
Introduction
The frequency of suicide in jails and prisons in the US has been on the rise and surprisingly nothing much seems to be done about it. In 2012 and 2013 the rate of suicide seems to have stabilized in prisons, however, in 2014, it went up by over 30%. As of the end of 2014, a total of 3,927 inmates had been confirmed to have committed suicide while incarcerated. Out of the 3,927, 3483 suicides were in state prisons and 444 were in federal prisons (Grinberg, 2017). The fact that it is convicted felons and suspected criminals who commit suicide seem not to cause an alarm or raise eyebrows. The fact that suicide accounts for 7% of all deaths in prisons ought to have the department of corrections look into the matter with the intention of reducing the rate at which people take away their lives if not stop it completely.
The prevalence of prison suicide
Earlier this year a financier by the name Jeffrey Epstein was found hanging from his cell. Jeff was on trial for sex trafficking. The suicide of Jeff led to the raising of questions as regards suicides in correctional facilities. Jeff’s suicide case shed light on the dire situation in prisons considering that he was in a federal correctional facility (Kim, 2019). To make matters worse, a month before his successful attempt, Jeff had been put on suicide watch after he was discovered to have marks that resemble an attempted suicide. Despite him being a high profile suspected criminal and despite him attempting to take his life earlier, it seems nothing was done to prevent him from committing suicide.
There are several cases like Jeff’s where people take their lives in prison for many unknown reasons. According to the last research carried out by the correctional department as regards suicide the findings were that jails had the highest number of successful suicides, State prisons came in second and federal prisons came in last. According to the research, suicide in jails was the number one cause of deaths in jail. As of the end of 2014, suicide-related deaths in local jails were 50 for every 100,000 inmates, suicide-related deaths in state prisons were 20 for every 100,000 inmates and suicide-related deaths in federal prisons were 15 for every 100,000 inmates (Fazel, Ramesh & Hawton, 2017).
Factors that contribute to prison suicide
There are several factors that have been identified to contribute to prison suicide however there are two common factors. One of the common factors is mental health. Out of the total number of inmates that committed suicide in 2014, 34% of them were identified t ...
250 WORDS EACH Q. 1. Correctional employees are responsible fo.docxvickeryr87
250 WORDS EACH
Q. 1. Correctional employees are responsible for the functionality of the jail or prison in which they are assigned to. They are divided into two sections the security and the program section. On the security side they are responsible for the movement of all inmates and the day to day lives of the inmates. “In this role, the security staff serves as a quasi-court system within the prison facility by hearing testimony related to the alleged violation, both from the inmate, as well as witnesses that might be correctional staff members or other inmates” (APUS). They are able to hand down punishments and infractions as they see and will offer disciplinary actions as needed. They are also responsible for the safety of the inmates as well. On the other side of the correctional role is the program role. They are responsible for rehab and re integrate these inmates back into society. They can pinpoint needs and make a plan to help them, this includes levels of security, what programs they can take and what will make them productive members of society. While these staff members encounter a variety of inmates and people they also have stress which adds to their daily life. They are in regular contact with inmates, some which can be violent and high risk inmates. They are held in the same conditions as the inmates and are subject to restricted access and sensitive information.
When people are held with those who are criminals in any capacity for long periods of time there is corruption that can happen in very different ways some minimal and some bigger. “The level of compensation for staff working in many correctional agencies is not very high. Add to that the fact that these individuals are interacting on a regular basis with criminals that are willing to pay for assistance with smuggling in prohibited items and the temptation for officer corruption becomes high” (APUS). While correctional officers should be held to a higher standard there are different levels of corruption that happens. Inmates knowing that lower wages are paid to staff members they are able to pay them money to do things such as smuggle goods into the prison, contraband such as cell phones, extra privileges within the prison like outside time, perhaps better jobs and extra perks for money. You will also see things where there is sexual relations amongst prisoners and staff members. Another would be prisoners who want to manipulate the guards by offering them money so they are able to injure other inmates, they are able to control things and get away with offences. Money seems to be the motivator to this, there is also the factor of possibly knowing one another which is why things like rings, tattoos and other personal identifiers are used in order to have the inmates not be able to blackmail officers or use that against them.
I think that training is the number one aid to the issue. Being able to identify as a supervisor if a guard is having too much contact wit.
2022 Undergraduate Research Symposium: Bahea Nasser
My research is overall in the issue of the mass incarceration rate of people with serious mental illness. My research goes into detail about the factors and causes of this problem, re-offending, deinstitutionalization, other important information, and how people with serious mental illness in the criminal justice system receive inadequate treatment.
This document summarizes a presentation on mental illness among incarcerated individuals. It provides statistics showing high rates of mental illness among prison and jail populations. For example, approximately 60% of incarcerated individuals suffer from mental illness, around 5 times the general public rate. The document also discusses specific challenges in Louisville, such as overcrowding reducing resources for inmates. It then analyzes how five forms of oppression - marginalization, violence, exploitation, powerlessness and cultural imperialism - apply to incarcerated individuals with mental illness. Finally, it outlines the presentation's goals of identifying current mental health issues among inmates, recommending solutions, and strategies for social work curriculums to address this issue.
The document discusses current methods used to maintain custody and control of inmates in correctional facilities. It outlines several challenges to maintaining order, including inmate violence, gang activity, drug use, and overcrowding. Current methods to deter violence and ensure safety include improved staff screening and training, better classification of inmates, supermax facilities for problematic inmates, denying gang recognition, and making facilities more humane. However, more work still needs to be done to permanently address the underlying issues contributing to violence in prisons.
1. Discuss the prison subculture for inmates and correction.docxdurantheseldine
1. Discuss the prison subculture for inmates and
correctional officers.
2. Compare importation theory with exportation theory.
3. Identify different aspects of prison culture that explain
how offenders and officers view the world around them.
4. Discuss how professionalization and the diversification
of correctional staff have impacted the prison subculture.
5. Discuss the impact that prison gangs have had
on prisons, including the traditional prison subculture.
6. Identify the 13 gangs listed in this chapter as the
primary prison gangs in the United States.
7. Explain what prison systems do to control gang
problems that occur in their facilities.
10ch
ap
te
r
Prison
Subculture
and Prison
Gang
Influence
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
236 Introduction to Corrections
I will stand by my brother
My brother will come before all others
My life is forfeit should I fail my brother
I will honor my brother in peace as in war
Aryan Brotherhood Oath
INTRODUCTION
This chapter provides students with a very unique aspect of the world of corrections. Students will learn that
within the institutional environment, there is a commonality of experiences that arise between those who are
involved; this is true for both inmates and staff. Indeed, many people may not be aware that, in fact, the mind
and the world of the inmate often affect the mind-set of security personnel who work with the inmate. In
essence, there is an exchange of beliefs and perspectives that often come together to produce a unique fusion
between the two groups. This exchange of beliefs creates a unique subculture that is the product of both
inmate norms being brought in from the outside and those taken from the prison to the outside community.
It is important for students to understand that prison staff are not immune to the effects of the
profound social learning that occurs, and, over time, as they become more enmeshed in the prison social
setting, they begin to internalize many of the beliefs and norms held by the prison subculture. While this
may seem to be counterproductive and/or even backward from what one might wish within the prison
environment, this is an inevitable process as prison staff find themselves interacting with the street men-
tality on a day-to-day basis. In actuality, this is a maturing of correctional workers as they begin to see a
world that is not necessarily black and white but instead has many shades of gray. Issues become more
complicated than being simple “good guy and bad guy” situations as correctional workers work with
offenders on a personal level. The nuances and differences between different offenders tend to complicate
what initially might seem like simple decisions.
Because correctional staff interact with these offenders on a daily basis, a sense of understanding
develops both among correctional staff and between staff and the inmate population. Inmates come to expect
certain reactions from correct.
This document summarizes a study that aims to determine whether rapists prefer younger or older victims. The study analyzes behavioral data from 100 men charged with sexual assault to identify common themes. It also examines perceptions of victim responsibility based on age. Younger subjects saw victims as more responsible, while older subjects attributed less responsibility. The study uses random assignment to compare how descriptions, photos and videos influence perceptions of scenarios varying victim resistance and assailant behavior. Proper ethics and security protocols would be followed to prevent harm to subjects.
This document summarizes a study that aims to determine whether rapists prefer younger or older victims. The study analyzes behavioral data from 100 men charged with sexual assault to identify common themes. It also examines perceptions of victim responsibility based on age. Younger subjects saw victims as more responsible, while older subjects attributed less responsibility. The study uses random assignment to compare how descriptions, photos and videos influence perceptions of scenarios varying victim resistance and assailant behavior. Proper ethics and security protocols would be followed to prevent harm to subjects.
This document summarizes a study that aims to determine whether rapists prefer younger or older victims. The study analyzes behavioral data from 100 men charged with sexual assault to identify themes. It also examines perceptions of victim responsibility based on age. Younger subjects saw victims as more responsible than older subjects. The methodology describes a randomized between-subjects design testing the effects of variables like victim demeanor and resistance through slides, stories and photographs. Procedures are described to protect subjects from harm during data collection.
This document summarizes a presentation on mental illness among incarcerated individuals. It finds that approximately 60% of prisoners suffer from mental illness, much higher than the general public. In Louisville, 25% of jailed individuals have a serious mental illness. The presentation examines how incarcerated individuals with mental illness experience oppression, including marginalization, exploitation, cultural imperialism, violence, and powerlessness. It proposes investigating rates of mental illness in prisons, current treatment programs, and identifying solutions to better address inmates' mental health needs and minimize social injustices they face.
My presentation is about the prison life for both officers and inmates. The Pro's and Con's to both lives! About Americas goal to create better people and a better America!
26 MAY JUNE 2015 AMERICANJailsManaging Aggressive I.docxvickeryr87
26 | MAY | JUNE 2015 AMERICANJails
Managing Aggressive Inmates
AMERICANJails MAY | JUNE 2015 | 27
One of the most commonly
asked questions in the world
of corrections is, “How can we
produce a noticeable reduction in
aggressive behavior among the
inmates in our facilities?”
The answer to this question
begins with the correctional staff.
The modern correctional profes-
sional is considerably different
from the media stereotype of the
brute whose primary responsi-
bility is controlling inmates and
preventing escapes. From that
antiquated perspective, a “prison
guard” has no skills of note and
even less compassion.Managing Aggressive Inmates
CarlTon payne
28 | MAY | JUNE 2015 AMERICANJails
The current and future correctional environment
requires officers with a strong educational background
and vigorous training. Therefore, psychological
approaches offer particular advantages in accomplishing
training goals focused on managing aggressive inmates.
This management can best be accomplished by expand-
ing the definition of aggression, understanding the
impact of staff attitudes, and determining how to acquire
staff buy-in.
In the past, aggression was defined as behavior that
results in personal injury and destruction of property.
It may take the form of psychological devaluation
and degradation as well as physical harm (Bandura &
Ribes-Inesta, 1976). However, according to psychological
research, physically aggressive behavior is also rooted
in an individual’s background, attitudes, and beliefs
(Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975; McLeod, 2009). For example,
in 2013, county jails in California reported a significant
increase in violence (Lofstrom, Magnus, & Martin, 2013)
marked by a rise in the number of inmate fights and
assaults on staff members. Officials attributed this to
gang-influenced power struggles inside jails, a higher
number of felons being sentenced to county facilities,
and housing offenders who previously would have
gone to State prisons. By expanding the focus beyond
power and control to attitudes, background, and beliefs,
the correctional staff in those facilities would acquire
invaluable information that would enable them to make
better predictions, identify behaviors, and intervene
more effectively regardless of inmates’ custody status.
For example, a history of victimization or trauma is
often predictive of engagement in physically aggres-
sive behavior, whereas frail egos, low self-esteem, and
seclusion are factors that contribute to self-destructive
behaviors (Twenge, Catanese, & Baumeister, 2002).
Correctional officers who learn about the causes of
aggression also gain insight into the strategies required
to head off physically aggressive action. The ability to
recognize the behavioral motivations and situational
cues that lead to aggression is a major aid in making the
most effective interventions. Psychology-based training
helps identify a variety of beh.
This document provides details for submitting a dissertation for an MSc Criminology program. It includes a cover page with the student's name, ID number, dissertation title, word count, and contact information. It also includes a declaration of originality signed and dated by the student, and the dissertation's table of contents. The dissertation itself explores how female prison officers establish and negotiate boundaries between their personal and professional relationships with inmates, male colleagues, and their families.
Jessica Griffin recommends civilly committing John Q based on her review of his history and recent infractions in state prison. John Q has a long history of non-compliance with medication and treatment for his schizophrenia, which has led to repeated violent outbursts and assaults against staff and other inmates. Virginia law allows for the civil commitment of individuals who are deemed a danger to themselves or others as evidenced by recent behavior. Given John Q's pattern of violence stemming from non-compliance with his schizophrenia treatment, Griffin believes he meets the state criteria for civil commitment to protect both himself and the community upon his release from prison.
An analysis of socio economic impact of imprisonment in nigeriaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the socio-economic impacts of imprisonment in Nigeria. It finds that imprisonment is not economically viable for society and creates socio-economic hardships for offenders and their families. Maintaining prisoners costs billions annually for the Nigerian government. Imprisonment also disproportionately affects people from impoverished backgrounds and can perpetuate cycles of poverty, unemployment, and crime. Alternative approaches to imprisonment are suggested to address these issues.
2
Literature Review
Arlenn Campos
Department of forensic psychology
Northcentral University
PSY- 6510 V3 : Capstone in forensic psychology
Dr. John Mitchell
October 20, 2022
Introduction
The Efficacy of Psychological Treatments for Violent Offenders in Correctional.
A.
Who Are the Treatments for In a Correctional Facility?
In terms of its consequences on victims, the life quality for violators, and the financial impact it places on correctional facilities, the healthcare system, and society as a whole, violence is a serious global public health issue. According to research, a very small percentage of habitually aggressive people is liable for a disproportionately large number of violent episodes. These individuals are often jailed or, in the case of those with mental illness, confined in secure facilities for the goal of incapacitating and rehabilitating them. Up to 70% of prison inmates, hospitalized offenders, and felons under supervision in the community in affluent countries are violent offenders, as well as clinical psychologists are frequently depended upon to handle the rehabilitative requirements of those deemed at danger of future violence. In recent years, there has been a global explosion in the creation and execution of programs addressing offender behavior (Bartol & Bartol. 2019). These efforts are the result of comprehensive meta-analytic as well as primary research demonstrating that these programs may significantly lower a criminal's likelihood to commit more offenses. Widely referred to as the "what works" or risk-need-responsivity model to offender rehabilitation, the most effective programs conform to core, empirically proven service delivery criteria (Andrews & Bonta, 2010).
1.
Drug Addictions Definition
"A curable, chronic medical condition involving intricate interactions amongst neural pathways, genetics, the surroundings, and a person's life experiences," is how the American Society of Addiction Medicine describes addiction. Addicts abuse drugs or engage in activities that quickly become obsessive and, most of the time, continue doing so despite the fact that they are having negative effects on their lives. Many individuals, although not all, start taking drugs or participating in activities freely at some point in their lives. On the other hand, addiction has the potential to diminish one's capacity for self-control.
2.
Offenders’ Definition
The criminal justice system labels violent offenders among the most serious criminals because they have been apprehended, found guilty, and even incarcerated for felony crimes like robbery, aggravated battery, sexual violence and spousal abuse, rape, and even murder (Woody, 2019)). Offenders who committed violent crimes either possessed, owned, or utilized a firearm or other potentially lethal weapon, which resulted in the victim's death or significant physical damage. According to the findings of a study (Conis & Delisi, 201.
Mass Incarceration and the Prison Industri.docxendawalling
Mass Incarceration and the Prison Industrial Complex
Amber Edwards
Sco 102
Instructor: Craig Allen
5/3/2020
Mass Incarceration and the Prison Industrial Complex
The United States experienced stability in the rates of imprisonment from the year 1920 to early 1970s. However, that has changed over the past four decades considering that the rates of imprisonment have multiplied. Currently, the United Sates has over 2.2 million incarcerated adults which is by far the largest population globally. The rapid increase of incarceration in the US for the past four decades has prompted various critiques including the question as to why there is a large population of incarcerated citizens.
The aim of this paper is to argue on the ethical issues existing with the mass incarceration particularly the breaches that occur minus ethics. Also the paper will discuss the constitutes of ethical behaviour within the U.S system by using Utilitarianism, Ethical Egoism, Deontology which will shed light on the concerns of mass incarceration as well as the prison industrial complex.
Incarceration is among the most applicable strategies to handle social issues which act as an interference to the poor. Generally, the problems are joined together and defined as crime. The most targeted population in this case are people of color (Wagner & Sawyer, 2018). Some of the impacts of the increased rates of incarceration are homelessness, drug addiction, mental illnesses, unemployment and many more. Generally, prisons do not make the social issues or crimes go away rather, they make people disappear. The practice of making people disappear away from immigrants the poor as well as racially marginalized societies has currently become a business.
The increase in the rates of imprisonment is among the most systematic applied government social program in the contemporary world. However, issues such as criminalization, social profiling and mass imprisoning of people of color is the main challenge in the criminal justice system. Another ethical concern is making mass incarceration a source of income or rather a business. Prison privatization is also another ethical concern which is the capital’s contemporary movement in the prison industry. Generally, government run prisons are typically in gross violation particularly in international human rights standards making the private prisons less liable. Incarceration is nothing less than slavery considering that a large number if these inmates offer labor services to a country without a living wage, bargaining power of even labor protections. Generally, labor is the only thing the imprisoners can withhold.
The breaches of ethics in slavery, racial profiling and using incarceration for profiting purposes in the prison industry are too much. Among the ethical breach that is reflective is the health in the system. Both mental and physical health of the inmates is a primary concern considering that a large number of the inmates suffer.
This document discusses various approaches to addressing domestic violence, including theories of its underlying causes, intervention program structures, and community prevention strategies. Cognitive-behavioral therapy views violence as a learned behavior that can be unlearned through alternative cognitions. The Duluth Model promotes egalitarian relationships and offender accountability. Coordinated community response teams manage victim and offender cases while hosting prevention events. Specialized domestic violence courts and diversion programs aim to reduce recidivism and improve support for victims and offenders.
This document summarizes key aspects of discretion and dilemmas faced by correctional professionals such as officers and treatment staff. It discusses halfway houses and issues like drugs and abuse that can occur. It describes the discretion that officers have in charging infractions and outlines types of officers. Ethical issues for treatment staff, medical experiments on prisoners, and cases of misconduct by probation officers are also summarized.
Similar to Management of Hostile Behaviour of Prison Inmates with Psychoactive Substance History: The Role of Job Experience (20)
Study of Road Patterns and Space Formation in Settlement Areas on the Edge of...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to find developments in road patterns from 2008 to 2024 and explain the
influence of road patterns on the formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar. This research uses a
quantitative descriptive approach and diachronic reading analysis techniques. This research uses overlapping
maps (superimpose), surveys, and interviews. The results of this research are to find factors that influence the
formation of settlements on the edge of Lake Laut Tawar, including the flat topographic conditions. Demographics
continue to increase in the population of the study location. The social culture at the study location is that the
residents who live on the edges of Lake Laut Tawar are residents who have family relationships. Distribution of
space designations that change function from agricultural land to residential land. Land values vary on the edges
of Lake Laut Tawar according to their zones.
KEYWORDS : Road Pattern, Lake Edge, Laut Tawar Lake
HAPIS AT KATANUNGAN, PANGUNGULILA NG MGA NAIWAN: SIPAT-SURI SA MAIKLING KUWEN...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang pagpapatiwakal o sariling pagtapos ng buhay ay isang malubhang dilema na madalas na
kinahaharap ng isang taong nakararanas ng malalim na hirap at kalungkutan. Ang isa sa mga dahilan ng
pagpapatiwakal ay ang pagtingin dito bilang isang paraan ng pagtakas mula sa mga suliranin at hamon ng buhay.
Ang pagsusuri sa maikling kuwentong "Bahay sa Dilim" ni Alfredo Enriquez ay isang uri ng kwalitatibong
pananaliksik na gumamit ng pagsusuring pangnilalaman upang maabot ang layunin nito na tukuyin at
maipaliwanag ang mga isyu ng dilema at desisyon sa pagpapatiwakal, pagmamahal sa pamilya, at pangungulila
at pagsisisi. Sa paggamit ng mga teoryang pampanitikan tulad ng eksistensyalismo at romantisismo bilang mga
gabay, ninais ng mga mananaliksik na magbigay-liwanag at solusyon sa mga isyu ng pagpapatiwakal. Ito ay
magiging patnubay sa pagpapalawak ng kaalaman tungkol sa mga suliranin at karanasan ng mga pamilyang
Pilipino, pati na rin sa mga laban na hinaharap ng isang tao na nakararanas ng isang dilema. Sa dulo, hinahamon
ng pag-aaral na ito na gamitin pa ang iba't ibang uri ng panitikan na mas naglalarawan ng tunay na karanasan at
realidad ng buhay.
KEYWORDS : pagpapatiwakal, dilema, kalungkutan, buhay, pangungulila
Risk Tolerance as A Moderation of Financial Literacy and Lifestyle on Old Age...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:Old age financial planning must consider various factors, such as retirement age, estimated
monthly expenses in retirement, life expectancy, current and projected income until retirement which determines
the ability to save, assets and investments already owned, and the impact of inflation on future purchasing
power. Future, as well as the level of investment return. This research is causal associative research, this
research uses a quantitative approach. The population used in this research were employees within the Rectorate
of the University of Mataram, 67 Civil Servants. The saturated sampling method or total sampling is a sampling
technique in which all members of the population are used as samples. In this questionnaire, respondents'
answers were measured using a 6-point Likert scale: with ratings of 1 (strongly disagree), 2 (disagree), 3
(somewhat disagree), 4 (somewhat agree), 5 (agree), 6 (strongly agree). The Partial Least Square-Structural
Equation Model (PLS-SEM) with smart PLS 3.0 software was used to analyze the research data. The study's
findings indicate that financial literacy is found to have a positive and significant impact on old-age financial
planning among Rectorate employees at the University of Mataram. This indicates that as financial literacy
levels increase, so do activities relate to planning for retirement. Conversely, lifestyle does not exhibit a
significant influence on old-age financial planning for these employees. Furthermore, the interaction between
financial literacy and risk tolerance weakens the effect of financial literacy on retirement financial planning,
implying that higher risk tolerance diminishes the impact of financial literacy on planning for retirement.
However, risk tolerance does not moderate the influence of lifestyle on old-age financial planning, indicating
that the interaction between lifestyle and risk tolerance does not significantly affect retirement financial
planning for Rectorate employees at Mataram University.
KEYWORDS :Risk Tolerance, Financial Literacy, Lifestyle, Old Age Financial Planning
THE INFLUENCE OF APPLICATION FEATURES AND SECURITY THROUGH TRUST ON BRImo CUS...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : This research objective is to determine the influence of application features and security
through trust on BRImo customer loyalty in Banyuwangi. This research used the Explanatory Research type.
The population used in this research is all customers who use the BRImo application as of the end of December
2022 at the BRI Banyuwangi office, totaling 89,333 customers. The sampling technique in this research used a
multistage random sampling technique (multi stage sampling). In this study, the criteria used were customers
who happened to use the BRImo application and were financially registered, totaling 100 respondents. The data
analysis method used Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the SmaprtPLS application. The research
results showed that Application Features influence BRIMo Trust in Banyuwangi Regency. Security influenced
BRIMo's trust in Banyuwangi Regency. Application features influenced BRIMo customer loyalty in
Banyuwangi Regency. Security influenced BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust influenced
BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust mediated the influence of Application Features on
BRIMo Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency. Trust mediated the influence of Security on BRIMo
Customer Loyalty in Banyuwangi Regency.
KEYWORDS : Application feature, security, trust, loyalty
On Storytelling & Magic Realism in Rushdie’s Midnight’s Children, Shame, and ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Salman Rushdie’s novels are humorous books about serious times. His cosmopolitanism and
hybrid identity allowed him access to multiple cultures, religions, languages, dialects, and various modes of
writing. His style is often classified as magic realism, blending the imaginary with the real. He draws
inspiration from both English literature and Indian classical sources. Throughout his works, there is a lineage of
‘bastards of history’, a carnival of shameful characters scrolling all along his works. Rushdie intertwines fiction
with reality, incorporating intertextual references to Western literature in his texts, and frequently employing
mythology to explore history. This paper focuses on Rushdie’s three novels: Midnight’s Children, Shame, and
Haroun and the Sea of Stories, analyzing his postmodern storytelling techniques that aim to explore human
vices and follies while offering socio-political criticism.
KEYWORDS : Magic Realism, Rushdie, Satire, Storytelling, Transfictional Identities
CYBER SECURITY ENHANCEMENT IN NIGERIA. A CASE STUDY OF SIX STATES IN THE NORT...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Security plays an important role in human life and endeavors. Securing information and
disseminating are critical challenges in the present day. This study aimed at identifying innovative technologies
that aid cybercrimes and can constitute threats to cybersecurity in North Central (Middle Belt) Nigeria covering
its six States and the FCT Abuja. A survey research design was adopted. The researchers employed the use of
Google form in administering the structured questionnaire. The instruments were faced validated by one expert
each from ICT and security. Cronbach Alpha reliability Coefficient was employed and achieved 0.83 level of
coefficient. The population of the study was 200, comprising 100 undergraduate students from computer science
and Computer/Robotics Education, 80 ICT instructors, technologists and lecturers in the University and
Technical Colleges in the Middle Belt Nigeria using innovative technologies for their daily jobs and 20 officers
of the crime agency such as: Independent Corrupt Practices Commission (ICPC) andEconomic and Financial
Crimes Commission (EFCC). Three research purposes and questions as well as the hypothesis guided the study
on Five (5) point Likert scale. Data collected were analyzed using mean and standard deviation for the three
research questions while three hypotheses were tested using t-test at 0.05 level of significance. Major findings
revealed that serious steps are needed to better secure the cybers against cybercrimes. Motivation, types, threats
and strategies for the prevention of cybercrimes were identified. The study recommends that government,
organizations and individuals should place emphasis on moral development, regular training of its employees,
regular update of software, use strong password, back up data and information, produce strong cybersecurity
policy, install antivirus soft and security surveillance (CCTV) in offices in order to safeguard its employees and
properties from being hacked and vandalized.
KEYWORDS: Cybersecurity, cybercrime, cyberattack, cybercriminal, computer virus, Virtual Private Networks
(VPN).
TACKLING ILLEGAL LOGGING: PROBLEMS AND CHALLENGESAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Illegal logging poses significant environmental, economic, and social challenges worldwide. This
research explores the problems associated with illegal logging in the present and future, shedding light on the
multifaceted nature of this issue and the accompanying challenges faced by governments, organizations, and
communities. The study employs a comprehensive literature review to analyze the current state of illegal
logging, its causes, and its consequences. It examines the environmental impact of deforestation, including
biodiversity loss, habitat degradation, and climate change. The researchers identify the challenges faced in
combating illegal logging in the present and anticipate future obstacles. It considers illegal logging networks'
complex and elusive nature, the limited enforcement capacity, and the need for international cooperation and
coordination. The study also examines the adoption and effectiveness of policies, regulations, and technological
advancements in curbing illegal logging practices in Davao City.
Keywords -Problems and Challenges, Cultural Disruptions, Anticipate future problems.
Towards Developing Students’ Soft Skills: The Case of ENSAM StudentsAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Building students’ soft skills has started to gain ground within the realm of higher education in
Morocco. However, the development of these skills requires a real-life context which simplifies their learning.
In this regard, the present study is mainly conducted to investigate the effect of the out-group collaborative
learning method on the development of students’ soft skills. Data for the study comes from 20 semester two
students at “Ecole Nationale Superieure d'Arts et Metiers” (ENSAM), Moulay Ismail University, Meknes, by
implementing a one-group pretest-posttest research design. The qualitative and quantitative findings confirm
that there is a statistically significant difference between the pretest and posttest results. Therefore, the adopted
treatment, the out-group collaborative learning method, has improved students’ communication, adaptability and
presentation delivery skills. The findings of this study can be useful for future studies and give language
teachers insights into the importance of using the out-group collaborative learning method in their teaching of
the soft skills.
KEYWORDS : collaborative learning, soft-skills, out-group collaborative learning method
STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY OF HUZHOU TOURISMAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Huzhou has rich tourism resources, as early as a considerable development since the reform and
opening up, especially in recent years, Huzhou tourism has ushered in a new period of development
opportunities. At present, Huzhou tourism has become one of the most characteristic tourist cities on the East
China tourism line. With the development of Huzhou City, the tourism industry has been further improved, and
the tourism degree of the whole city has further increased the transformation and upgrading of the tourism
industry. However, the development of tourism in Huzhou City still lags far behind the tourism development of
major cities in East China. This round of research mainly analyzes the current development of tourism in
Huzhou City, on the basis of analyzing the specific situation, pointed out that the current development of
Huzhou tourism problems, and then analyzes these problems one by one, and put forward some specific
solutions, so as to promote the further rapid development of tourism in Huzhou City.
KEYWORDS:Huzhou; Travel; Development
Enhancing Losari Beach Exploration: Augmented Reality for Immersive Visualiza...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: South Sulawesi, commonly known as Makassar, boasts rich cultural heritage and customs,
making it a prominent destination for tourism. Among its attractions, Losari beach stands out as a focal point for
visitors seeking to explore the city's natural beauty and cultural offerings. In this context, leveraging modern
technology such as augmented reality presents an innovative approach to showcasing Losari beach to potential
tourists. This research endeavors to introduce tourism assets in a more visually captivating manner through the
use of augmented reality. Utilizing software tools like Unity and Adobe Illustrator, the study focuses on creating
an immersive experience where tourists can interact with virtual representations of Losari beach. By simply
pointing their mobile phone cameras at designated markers or using barcode scanners, tourists can access
augmented reality features embedded within the application. The findings of this research aim to provide
valuable information, particularly for foreign tourists, about Losari beach, positioning it as a compelling
destination within South Sulawesi's diverse array of tourist attractions. Through this technological innovation,
the study seeks to enhance the visibility and appeal of Makassar city's tourism offerings on a global scale.
KEYWORDS: Visualizing, Losari Beach, Augmented Reality
DEVELOPMENT STATUS AND COUNTERMEASURES OF TMALL DURING THE COVID-19 EPIDEMICAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:China's e-commerce enterprises have developed rapidly, among which Tmall has become one of
the largest retail shopping websites in China.But in the past year, the Covid-19 epidemic has brought a huge
impact to Chinese e-commerce enterprises, and Tmall is no exception.Therefore, the development status of
Tmall in the new crown epidemic situation was analyzed, and the viewpoint was put forward :Tmall1 stabilized
the situation in the face of the epidemic situation and made a very correct countermeasures.The influence of this
epidemic on Tmall was deeply analyzed, and the conclusion was made: the new crown epidemic is both a
challenge and an opportunity forTmall.
KEYWORDS:Tmall; COVID - 19 outbreak ; The electronic commerce
Factors affecting undergraduate students’ motivation at a university in Tra VinhAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Motivation plays an important role in foreign language learning process. This study aimed to
investigate student’s motivation patterns towards English language learning at a University in Tra Vinh, and factors
affecting their motivation change toward English language learning of non-English-major students in the semester.
The researcher used semi-structured interview at the first phase of choosing the participants and writing reflection
through the instrument called “My English Learning Motivation History” adapted from Sawyer (2007) to collect
qualitative data within 15 weeks. The participants consisted of nine first year non-English-major students who learning
General English at pre-intermediate level. They were chosen and divided into three groups of three members each
(high motivation group; average motivation group; and low motivation group). The results of the present study
identified six visual motivation patterns of three groups of students with different motivation fluctuation, through the
use of cluster analysis. The study also indicated a diversity of factors affecting students’ motivation involving internal
factors as influencing factors (cognitive, psychology, and emotion) and external factors as social factors (instructor,
peers, family, and learning environment) during English language learning in a period of 15 weeks. The findings of
the study helped teacher understand relationship of motivation change and its influential factors. Furthermore, the
findings also inspired next research about motivation development in learning English process.
KEY WORDS: language learning motivation, motivation change, motivation patterns, influential factors, students’
motivation.
The Impact of Work Stress and Digital Literacy on Employee Performance at PT ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :This research aims to analyze the correlation between employee work stress and digital literacy
with employee performance at PT Telkom Akses Area Cirebon, both concurrently and partially. Employing a
quantitative approach, the study's objectives are descriptive and causal, adopting a positivist paradigm with a
deductive approach to theory development and a survey research strategy. Findings reveal that work stress
negatively and significantly impacts employee performance, while digital literacy positively and significantly
affects it. Simultaneously, work stress and digital literacy have a positive and significant influence on employee
performance. It is anticipated that company management will devise workload management strategies to
alleviate work stress and assess the implementation of more efficient digital technology to enhance employee
performance.
KEYWORDS -digital literacy, employee performance,job stress, multiple regression analysis, workload
management
The Settlement of Construction Disputes Through Dispute Councils From the Per...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT:This research differs from the practice of business activity in the construction services industry,
which may lead to construction disputes. The settlement of construction disputes is a consensus based on the
basic principle of debate. If the discussions between the parties do not reach an agreement, the parties may take
measures to resolve the dispute through the dispute council. Because the standard governing the disputes
committee was not fully regulated, they did not comply with the principle of legal certainty. Therefore, further
research was needed to establish a theoretical basis for regulating the disputes committee in settling construction
disputes. This research is a standard legal research using a legal regulatory, conceptual, and comparative
approach. The research results show that the ideal concept of resolving construction disputes through a dispute
council based on the value of legal certainty is to establish that the position of the dispute council is a special
court that has the authority to resolve construction disputes under construction services agreements. To realize
the position of the Court of Disputation as a special court, it must be based on the creation of philosophical
values, the creationof legislative regulations, and the creation of the institutional structure of the Court of
Disputation.
KEYWORDS-Construction Disputes, Dispute Council, Special Court
VALUES OF ORAL LITERATURE IN THE SOCIETY: A STUDY OF FOLKTALES OFOGBA IN RIVE...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT : Oral literature is a creative work of art that portends high merit and has the creative use of
imagination in preliterate societies. It adopts the genres of literature: drama, prose and poetry in the oral milieu,
using performance as its hallmark. It thrives on the use of oral data because of its orality. This paper focuses on
the moral values or oral literature in the society using Ogba as a spring board. The study was carried out in
communities ofOgba. The population of the study consists of ten towns and village, in Ogba. The theoretical
framework used is Dell Hyme’s ethno-poetics because the works of oral literature relate to the society. This
paper concludes that oral literature serves to against all odds; communicate ideas, emotions, beliefs and
appreciation of life. The folktales in Ogba for instance, serve similar purpose through their
rendition/performance. Through the stories, the younger generation in Ogba society is familiarised with the
customs, traditions, and rituals prevalent in the society. This paper therefore recommends the use of oral
literature in all its genres to inculcate moral values and lessons to the teenagers and youths. Against this
background, Ogba (African) themselves must cease to regard oral literature as primitive and fetish.
KEYWORDS: Values, Oral Literature, Society, Ogba, Folktales
Pormalistikong Pagdalumat sa mga Tula ni Ron CanimoAJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: Nilayon ng pag-aaral na ito na masuri ang dalawampung (20) tula ni Ron Canimo gamit ang
pormalistikong dulog batay sa mga sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at
Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e) Diksiyon. Layunin din nitong mataya ang antas ng pagtanggap ng
ginawang pagsusuri gamit ang nabuong instrumento sa pagtataya nito. Sinunod dito ang Input-Process-Output
na balangkas ng pag-aaral at ginamitan ng kwantitatib-deskriptib-ebalwatib na pamamaraan. Sa pamamagitan
ng talatanungang ibinatay sa ginamit ni Morales (2014) na naimodipika ayon sa kahingian ng kasalukuyang
pag-aaral, tatlong (3) gurong eksperto ang nagsilbing tagataya dito na siyang tumiyak sa kahusayan ng nabuong
pagsusuri ng mananaliksik. Gamit ang Content Analysis, natuklasan na makabagong pamamaraan ang istilo na
ginamit ni Ron Canimo sa pagsulat ng mga tula. Lahat ng kanyang mga tula ay walang sinusunod na sukat at
tugma, may iba‟t ibang tayutay at simbolismong ginamit, magkaibang pandama ang pinagana dahil sa mga
imahe at paglalarawang ginawa, iba‟t ibang uri ng pag-ibig ang tinalakay at gumamit ng pormal, impormal o
kumbersasyonal na wika at makabagong istilo sa pagsulat ng tula. Gamit ang mean at standard deviation,
lumabas na “Mataas” ang antas ng pagtanggap sa kabuuan ng mga gurong eksperto na tumaya sa nabuong
pagsusuri. Lumabas din na “Mataas” ang antas ng kanilang pagtanggap sa nabuong pagsusuri batay sa mga
sumusunod na elemento: (a) Sukat at Tugma, (b) Talinghaga at Simbolismo, (c) Imahen, (d) Tema, at (e)
Diksiyon. Mula sa natayang pagsusuri at kinalabasan ng antas ng pagtanggap dito, naitala ang mga paksa sa
Junior High School Filipino na maaaring lapatan at gamitan ng nabuong pagsusuri.
KEYWORDS: Kumbensyunal, Pagdalumat, Pormalistiko, Ron Canimo, Tula
SCHOOL CULTURE ADAPTATION AMONG INDIGENOUS PEOPLES COLLEGE STUDENTS AT A PRIV...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This qualitative study investigates the adaption experiences of indigenous college students at the
University of Mindanao, Matina-main campus. Eight major themes emerged, including difficulties with language
proficiency, online learning, classroom interaction, examination systems, grading procedures, school regulations,
resource accessibility, coping mechanisms, and future goals. Implications include the requirement for targeted
language proficiency and technology use support, an understanding of adaption processes, interventions to
improve resource accessibility, and equitable public administration policies. The study underlines the importance
of adaptation in various educational contexts, as well as the role of educators and legislators in creating inclusive
learning environments.
KEYWORDS: indigenous college students, adaptation, educational challenges, coping strategies
The effect of Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth and Profitability on Tax ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: This research aims to test, analyze and obtain empirical evidence about the influence of
institutional ownership, sales growth and profitability on tax avoidance. The object of this research is
manufacturing companies in the consumer goods industry sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI)
in 2018-2022. This research used quantitative research methods and causal research design. The sampling
technique in this research used non-probability sampling with purposive sampling as the basis for determining
the sample so that a sample of 55 samples was obtained. The data used is secondary data obtained from the
official website of the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI) during the 2018-2022 period. The data analysis method
used was multiple linear regression analysis with several tests such as descriptive statistical tests, classical
assumption tests, and hypothesis testing using SPSS version 26 statistical software. The results showed that the
institutional ownership variable has no effect on tax avoidance, while the sales growth and profitability has a
negative and significant effect on tax avoidance.
KEYWORDS: Institutional Ownership, Sales Growth, Profitability, Tax Avoidance
MGA ESTRATEHIYA SA PAGTUTURO KAUGNAY SA PASALITANG PARTISIPASYON NG MGA MAG-A...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRAK: Ang mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ay mahalagang kasangkapan sa paghahatid ng mabisang
pagtuturo sa loob ng silid. Tinukoy sa pag-aaral na ito ang antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa pagsasadula,
pangkatang talakayan at paggawa ng mga koneksyon sa tunay na karanasan sa buhay bilang mga estratehiya sa
pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino at pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral sa Baitang 7 ng Misamis
University Junior High School, Ozamiz City. Ang ginamit na disenyo sa pananaliksik na ito ay deskriptivcorrelational. Ang mga datos sa pag-aaral ay nagmula sa kabuuang populasyon na 120 na mag-aaral at tatlong
mga guro na tagamasid sa pasalitang partisipasyon ng mga mag-aaral. Ang Talatanungan sa Kagamitan sa
Pagtuturo ng Panitikan at Checklist batay sa Obserbasyon sa Pasalita na Partisipasyon ay ang instrumentong
ginamit sa pagkalap ng datos. Mean, standard deviation, Analysis of Variance at Pearson Product-Moment
Correlation Coefficient ang mga ginamit na estatistiko na sangkap. Inihayag sa naging resulta na ang tatlong piling
estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan sa Filipino ay may pinakamataas na antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral.
Ang antas ng pakilahok ng mga mag-aaral sa paggamit ng tatlong estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng panitikan ay
pinakamataas na nagpapahiwatig na aktibong nakilahok ang mga mag-aaral sa mga gawain. Inihayag din na
walang makabuluhang kaibahan sa antas ng kagustuhan ng mga mag-aaral sa mga estratehiya sa pagtuturo ng
panitikan sa Filipino. Ito ay nangahulugan na gustong-gusto ng mga mag-aaral ang pagkakaroon ng mga
estratehiya sa pagtuturo. Walang makabuluhang kaugnayan ang kagustuhan sa mga estratehiya at antas ng
pakikilahok ng mga mag-aaral. Hindi nakaapekto sa kanilang pakikilahok ang anumang estratehiyang ginamit ng
guro.
KEYWORDS : estratehiya, karanasan, pagsasadula, pagtuturo, pangkatang talakayan
The Role of the Instruction of Reading Comprehension Strategies in Enhancing ...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT :Throughout my studies and teaching English in different language centers and higher studies
institutions, I have come to conclude that students consider Reading comprehension as a nightmare that
frightens them and hinders their language acquisition in the Moroccan EFL Context. This may cause them to
develop an internal psychological obstacle that grows as their lack of the necessary instruments or tools to
overcome are not equipped with. They become lost and unaware about or unfamiliar with the necessary reading
comprehension strategies that could help them to face the problem of misunderstanding or non-understanding
of English texts. Respectively, this article which is only one part of my whole study aims at showing the effect
of teaching reading strategies in enhancing the S1 students‟ familiarity with reading strategies and raising their
frequency use. A sample of 283 University students in EFL context have been chosen randomly and have
attended the usual academic reading classes, yet only 76 are subject to this survey. 38 of them constitute the
experimental group who have attended the treatment regularly in one of the language centers and the other 38
participants are chosen randomly from the whole population to constitute the Control group. They all have
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How to Fix the Import Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
An import error occurs when a program fails to import a module or library, disrupting its execution. In languages like Python, this issue arises when the specified module cannot be found or accessed, hindering the program's functionality. Resolving import errors is crucial for maintaining smooth software operation and uninterrupted development processes.
Main Java[All of the Base Concepts}.docxadhitya5119
This is part 1 of my Java Learning Journey. This Contains Custom methods, classes, constructors, packages, multithreading , try- catch block, finally block and more.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
it describes the bony anatomy including the femoral head , acetabulum, labrum . also discusses the capsule , ligaments . muscle that act on the hip joint and the range of motion are outlined. factors affecting hip joint stability and weight transmission through the joint are summarized.
Walmart Business+ and Spark Good for Nonprofits.pdfTechSoup
"Learn about all the ways Walmart supports nonprofit organizations.
You will hear from Liz Willett, the Head of Nonprofits, and hear about what Walmart is doing to help nonprofits, including Walmart Business and Spark Good. Walmart Business+ is a new offer for nonprofits that offers discounts and also streamlines nonprofits order and expense tracking, saving time and money.
The webinar may also give some examples on how nonprofits can best leverage Walmart Business+.
The event will cover the following::
Walmart Business + (https://business.walmart.com/plus) is a new shopping experience for nonprofits, schools, and local business customers that connects an exclusive online shopping experience to stores. Benefits include free delivery and shipping, a 'Spend Analytics” feature, special discounts, deals and tax-exempt shopping.
Special TechSoup offer for a free 180 days membership, and up to $150 in discounts on eligible orders.
Spark Good (walmart.com/sparkgood) is a charitable platform that enables nonprofits to receive donations directly from customers and associates.
Answers about how you can do more with Walmart!"
This presentation includes basic of PCOS their pathology and treatment and also Ayurveda correlation of PCOS and Ayurvedic line of treatment mentioned in classics.
Film vocab for eal 3 students: Australia the movie
Management of Hostile Behaviour of Prison Inmates with Psychoactive Substance History: The Role of Job Experience
1. American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR) 2018
A J H S S R J o u r n a l P a g e | 154
American Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Research (AJHSSR)
e-ISSN :2378-703X
Volume-02, Issue-09, pp-154-159
www.ajhssr.com
Research Paper Open Access
Management of Hostile Behaviour of Prison Inmates with
Psychoactive Substance History: The Role of Job Experience
EZEH, Leonard N. [Ph.D.] & UMEOJI, Collins I
Department of Psychology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria
Contact: dr.lnezeh2016@gmail.com; Tel: 08035092127
ABSTRACT: Considering the frequency of jail breaks, murder and homicides in Nigerian prisons and the
resultant loss of lives of prison warders and inmates during such conflicts or attacks in the prison facilities; this
study submits that the effective management of hostile behaviour of inmates will be best achieved with more
experienced warders who have adaptable personality trait towards best practices in the criminal justice
administration. Utilizing the Cullen’s (1994) Advanced social support theory as a general theoretical framework
for understanding criminology and criminal justice administration. Campbell’s (1990) Performance theory was
also explored to highlight job specific areas which need to grow in experience to deepen the support provided by
prison warden officers as crucibles in understanding the psycho-sociological nature of prison deviance and the
variance of drug psychoactive substances. Theoretical appraisals of both theories provided the needed linkage
which implicated certain dispositional traits to be more suitable in coping and managing amorphous nature of
prison inmates. The understanding thus provided, will be rich in managing deviant variance especially of
inmates with psychoactive substance history. It is recommended that the management of Nigerian Prisons
understand the need for personnel screening and the need to deploy more experienced officers than newbies in
the supervision of inmates to be able to manage hostility, anticipate and control violence and other ensuing
antecedents which will be directed either towards inmates or officers.
KEYWORDS: Differential association, Advanced social support theory, Personality traits, Hostile behaviour,
Nigerian prison inmates, and Psychoactive substance use.
I. INTRODUCTION
The relationship between psychoactive substance use and violence is well documented even among inmates; so
also their consequences. West, Sabol and Greenman (2010) contended that nearly 60% of the US prison
inmates’ increase was due to availability of psychoactive substances leading to more violent offenders. Across
most correctional facilities in Nigeria, evidence abounds of many life threatening circumstances including jail
breaks, attacks, fights and other internal conflicts which emanate as a result of hostile rage of prison inmates
especially those of them with psychoactive substance history (Ugwoke & Otodo, 2016). From Mumola and
Karberg’s (2006) study, there is a noticeable pattern of aggression and hostile behaviour (homicide (27%),
robbery (41%), assault (24%) and sexual assault (17%) both among inmates and warden officers which mar the
efforts of prison management in the providing a safe and crime free facility for correction and re-integration
back into the society. These challenges, in one way or another are consequences of hostile behaviour.
Critically, in developing countries such as Nigeria, the integrity of warden officers may often be compromised
through inducements by unauthorized persons who desire to illegally communicate with inmates. This form of
communication has in many instances resulted in peddling of psychoactive substances into the prison facilities
(Ugwoke & Mfon, 2018) with dire consequences with the latter becoming the major cause of hostility and
violence (Smith & Robert, 2014).
Management of inmates involved with drugs or those with psychoactive substance history can be problematic
(Gillespie, 2005; & Dillion, 2001) for officers and challenging with fellow inmates as there are often scourges of
violence here and there with heightened aggression. There is also fear of getting injured and blacklisted in the
criminals’ diary especially those that have strong allies outside the facility who can harm officers or frustrate
their efforts at work. In view of this circumstance, not all warden officers particularly agree that there is much to
be done by officers to make the facility safer and conducive for correction and re-integration process. Whether
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this assertion is valid or not; Zawilsk, and Andrzejczak, (2015) contend that the problem of managing inmates’
aggression, hostility and violent outcomes remain a critical issue in prison management anywhere in the world.
Consequently, both management professionals and the academia devote a lot of resources in search of sources,
causes and outcomes of the inmates’ hostility behaviour in a bid to provide insightful and robust management
principle which will aid efficient management and control of hostility and drug-related problems in the prison or
correctional facilities. There is also a strong indication from literature that overt and covert disposition of prison
officers themselves could be also be a factor which abets hostile behaviour and violence among inmates
especially regarding officer experience on the job and personality traits. There is therefore need to establish that
job experience and traits of officers may be critical in efficient management of inmates especially in
understanding the sociological variance of psychoactive substance deviance and its association with hostile
behaviour and violence and other unfortunate inmates’ outcomes e.g. assault, fights, homicide, murder and jail
breaks. Based on the foregoing, the current research effort is directed towards the theoretical underpinning
which supports that the experience and traits of prison officers could influence the effectiveness of managing
inmates with psychoactive substance history.
II. LITERATURE
Prison officers and management of inmates
Correctional department is an important department in criminal justice administration and ministry of Interior of
any country. Correction officers have enamours responsibilities in the management of inmates especially as
regards re-integrating the inmates into the society with the right values. Outside correction and re-integration
functions, correction department equally serves administrative functions such as reprimanding and detaining
suspects before prosecution and during prosecution for security purposes.
Liebling and Arnold’s (2004) studies of several UK prisons found that ethical issues which border on humanity
such as; respect, fairness, trust and support have deteriorated in most correctional facilities and may be fingered
in the causative factors of inmates’ aggression, hostility and violence. As much as these human dimensions
which often precede stereotyping end in negative terms, they have not been helpful especially with inmates with
psychoactive substance history. There is always need for officers with a better understanding of the special
needs of such inmates to step in. This is where experience and the officer’s dispositional traits count. In the
views of Coyle (2003), to effectively manage a variety of inmates there are important four elements which a
prison officer ought to be well intimated about when upholding the prison laws and managing inmates. They
are: preserving human dignity, respecting individuality, supporting family life, and promoting personal
responsibility and development. Coyle (2004) argues that ―humanity requires that prison staff regard prisoners
as human beings like themselves. Prison staff should try to imagine what prisoners might be feeling, what kind
of treatment might lead them to be humiliated, degraded, or being violent; and how their self-respect might be
reduced as a result of any decision made by the prison authorities. Taking all these into consideration, there is
need, to exercise understanding with emotion especially exercising coercive authority that is intrinsic to
deprivation of liberty‖ (Coyle, 2003) and this type of understanding may be implicated by officers’ traits and
experiences on the job. García-Sancho, Salguero and Fernández-Berrocal (2014) contended that among inmates,
there is a relationship between emotional intelligence and aggression which are dependent on the experience of
the prison officer handling the scenario.
Critically, administering a modern prison is complex and could be very challenging for warden officers. These
may be implicated with variations of personality trait not particularly equipped with high tolerance for
aggression and provocative nature of people constrained with deprivation of liberty especially in carrying out
the following functions of a prison officer:
i. Induct a newly sentenced prisoner who may be fearful, angry, ashamed, resentful, suicidal and
concerned about family.
ii. Put himself or herself between two prisoners who are fighting.
iii. Sit with an illiterate prisoner and help him write a deeply personal letter to his girlfriend.
iv. Decide whether or not to submit an intelligence report about a colleague who is behaving strangely.
v. Counsel a prisoner who is so desperate to kill herself that she is trying to jam her head in the toilet bowl
and break her neck.
vi. Maintain a professional approach in the face of abuse and threats, assaults or packets of faeces and
urine thrown by an angry prisoner.
vii. Forcibly remove an armed, violent prisoner from his cell.
viii. Escort a prisoner to her mother’s funeral.
ix. Separate a prisoner from her newly born baby.
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x. Distinguish between their emotional response to a prisoner’s criminal behaviour, and their duty to
respect the prisoner’s dignity, rights and capacity to change.
xi. Console a prisoner who has received a phone call from their partner explaining their relationship is
over.
The above responsibilities and more illustrate that more than the role, a prison officer’s experience and personal
disposition may be required to be successful at his or her job. To perform it effectively demands an
extraordinary range of interpersonal skills, including understanding, adaptation, courage, endurance, strong will,
self-control, self-discipline and humanity to ensure they exercise their responsibilities most professionally
(West, Sabol & Greenman, 2010; King 2006). In developing countries such as Nigeria the experience of
correctional officers may even be nastier requiring more personal disposition and experience of the officers to
be successful.
Summarily, the correctional officer’s role is narrowly ensuring prisoners do not escape or hurt someone, and
ensuring the correction and re-integration intentions are achieved during the inmate’s term (Okwor, 2010).
O’Toole (2005) asserts that considering these complexities and responsibilities inherent in criminal justice;
education, training and career development of officers are salient. This is both to facilitate learning and
experience and to model acceptable conduct beneficial towards efficient prison administration.
Prisoners, prison officers and psychoactive substance use and abuse
Finding psychoactive substances in the hands of prison inmates can be problematic (Ugwoke & Mfon, 2018;
Ugwoke & Otodo, 2016; Zawilsk, & Andrzejczak, 2015). Unfortunately, the half-lives of some psychoactive
substances can as well influence inmates’ behaviour even several months after usage which can pattern reactant
behaviours of inmate with such history. Considering the frequency of troubles in prisons, Smith and Robert
(2014) and West, Sabol and Greenman (2010) found high levels of hostility among drug users, (barbiturate,
opiate, amphetamine, cannabis and other designer substances). Previously, Valdez and Sifaneck (2004) found
that potential significant contributor to hostility may be; gang affiliation leading to hostility, criminality and
incarceration. Their qualitative study among Mexican Americans who were involved in gangster using a
population of 26 active gangs in Texas was found to be more likely to use drugs. Valdez et al. (2004) contend
that members of gangs are expected to be involved in violent acts and those who do not meet those expectations
likewise face physical violence and other repercussions. For instance, there is evidence in Mumola and
Karberg’s (2006) study that DSN-IV screening proved two-thirds of American prison inmates to have come in
contact with psychoactive substances with half of the this population with history of abuse. This finding is
substantiates that high prevalence of inmates with drug related history may present a big challenge in the
management of inmates because of what is required to understand, cope and manage aggressive and hostile
tendencies which are most tenable consequences of drug use and abuse.
In Nigerian prisons, inmates’ use of drugs is real as Ugwoke and Mfon (2018) and Adesanya, Oheri, Ogunlesi,
Adamson and Odejide, (1988) identified alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, cannabis, and opiates as common
psychoactive substances which inmates use and abuse. Other designers in form of codeine tablets, tramadol and
certain cough syrup are well used and abused in disguise.
Without doubt, the restiveness of some inmates and overreaction in trivial issues with inmates always portray
hyper-reaction which trail psychoactive substance use or abuse. The consequences are implausible as much as it
risks the lives of both inmates and warders due to ill-fighting; assault, stabbing, homicide and manslaughter are
common outcome behaviours of psychoactive substance users.
Psychoactive substance use and dependency no doubt are connected to hostility since their use alters the bio-
chemical component and reaction of the human body. Among the academia evidence abounds that being under
the influence of alcohol or drugs increases the prevalence of hostility among the prison inmates. The exciting
and hallucinating effects of psychoactive substances are one of the causes of its hyper-active tendencies which
have been indicative to be an active behavioural pattern among the people with psychoactive substance
use/abuse which need to be effectively managed and controlled to reduce hostile behaviour among inmates and
against the prison officers.
Job experience and management of prison inmates
Job experience is an acquired human-job attribute central to efficient means of task accomplishment. It is those
observable and non-observable characteristics that useful to achieving both qualitative and quantitative
efficiency in task execution. Experience may be direct-linked on the job or indirectly linked on the job as in the
behavioural aspect of the worker. According to Campbell (1994), job experience is not a single unified
construct; it has multi-dimensionality which is interwoven with the oriented tasks of the job (managing prison
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inmates in this case), behaviour of the manager as in relationship and support behaviours and outcome or
product of management. This concept to a large extent determines outcomes of jobs. To understand how
experience is acquired, Lamarck’s (1829) evolutionary theory of Use and Disuse becomes potent. Experience on
the job is acquired through use of disuse of job traits in line with what is potent and works better and in
observance with those who have successfully executed such job tasks.
In the organization, use and disuse theory can apply with the exposure of workers to various job titles in form of
rotation or posting either to acquire direct experience from the performer on the job or to understudy the
principle governing their actual performance. Officers who have been exposed more often to work with senior
and more accomplished patrol wardens, units heads or prison governors have more opportunity of being
successful with inmates from diverse backgrounds. Such officers can anticipate there behavioural changes and
impulses through direct observation on the job and through guided education by superiors on conduct outcomes
of inmates especially those of them with psychoactive substance background. This aspect of job experience has
to do with improvement theory by Council, Giles and Teregowda (1997) as the worker tries to acquire more
technical, tactical, fundamental, spatial and behavioural experiences from the observed and studied and
transferring same to adaption to daily demands of job tasks.
To understand the importance of job experience in the management of job outcomes, the concept of performing
a job was evaluated in view in harnessing aspects which needs to grow in experience. Campbell (1990)
proposed an eight model factors that attempts to capture dimensions of job tasks. These aspects are the critical
areas which require improvement and whose experience can grow for the betterment of any organization.
i. Task specific behaviors - which include those behaviors that an individual undertakes as part of a job.
They are the core substantive tasks that delineate one job from another. How these are performed in
term of speed, quantity and quality can be improved. Applicably, warden officers can improve on
reaction time to events in the prison, the routine check of the inmates, pay more attention to details
pertaining observable changes in inmates etc. This will deepen their experience of inmates’ behaviour
especially those of them with psychoactive substance use history.
ii. Non-task specific behaviors - are intuitive behaviours of the individual towards job tasks. To gain more
experience, an officer may engage in conversation with inmates or ask specific questions to understand
the inmates’ situation and behaviours.
iii. Communication tasks – either of written or oral; formal or informal refer to activities which help
sharing of information using different presentations between inmates and the prison officers. An
individual's experience can grow in terms of information gathered either day to day, or when there are
extraordinary circumstances. This factor reflects the degree to which people commit themselves to job
tasks and can be utilized in understanding criminal behaviour of inmates with drug history.
iv. Effort - an individual's performance can also be assessed in terms of effort, either day to day, or when
there are extraordinary circumstances. An officer’s effort to duty in certain circumstances may be
enough to prevent an unfortunate event e.g. jail break or homicide.
v. Personal discipline – warden officers would be expected to be in good standing with the law, not to
abuse their tasks, privileges as officers. They are expected deal with inmates without fear or favour
although taking precaution in extraordinary times of violence and aggression.
vi. Interdependent – experience also comes from the degree to which a person helps out other officers,
groups and his or her colleagues on duties to actualize job tasks. This might include acting as a good
role model, coaching, giving advice or helping maintain group goals. The prison officers need to work
in support with other officers as a team and integrate their experience through sharing of information
and experiences.
vii. Supervisory or leadership component – officers ought to be relied upon to undertake many of the things
delineated under the previous factor and in addition will be responsible for meting out rewards and
punishments. These aspects of performance happen in a face to face manner. How best an officer does
it grows his or her experience.
viii. Managerial and administrative performance - entails those aspects of officers’ job which do not involve
direct supervision. They are those tasks he initiates on his or her own which are intended to help him or
her delivery on the task. A managerial task would be setting an organizational goal or responding to
external stimuli to assist another officer in achieving his or her personal or organizational goals.
Coordinating and supervisory tasks are learnt by practicing.
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III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Advanced Social Support Theory (Cullen, 1994)
Cullen’s (1994) advanced social support theory serves as a general framework for criminology and criminal
justice. Social support is defined as the perceived and actual amount of instrumental and expressive/emotional
supports that one receives from primary relationships, social networks, and communities. Across multiple levels
of analysis and outcome measures if there is support from officers to inmates, effective management is often
achieved. In criminal justice administration, this form of support is required among those involved in various
stages of the administration to ensure successful apprehension, prosecution, correction and re-integration.
According to Cullen (1994), social support is theoretically important to criminology because it serves as a
protective factor to both insulate persons from criminal/deviant behavior and assist in the process of correctional
rehabilitation. In this sense, social support is germane to crime prevention and offender treatment in the prison.
In particular, Cullen’s (1994) ―general‖ proposition is that, all things being equal, individuals—from would-be
offenders to those who have already broken the law—who receive higher levels of social support (during the
various stages of criminal justice administration of apprehension, prosecution, correction and re-integration) will
be at a lower risk for engaging in wayward behavior in the future and even while in custody or incarceration. In
the correctional setting, social support may serve as a resource and safety net to help steer former prisoners
along conventional pathways. Indeed, in subsequent work, Cullen and his colleagues (Colvin, Cullen, & Vander
Ven, 2002; Cullen, Wright, & Chamlin, 1999) articulated that the social support approach was particularly
suited to rehabilitate prisoners because recidivism has been shown to be reducible via programs that develop
interpersonal skills, provide support counseling from caring providers, and furnish multiple social services.
Thus, social support theory predicts that much of the potentially harmful effects of prison conditions on inmates’
behavior can be mediated by the provision of social support which can be provided by the warden officer.
IV. IMPLICATIONS OF THE STUDY
The current theoretical appraisal revolves around the effectiveness of the employee’s job-tasks execution given
the influence of job experience as an aspect of total quality management in organizations. The right person on
the right job with the right personal disposition (traits) is one of the most important factors for job selection
criteria which cannot be said to be at its best. Outside having capacity to specific job tasks, ensuring that the
right traits of; personal discipline, hard work, effective interpersonal communication and high tolerance are
critical job success characteristics which can be deepened through exposure to experience. The uniqueness of
prison management tasks require a wide range of traits to enable adaptation to varying prison circumstance
which can throw up a complicated situation if managed poorly. If the right people are selected, there is also
need for them to grow on the job through acquired experience. This experience is what compliments their task
competence in terms of utilizing them against complicated circumstances especially when dealing with inmates
with backgrounds of psychoactive substance use or abuse. Also, without training and retraining of warden
officers on the current and practical issues regarding best prison management practices, they may be routine
officers without anticipatory instincts of inmates’ behaviour which is dangerous as it can lead to both job and
life threatening circumstances in view of homicide, murder and jailbreak in the prison.
V. LIMITATIONS
Although, the study was anchored on Advanced support theory which require that officers doing their job
effectively is a form of support to inmates in actualizing the aim of correction and re-integration. However, the
framework only provided for effective and efficient execution of officer jobs as support itself; it does not
however, consider extra-role behaviour of officers due to laws guiding the conduct of officers’ interaction with
inmates to ensure strict compliance with the prison regulations for inmates and officers. Although, officer traits
were analyzed in terms of Campbell’s model, the assumption that officer on the job dispositions towards
inmates is limited. There is need to explore personality traits which may be implicated for greater effectiveness
and adaptation from the humanistic approach.
VI. RECOMMENDATION
It is recommended that the management staff of Nigerian Prisons understand that effective management of
inmates require robust human resource planning especially as regards qualitative aspects. Selection criteria
ought to be in accordance to temperamental needs of the job which ought to be anchored on personality trait
evaluations. Posting of officers should be based on age and experience of the officers to ensure that those who
can manage the inmates best are what are deployed on the patrol and monitoring aspects of the jobs. There is
also the need to further train and retrain staff especially at the wake of complexities of the criminal behaviour
and mindset. This will enable the officer understand the relationship between inmates crime and the anticipated
behaviour.
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