This document provides an overview of several important management theories: 1. Frederick Taylor's Scientific Management Theory focused on improving economic efficiency through time and motion studies, training workers in improved methods, and linking pay to productivity. 2. Henri Fayol's Administrative Management Theory outlined 14 principles of management including division of work, unity of command, and subordination of individual interests. 3. Max Weber's Bureacratic Theory proposed three types of authority: traditional, charismatic, and legal/bureaucratic and that bureaucracies are structured by rules, documents, and impersonal relations. 4. Elton Mayo's Behavioral Theory, known as the Hawthorne Effect, found that novel changes

1. INTRODUCTION TO
MANAGEMENT IN
NURSING
LECTURE- 2
Prof
Nagamani.T
Dept.of Community Health
Nursing

2. THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT
Management theories are the set of general rules that guide the managers to
manage an organization. Theories are an explanation to assist employees to
effectively relate to the business goals and implement effective means to
achieve the same.
General Management Theories:
There are different management theories are there
1. Frederick Taylor – Theory of Scientific Management.
2. Henri Fayol – Administrative Management Theory.
3. Max Weber - Bureaucratic Theory of Management.
4. Elton Mayo – Behavioral Theory of Management (Hawthorne Effect).
5. General Systems Theory
6. X&Y Management Theory

3. 1. FREDERICK TAYLOR’S THEORY
OF SCIENTIFIC MANAGEMENT:
Frederick Winslow Taylor (March 20, 1856 – March 21, 1915) was an
American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial
efficiency.
Taylor’s theory of scientific management aimed at, improving
economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. Taylor had a simple
view about, what motivated people at work, - money. He felt that,
workers should get a, fair day's pay for a fair day's work, and that
pay, should be linked to the amount produced. Therefore he
introduced the, DIFFERENTIAL PIECE RATE SYSTEM, of paying wages to
the workers.

4. Taylor's Differential Piece Rate Plan:
If Efficiency is greater than the defined Standard then workers should be
paid 120 % of Normal Piece Rate.
If Efficiency is less than standard then workers should be paid 80% of Normal
Piece Rate.
Principles of Scientific Management.
Four Principles of Scientific Management are:
1.Time and motion study: - Study the way jobs are performed and find new
ways to do them.
2.Teach, train and develop the workman with improved methods of doing
work. Codify the new methods into rules.
3.Interest of employer & employees should be fully harmonized so as to
secure mutually understanding relations between them.
4.Establish fair levels of performance and pay a premium for higher
performance.

5. Henri Fayol (29 July 1841 – 19 November 1925) was a French mining
engineer, mining executive, author and director of mines who
developed general theory of business administration that is often
called Fayolism.
Henri Fayol known as the Father of Management laid down the 14
principles of Management.-
2. HENRI FAYOL’S ADMINISTRATIVE
MANAGEMENT THEORY:

6. 14 principles of Management.-
1.Division of Work.
2.Equity.
3.Discipline.
4.Initiative.
5.Authority and
Responsibility.
6.Esprit De Corps.
7.Subordination of Individual
Interest to General Interest
8.Stability of Tenure.
9.Remuneration.
10.Unity of Direction.
11.Centralization.
12.Scalar Chain.
13.Order
14.Unity of Command.

7. 3. MAX WEBER’S BUREAUCRATIC
THEORY OF MANAGEMENT:
Weber made a distinction between authority and power. Weber
believed that power educes obedience through force or the threat of
force which induces individuals to adhere to regulations. According to
Max Weber, there are three types of power in an organization:-
1.Traditional Power
2.Charismatic Power
3.Bureaucratic Power or Legal Power.

8. Features of Bureaucracy:
1.Division of Labor.
2.Formal Hierarchical Structure.
3.Selection based on Technical Expertise.
4.Management by Rules.
5.Written Documents.
6.Only Legal Power is Important.
7.Formal and Impersonal relations.

9. 4. ELTON MAYO’S BEHAVIORAL
THEORY OF MANAGEMENT:
Elton Mayo's experiments showed an increase in worker productivity
was produced by the psychological stimulus of being singled out,
involved, and made to feel important. Hawthorne Effect, can be
summarized as “Employees will respond positively to any novel
change in work environment like better illumination, clean work
stations, relocating workstations etc. Employees are more productive
because they know they are being studied.

10. GENERAL SYSTEMS THEORY
In the 1940s, biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy created his General Systems
Theory. I know you’re probably wondering why a biologist would have any
impact on management.
He believed that our body is the sum of all parts. For example, nervous
system works together with our digestive system, which work with each
organ and muscle group to allow a person to function.
If one function of the body fails to work, the body as a whole cannot
effectively operate. Humans are most healthy and functional when all aspects
of their being are working together effectively. He also argued that the
environment can have an effect on each of the parts. A broken leg can
prevent you from walking or the flu can have you bedridden for days. Each of
these issues can damage the overall productivity of a person.
His work shows that external factors can prove to be toxic to an
environment.
Negativity and other toxic outlooks can have a harmful effect on motivation
and performance at all levels in an organization. And, like his theory states,
even when only one component of the organization isn’t executing properly,
it will have an undesirable effect on the rest of the organization.

11. X&Y MANAGEMENT THEORY
Douglas McGregor developed the X&Y Management Theory in the
1950s and 1960s, arguing that all managers can be grouped into two
categories.
The first category known as Theory X explains that managers have a
negative view of their employees and believe that employees need to
be forced or coaxed into working.
Theory X Managers tend to micromanage with the belief that
employees will not motivate themselves to complete their work.
This theory can be linked back to the scientific management theory
and its focus on output above employee development and input.

12. On the opposite side of the spectrum, Theory Y Managers believe that
employees are inherently motivated to work.
Theory Y managers value the importance of helping their employees
to thrive by providing opportunities for learning and development.
Theory Y is focused on the idea of team versus independent work.
McGregor argued that a team environment paired with an emphasis
on individual professional development produces better results and a
healthier work environment.
Theory Y continues to prove its relevance and is still present in
today’s business world.

13. Thank You