The document outlines the provisions of the Charter of Justice 1807. The first charter established in 1807 granted the East India Company the power to operate an English legal system in Penang. It applied English common law and created the Court of Judicature of Prince of Wales to administer civil and criminal matters. A Recorder was appointed as the judge. This introduced English law and affirmed its status in Penang as a tool of colonial advancement.
Dato’ Seri Ir Hj Nizar bin Jamaluddin v Dato’ Seri Dr Zambry bin Abdul Kadir
(Attorney General, Interverner) [2010] 2 MLJ 285 - as fulfill the assessment of LAW 487 - Constitutional Law II at Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
Dato’ Seri Ir Hj Nizar bin Jamaluddin v Dato’ Seri Dr Zambry bin Abdul Kadir
(Attorney General, Interverner) [2010] 2 MLJ 285 - as fulfill the assessment of LAW 487 - Constitutional Law II at Faculty of Law, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia
Since the 1960s, the national government has made a concerted .docxedgar6wallace88877
Since the 1960s, the national government has made a concerted effort to control the
planning and administration of the criminal justice system. The Lord Chancellor was
concerned with the efficiency and effectiveness of the courts, while the home secretary had
increased authority for law enforcement and the prison service. This development was a
direct result of the government having to deal with crises within various components of
criminal justice. This arrangement, however, was becoming increasingly untenable. Critics
raised several concerns, of which some cited constitutional issues. For example, questions
were raised about the independence of the judiciary, while others focused on the
incompatible responsibilities of the home secretary: policing and maintaining public order
with prisons and protecting civil rights and reforming the criminal law. The ongoing
furtherance of constitutional reform has attempted to rectify some of these problems. In
2007, a new Ministry of Justice was created and given responsibility for the courts,
criminal law, prison and probation, and criminal justice reform. The Home Office had its
focus narrowed to crime and policing, counter-terrorism, and immigration.
Over the course of the past three decades, almost every aspect of the criminal justice
system has been the subject of interest to a government commission, an independent inquiry,
or academic research. This has led to the passage of a significant amount of legislation
directly impacting how the justice system is organized and administered. What happened
in England during the 1980s and early 1990s is strikingly similar to what occurred in the
United States during the 1960s and 1970s. The study of criminal justice has become a
significant issue for the government and has emerged as an important field of study within
England’s system of higher education.
POLICE
The English have prided themselves on initiating a system of policing based at the local
level but also mandated and in some fashion controlled by the central government. This
shared responsibility for policing has existed throughout much of the country’s history.
Prior to the creation of the Metropolitan Police of London in 1829, this tradition of shared
responsibility took four distinct forms.
The tithing was the earliest type of community-organized policing; references are made
to it in Anglo-Saxon dooms. Historians refer to the period before the Norman invasion of
1066 as the Anglo-Saxon era. Dooms were the statutes or ordinances enacted during that
period. The tithing was based on principles of self-help and collective responsibility. Each
tithing consisted of 10 men who were accountable for policing each other. If one of their
number was accused of a crime, they were responsible for producing the defendant before
a local court, and if they failed to surrender the individual, the court could impose a fine
on the other members of the tithing. Supervision of the tithing was a responsibility of th.
Abstract: Malaysia is a multi-ethnic and multi-cultural country where heterogeneous groups of people follow different religions peacefully. This land was previously ruled by Dutch, Portuguese and English colonisers who left huge influences in framing its plural legal systems. The objective of this study is to analyze the influences of ancestral customs and norms that have been practiced along with the introduction of Islamic principles and the recognition of English laws in Malay and Borneo-islands and their impact on framing the current legal system of Malaysia. It will investigate if different cultures have influenced the adoption and development of legal systems in Malaysia. This study will also look at the changes in Malay culture because of the adoption of different legal systems and will analyse the factors that may have encouraged the Malay Sultans to accept different laws into their own states. This article will also identify the reasons why orthodox people willingly abide by this plural legal system in settling their daily disputes in different courts. Data from journals and books have been taken into consideration in undertaking this study. It has also sifted through some prominent decisions of the judges. After considering all materials, this study advocates that, the federal laws of Malaysia are the combination of three principles: the common laws (applicable to all citizens in civil and criminal matters), the Shariah (applicable for Muslims especially in matrimonial matters) and the Native laws (for the indigenous people of Sabah and Sarawak). This study will look into how the state authority as well as the federal government manages and controls these plural court systems within a federal territory.
Key Words: Legal Pluralism, Legal System, Civil Courts, Shariah Courts & Native Courts.
Improving profitability for small businessBen Wann
In this comprehensive presentation, we will explore strategies and practical tips for enhancing profitability in small businesses. Tailored to meet the unique challenges faced by small enterprises, this session covers various aspects that directly impact the bottom line. Attendees will learn how to optimize operational efficiency, manage expenses, and increase revenue through innovative marketing and customer engagement techniques.
Putting the SPARK into Virtual Training.pptxCynthia Clay
This 60-minute webinar, sponsored by Adobe, was delivered for the Training Mag Network. It explored the five elements of SPARK: Storytelling, Purpose, Action, Relationships, and Kudos. Knowing how to tell a well-structured story is key to building long-term memory. Stating a clear purpose that doesn't take away from the discovery learning process is critical. Ensuring that people move from theory to practical application is imperative. Creating strong social learning is the key to commitment and engagement. Validating and affirming participants' comments is the way to create a positive learning environment.
Attending a job Interview for B1 and B2 Englsih learnersErika906060
It is a sample of an interview for a business english class for pre-intermediate and intermediate english students with emphasis on the speking ability.
Cracking the Workplace Discipline Code Main.pptxWorkforce Group
Cultivating and maintaining discipline within teams is a critical differentiator for successful organisations.
Forward-thinking leaders and business managers understand the impact that discipline has on organisational success. A disciplined workforce operates with clarity, focus, and a shared understanding of expectations, ultimately driving better results, optimising productivity, and facilitating seamless collaboration.
Although discipline is not a one-size-fits-all approach, it can help create a work environment that encourages personal growth and accountability rather than solely relying on punitive measures.
In this deck, you will learn the significance of workplace discipline for organisational success. You’ll also learn
• Four (4) workplace discipline methods you should consider
• The best and most practical approach to implementing workplace discipline.
• Three (3) key tips to maintain a disciplined workplace.
Tata Group Dials Taiwan for Its Chipmaking Ambition in Gujarat’s DholeraAvirahi City Dholera
The Tata Group, a titan of Indian industry, is making waves with its advanced talks with Taiwanese chipmakers Powerchip Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation (PSMC) and UMC Group. The goal? Establishing a cutting-edge semiconductor fabrication unit (fab) in Dholera, Gujarat. This isn’t just any project; it’s a potential game changer for India’s chipmaking aspirations and a boon for investors seeking promising residential projects in dholera sir.
Visit : https://www.avirahi.com/blog/tata-group-dials-taiwan-for-its-chipmaking-ambition-in-gujarats-dholera/
RMD24 | Debunking the non-endemic revenue myth Marvin Vacquier Droop | First ...BBPMedia1
Marvin neemt je in deze presentatie mee in de voordelen van non-endemic advertising op retail media netwerken. Hij brengt ook de uitdagingen in beeld die de markt op dit moment heeft op het gebied van retail media voor niet-leveranciers.
Retail media wordt gezien als het nieuwe advertising-medium en ook mediabureaus richten massaal retail media-afdelingen op. Merken die niet in de betreffende winkel liggen staan ook nog niet in de rij om op de retail media netwerken te adverteren. Marvin belicht de uitdagingen die er zijn om echt aansluiting te vinden op die markt van non-endemic advertising.
Affordable Stationery Printing Services in Jaipur | Navpack n PrintNavpack & Print
Looking for professional printing services in Jaipur? Navpack n Print offers high-quality and affordable stationery printing for all your business needs. Stand out with custom stationery designs and fast turnaround times. Contact us today for a quote!
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey throu...dylandmeas
Discover the innovative and creative projects that highlight my journey through Full Sail University. Below, you’ll find a collection of my work showcasing my skills and expertise in digital marketing, event planning, and media production.
Skye Residences | Extended Stay Residences Near Toronto Airportmarketingjdass
Experience unparalleled EXTENDED STAY and comfort at Skye Residences located just minutes from Toronto Airport. Discover sophisticated accommodations tailored for discerning travelers.
Website Link :
https://skyeresidences.com/
https://skyeresidences.com/about-us/
https://skyeresidences.com/gallery/
https://skyeresidences.com/rooms/
https://skyeresidences.com/near-by-attractions/
https://skyeresidences.com/commute/
https://skyeresidences.com/contact/
https://skyeresidences.com/queen-suite-with-sofa-bed/
https://skyeresidences.com/queen-suite-with-sofa-bed-and-balcony/
https://skyeresidences.com/queen-suite-with-sofa-bed-accessible/
https://skyeresidences.com/2-bedroom-deluxe-queen-suite-with-sofa-bed/
https://skyeresidences.com/2-bedroom-deluxe-king-queen-suite-with-sofa-bed/
https://skyeresidences.com/2-bedroom-deluxe-queen-suite-with-sofa-bed-accessible/
#Skye Residences Etobicoke, #Skye Residences Near Toronto Airport, #Skye Residences Toronto, #Skye Hotel Toronto, #Skye Hotel Near Toronto Airport, #Hotel Near Toronto Airport, #Near Toronto Airport Accommodation, #Suites Near Toronto Airport, #Etobicoke Suites Near Airport, #Hotel Near Toronto Pearson International Airport, #Toronto Airport Suite Rentals, #Pearson Airport Hotel Suites
What are the main advantages of using HR recruiter services.pdfHumanResourceDimensi1
HR recruiter services offer top talents to companies according to their specific needs. They handle all recruitment tasks from job posting to onboarding and help companies concentrate on their business growth. With their expertise and years of experience, they streamline the hiring process and save time and resources for the company.
"𝑩𝑬𝑮𝑼𝑵 𝑾𝑰𝑻𝑯 𝑻𝑱 𝑰𝑺 𝑯𝑨𝑳𝑭 𝑫𝑶𝑵𝑬"
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 (𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐮𝐧𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧𝐬) is a professional event agency that includes experts in the event-organizing market in Vietnam, Korea, and ASEAN countries. We provide unlimited types of events from Music concerts, Fan meetings, and Culture festivals to Corporate events, Internal company events, Golf tournaments, MICE events, and Exhibitions.
𝐓𝐉 𝐂𝐨𝐦𝐬 provides unlimited package services including such as Event organizing, Event planning, Event production, Manpower, PR marketing, Design 2D/3D, VIP protocols, Interpreter agency, etc.
Sports events - Golf competitions/billiards competitions/company sports events: dynamic and challenging
⭐ 𝐅𝐞𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞𝐝 𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐣𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐬:
➢ 2024 BAEKHYUN [Lonsdaleite] IN HO CHI MINH
➢ SUPER JUNIOR-L.S.S. THE SHOW : Th3ee Guys in HO CHI MINH
➢FreenBecky 1st Fan Meeting in Vietnam
➢CHILDREN ART EXHIBITION 2024: BEYOND BARRIERS
➢ WOW K-Music Festival 2023
➢ Winner [CROSS] Tour in HCM
➢ Super Show 9 in HCM with Super Junior
➢ HCMC - Gyeongsangbuk-do Culture and Tourism Festival
➢ Korean Vietnam Partnership - Fair with LG
➢ Korean President visits Samsung Electronics R&D Center
➢ Vietnam Food Expo with Lotte Wellfood
"𝐄𝐯𝐞𝐫𝐲 𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐢𝐬 𝐚 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐲, 𝐚 𝐬𝐩𝐞𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐣𝐨𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐞𝐲. 𝐖𝐞 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐛𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐞𝐯𝐞 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 𝐬𝐡𝐨𝐫𝐭𝐥𝐲 𝐲𝐨𝐮 𝐰𝐢𝐥𝐥 𝐛𝐞 𝐚 𝐩𝐚𝐫𝐭 𝐨𝐟 𝐨𝐮𝐫 𝐬𝐭𝐨𝐫𝐢𝐞𝐬."
Enterprise Excellence is Inclusive Excellence.pdfKaiNexus
Enterprise excellence and inclusive excellence are closely linked, and real-world challenges have shown that both are essential to the success of any organization. To achieve enterprise excellence, organizations must focus on improving their operations and processes while creating an inclusive environment that engages everyone. In this interactive session, the facilitator will highlight commonly established business practices and how they limit our ability to engage everyone every day. More importantly, though, participants will likely gain increased awareness of what we can do differently to maximize enterprise excellence through deliberate inclusion.
What is Enterprise Excellence?
Enterprise Excellence is a holistic approach that's aimed at achieving world-class performance across all aspects of the organization.
What might I learn?
A way to engage all in creating Inclusive Excellence. Lessons from the US military and their parallels to the story of Harry Potter. How belt systems and CI teams can destroy inclusive practices. How leadership language invites people to the party. There are three things leaders can do to engage everyone every day: maximizing psychological safety to create environments where folks learn, contribute, and challenge the status quo.
Who might benefit? Anyone and everyone leading folks from the shop floor to top floor.
Dr. William Harvey is a seasoned Operations Leader with extensive experience in chemical processing, manufacturing, and operations management. At Michelman, he currently oversees multiple sites, leading teams in strategic planning and coaching/practicing continuous improvement. William is set to start his eighth year of teaching at the University of Cincinnati where he teaches marketing, finance, and management. William holds various certifications in change management, quality, leadership, operational excellence, team building, and DiSC, among others.
Buy Verified PayPal Account | Buy Google 5 Star Reviewsusawebmarket
Buy Verified PayPal Account
Looking to buy verified PayPal accounts? Discover 7 expert tips for safely purchasing a verified PayPal account in 2024. Ensure security and reliability for your transactions.
PayPal Services Features-
🟢 Email Access
🟢 Bank Added
🟢 Card Verified
🟢 Full SSN Provided
🟢 Phone Number Access
🟢 Driving License Copy
🟢 Fasted Delivery
Client Satisfaction is Our First priority. Our services is very appropriate to buy. We assume that the first-rate way to purchase our offerings is to order on the website. If you have any worry in our cooperation usually You can order us on Skype or Telegram.
24/7 Hours Reply/Please Contact
usawebmarketEmail: support@usawebmarket.com
Skype: usawebmarket
Telegram: @usawebmarket
WhatsApp: +1(218) 203-5951
USA WEB MARKET is the Best Verified PayPal, Payoneer, Cash App, Skrill, Neteller, Stripe Account and SEO, SMM Service provider.100%Satisfection granted.100% replacement Granted.
VAT Registration Outlined In UAE: Benefits and Requirementsuae taxgpt
Vat Registration is a legal obligation for businesses meeting the threshold requirement, helping companies avoid fines and ramifications. Contact now!
https://viralsocialtrends.com/vat-registration-outlined-in-uae/
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to ma...Lviv Startup Club
Kseniya Leshchenko: Shared development support service model as the way to make small projects with small budgets profitable for the company (UA)
Kyiv PMDay 2024 Summer
Website – www.pmday.org
Youtube – https://www.youtube.com/startuplviv
FB – https://www.facebook.com/pmdayconference
Premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions for Modern BusinessesSynapseIndia
Stay ahead of the curve with our premium MEAN Stack Development Solutions. Our expert developers utilize MongoDB, Express.js, AngularJS, and Node.js to create modern and responsive web applications. Trust us for cutting-edge solutions that drive your business growth and success.
Know more: https://www.synapseindia.com/technology/mean-stack-development-company.html
LA HUG - Video Testimonials with Chynna Morgan - June 2024Lital Barkan
Have you ever heard that user-generated content or video testimonials can take your brand to the next level? We will explore how you can effectively use video testimonials to leverage and boost your sales, content strategy, and increase your CRM data.🤯
We will dig deeper into:
1. How to capture video testimonials that convert from your audience 🎥
2. How to leverage your testimonials to boost your sales 💲
3. How you can capture more CRM data to understand your audience better through video testimonials. 📊
1. Outline the provision of Charter of Justice 1807
Royal Charter of Justice refers to the permission granted by British crown for a statutory
reception which gives power to the East India Co. to operate a competent English legal system and
establish reception of English common law. There are 3 charters of justice granted in history and the
first is in 1807 in Penang and this charter established that all civil and criminal matters to be exercised by
Penang. The second charter is in 1826 and the third charter was granted in 1855. The law that shall
apply is English law as administered in England on March 1807 and the application of law subject to local
circumstances. The charter also created the Court of Judicature of Prince of Wales. A Recorder was
appointed to act as judge to the court established. This statutory reception introduced and affirmed the
status of English law and undoubtedly the tool of the colonial advancing through the Penang.
In the case of Fatimah v Logan 1871, the court describe Penang as a desert and uninhabited
island and without any fixed legal institution and since the Sultan of Kedah never exercise his power on
Penang, therefore the territory is considered as terra nullius and without a Lex Loci. It was ruled that the
law of Penang is common law.
Outline the provision of Charter of Justice 1826
Royal Charter of Justice refers to the permission granted by British crown for a statutory
reception which gives power to the East India Co. to operate a competent English legal system and
establish reception of English common law. The first Charter of Justice was granted in 1807 for a
statutory reception of English Law in Penang. This second charter in 1826 extends the hand of English
common law to the territory of Malacca and Singapore while Penang receives English law for second
time. The charter established that all civil and criminal matters to be exercised respective States. The
law that shall apply is English law as administered in England on November 1826, and the jurisdiction
was similar to the charter granted in 1807 and the application of law subject to local circumstances. The
charter also created ‘The Court of Judicature of Prince of Wales, Malacca and Singapore and in stroke of
a pen, Strait Settlements receives a large dose of English law. Besides, a Recorder and lay judges were
appointed. A recorder is a professional judge and assisted by lay judges, an ordinary person. A Recorder
visited Singapore and Malacca twice a year.
Shahrizan
2. Outline the provision of Charter of Justice 1855
Royal Charter of Justice refers to the permission granted by British crown for a statutory
reception of English law. The Charter of Justice 1855 is the third charter and the first was granted in
1807 in Penang and the second charter was granted in 1826 and applied for Penang, and extend to
Malacca and Singapore. The third charter was granted because the British had problem in administering
justice even though there was second charter in 1826. There was only one professional judge, the
Recorder assisted by lay judges and visited Singapore and Malacca twice a year and this cause an
increase in number of cases waiting to be heard. This charter being granted in order to re-organized the
court system and overcome the problems in administering justice and additional Recorder was
appointed for Penang and Singapore. Besides, there was also an appointment of Registrar.
In 1867, there was a further development on the re-organization of the court system when the
transfer of administration of Strait Settlements from India to Colonial Office in London. The Recorder of
Singapore became Chief Justice of Strait Settlements and the Recorder of Penang became Judge of
Penang besides there was an appointment of AG and SG.
Explain the effect of residential system on the adoption of English law in the Malay States.
By 1888, the British managed to control Perak, Selangor, Pahang and Negeri Sembilan and these
states knows as Federated Malay States. British introduced a sophisticated system of indirect rule knows
as Residential System. Under this system, each Sultan has to accept a British Resident whose advice had
to be asked and acted upon in all administrative matters except related in Islam and Malay customs. In
this system, the actual government was in the hand of British Residents which were responsible to the
Governor of Straits Settlements.
However, this system gives some effects specifically on the adoption of English law on the
Malay states. First effect is in term of the reception of the English law to the Federated Malay
States. When the British residential system applied and operative in the Malay states and the
Residents have power in the administration except in Islam and Malay adat, the law that will govern
matters in the administration is the English law and basically it can be conclude that this system
open the door for the English law in these four states just in strokes of signs.
Shahrizan
3. Besides that, the British Residential system also promotes uniformity of law since the law
applied for the administration is the English law and not different set of laws previously operated in
the Malay states and the power of administration of justice is under British Resident.
Thirdly, the effect of British residential system is the force of English law as the main and
basic law of the land weakened the force of the local law such as Syariah law and the Malay
customary law, even though the British residents does not have powers in these two matters, the
reception of English law to some extent weakened these two laws since the area of law govern by
the local laws is not the same as before the application of English law.
Describe the sources of law during Malacca Sultanate.
Sources of law refer to places where the law can be found and the origin where the law gets its
authority. It refers also to legal sources, that is, legal rules that make up the law. During Malacca
Sultanate, as the important place for trade, there is a need for a law and order, and there was already a
system of law and order established by the Ruler at that time in order to protect the interest of traders
and govern different group of people.
The source of law during Malacca Sultanate before the coming of Islam is Malay adat law,
specifically adat Temenggung. Adat law is the law based on patrilineal tradition, and since it comes from
Palembang, it received influence of Hindu tradition and its customary law. Adat Temenggung was also
the basis of the law contained in most of the Malay legal codes or digests which were compiled to
facilitate the uniformity of decisions. The two legal digests in Malacca Sultanate are Hukum Kanun
Melaka and Undang-Undang Laut Melaka. Hukum Kanun Melaka is the law that governed wide range of
civil, criminal and constitutional matters while Undang-Undang Laut Melaka covered largely on maritime
matters.
After the coming of Islam, the Syariah law introduced and tends to modify the Malay adat law to
accord with Islam, a process which continues to this day. Syariah law to some extend weakened the
force of Malay adat law, but not in a substantial scale.
Shahrizan
4. Describe the administrative reign during Malacca Sultanate
Malacca is an important port therefore there is a need for a law and order and a systematic
administrative structure to govern on administrative matters in Malacca. At the apex of its
administrative reign is the Sultan or the Ruler. The Sultan has absolute power; however, he is no longer
semi divine. The absolute position of the Sultan is not a license for arbitrary rule because tradition
requires the Sultan to consult those under his authority.
The most important minister is the Bendahara, who combined the office of Prime Minister, Chief
Minister and commander-in-chief of the army in the modern day. Bendahara will assist the Sultan in the
administration matters and also lead the other minister. He also was appointed to take care of political
and judicial function. Next in prominence was the Temenggung, who was the chief of police and
magistrate, who was responsible in apprehending criminals, maintaining prisons and keeping the peace.
Following him was the laksamana, the admiral of the fleet. These were the most eminent officials in the
realm.
There were also other officials such as penghulu Bendahara, or chief secretary of Bendahara and
a treasurer. He was also the head of Syahbandar, who is the harbor master.
Shahrizan