This document reports on generating a magnetic field from a single point source of current density in vacuum using MATLAB. It provides relevant background on Maxwell's equations and the relationships between magnetic vector potential (A), magnetic flux density (B), and current density (J). The document outlines simulating a 2D Cartesian mesh with a current density source at the center. Results show the scalar potential (Φ) field, gradient of Φ, magnetic flux density B field, and magnetic vector potential A field. Contour plots illustrate the magnitudes of each field decreasing from the center outwards.
Satellite image Compression reduces redundancy in data representation in order to achieve saving in the
cost of storage and transmission image compression compensates for the limited on-board resources, in
terms of mass memory and downlink bandwidth and thus it provides a solution to the (bandwidth vs. data
volume) dilemma of modern spacecraft Thus compression is very important feature in payload image
processing units of many satellites, In this paper, an improvement of the quantization step of the input
vectors has been proposed. The k-nearest neighbour (KNN) algorithm was used on each axis. The three
classifications considered as three independent sources of information, are combined in the framework of
the evidence theory the best code vector is then selected. After Huffman schemes is applied for encoding
and decoding.
This document summarizes a presentation on multiscale modeling of organic photovoltaic devices. It discusses the operating principles of organic solar cells and their internal morphologies. It then presents the mathematical model developed, which uses a multiscale approach to model exciton transport and dissociation, charge transport, and the electric field. Numerical results are shown applying the model to different device structures, demonstrating the effects of morphology on performance. Applications to light harvesting capacitors and artificial retinas are also discussed.
DOE Efficiency Enhancing Solar Downconverting Phosphor Layerjeep82cj
This document summarizes a project to develop efficiency-enhancing down-shifting layers for photovoltaic modules. The project aims to develop low-cost down-shifting layers that can down-convert high-energy solar photons to lower-energy photons to boost photovoltaic efficiency. Modeling shows these layers could provide over 10% relative efficiency gains. The project has fabricated down-shifting materials with quantum efficiencies over 90% and demonstrated quantum splitting. Prototype down-shifting films have been fabricated and show promising optical properties without reducing solar cell efficiency. Future work will optimize down-shifting film and material properties and demonstrate efficiency gains on solar cells.
Quantum Computation for Predicting Electron and Phonon Properties of SolidsKAMAL CHOUDHARY
This document outlines a workflow for using quantum computing to simulate electron and phonon properties of solids. It discusses the motivation for using quantum bits to simulate quantum systems more easily. It provides background on band theory of solids, quantum algorithms like VQE and circuit models. The workflow is then applied to calculate properties of aluminum metal and over 1000 other materials using classical and quantum solvers. Future opportunities and challenges are also discussed.
This document describes an experiment measuring the permittivity and permeability of FR-4 material and simulating it numerically. It was submitted by Neetesh Sharma for their dissertation under the guidance of Ashish Duvey. The objective was to develop a new approach to enhance the bandwidth and improve the performance of microstrip patch antennas by designing the antenna to optimize bandwidth enhancement, return loss reduction, and directivity improvement using CST simulation software and validating properties with MathCAD and Excel. Formulas are provided for calculating antenna width, effective dielectric constant, length extension, and actual length based on permittivity and permeability. Applications of microstrip patch antennas and an overview of metamaterials including definitions, classifications such as DNG materials,
This document provides information about quantum theory and atomic structure:
- It introduces the wave nature of light and electromagnetic radiation, including frequency, wavelength, and speed of light.
- Models of the atom are discussed, from the Bohr model to the quantum mechanical model using the Schrodinger wave equation.
- Key concepts in quantum theory are explained, such as quantization of energy, photons, wave-particle duality, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
- Atomic orbitals are described using quantum numbers such as principal, angular momentum, and magnetic, and how these relate to electron configuration.
This document discusses nonlinear optics and the dynamical Berry phase. It introduces nonlinear optics and summarizes early experiments. It then discusses how the Berry phase is related to nonlinear optical effects like second harmonic generation (SHG). Computational methods are presented for calculating SHG and other nonlinear optical properties from first principles using time-dependent density functional theory and the dynamical Berry phase. Examples of applying these methods to study SHG in semiconductors are provided.
This document compares and contrasts linear and nonlinear optics. In linear optics, light propagates through a medium without changing frequency, while in nonlinear optics the medium's response depends on light intensity. Nonlinear optics involves effects where the induced polarization in a medium does not linearly depend on the electric field of the light. This allows frequency conversion via processes like second harmonic generation and sum frequency generation. Materials can exhibit a nonlinear refractive index, leading to self-focusing or defocusing of high intensity light beams. Nonlinear optical effects enable applications like frequency conversion, optical limiting, and all-optical signal processing.
Satellite image Compression reduces redundancy in data representation in order to achieve saving in the
cost of storage and transmission image compression compensates for the limited on-board resources, in
terms of mass memory and downlink bandwidth and thus it provides a solution to the (bandwidth vs. data
volume) dilemma of modern spacecraft Thus compression is very important feature in payload image
processing units of many satellites, In this paper, an improvement of the quantization step of the input
vectors has been proposed. The k-nearest neighbour (KNN) algorithm was used on each axis. The three
classifications considered as three independent sources of information, are combined in the framework of
the evidence theory the best code vector is then selected. After Huffman schemes is applied for encoding
and decoding.
This document summarizes a presentation on multiscale modeling of organic photovoltaic devices. It discusses the operating principles of organic solar cells and their internal morphologies. It then presents the mathematical model developed, which uses a multiscale approach to model exciton transport and dissociation, charge transport, and the electric field. Numerical results are shown applying the model to different device structures, demonstrating the effects of morphology on performance. Applications to light harvesting capacitors and artificial retinas are also discussed.
DOE Efficiency Enhancing Solar Downconverting Phosphor Layerjeep82cj
This document summarizes a project to develop efficiency-enhancing down-shifting layers for photovoltaic modules. The project aims to develop low-cost down-shifting layers that can down-convert high-energy solar photons to lower-energy photons to boost photovoltaic efficiency. Modeling shows these layers could provide over 10% relative efficiency gains. The project has fabricated down-shifting materials with quantum efficiencies over 90% and demonstrated quantum splitting. Prototype down-shifting films have been fabricated and show promising optical properties without reducing solar cell efficiency. Future work will optimize down-shifting film and material properties and demonstrate efficiency gains on solar cells.
Quantum Computation for Predicting Electron and Phonon Properties of SolidsKAMAL CHOUDHARY
This document outlines a workflow for using quantum computing to simulate electron and phonon properties of solids. It discusses the motivation for using quantum bits to simulate quantum systems more easily. It provides background on band theory of solids, quantum algorithms like VQE and circuit models. The workflow is then applied to calculate properties of aluminum metal and over 1000 other materials using classical and quantum solvers. Future opportunities and challenges are also discussed.
This document describes an experiment measuring the permittivity and permeability of FR-4 material and simulating it numerically. It was submitted by Neetesh Sharma for their dissertation under the guidance of Ashish Duvey. The objective was to develop a new approach to enhance the bandwidth and improve the performance of microstrip patch antennas by designing the antenna to optimize bandwidth enhancement, return loss reduction, and directivity improvement using CST simulation software and validating properties with MathCAD and Excel. Formulas are provided for calculating antenna width, effective dielectric constant, length extension, and actual length based on permittivity and permeability. Applications of microstrip patch antennas and an overview of metamaterials including definitions, classifications such as DNG materials,
This document provides information about quantum theory and atomic structure:
- It introduces the wave nature of light and electromagnetic radiation, including frequency, wavelength, and speed of light.
- Models of the atom are discussed, from the Bohr model to the quantum mechanical model using the Schrodinger wave equation.
- Key concepts in quantum theory are explained, such as quantization of energy, photons, wave-particle duality, and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.
- Atomic orbitals are described using quantum numbers such as principal, angular momentum, and magnetic, and how these relate to electron configuration.
This document discusses nonlinear optics and the dynamical Berry phase. It introduces nonlinear optics and summarizes early experiments. It then discusses how the Berry phase is related to nonlinear optical effects like second harmonic generation (SHG). Computational methods are presented for calculating SHG and other nonlinear optical properties from first principles using time-dependent density functional theory and the dynamical Berry phase. Examples of applying these methods to study SHG in semiconductors are provided.
This document compares and contrasts linear and nonlinear optics. In linear optics, light propagates through a medium without changing frequency, while in nonlinear optics the medium's response depends on light intensity. Nonlinear optics involves effects where the induced polarization in a medium does not linearly depend on the electric field of the light. This allows frequency conversion via processes like second harmonic generation and sum frequency generation. Materials can exhibit a nonlinear refractive index, leading to self-focusing or defocusing of high intensity light beams. Nonlinear optical effects enable applications like frequency conversion, optical limiting, and all-optical signal processing.
This document describes the tight-binding method for calculating the energy diagram of nanoelectronic systems. It introduces the tight-binding method and its application to calculating the energy diagrams of polyacetylene, single-layer graphene, bilayer graphene, and multi-layer graphene. It also discusses using the tight-binding method to calculate the energy diagrams of two and four layer graphene in a constant electric field and single-layer graphene in a modulated electric field. The document provides the theoretical framework and mathematical equations for applying the tight-binding method to these different nanoscale systems.
Presentation of third- and fifth-order optical nonlinearities measurement using the D4Sigma-Z-scan Method. I present a resolution of propagation equation in general case (with third- and fifth-order nonlinearities) and a numerical inversion.
This presentation is conclude with experimental results.
Lagrangian Fluid Simulation with Continuous Convolutionsfarukcankaya
Fluids considered as a set of particles and interaction between particles are computed by point clouds. It makes spatial convolutions by using spherical coordinates. Besides, the differentiable network can simulate drastically different geometry and estimate the material property used for the inverse problem. Results demonstrate that the continuous convolution network outperforms prior formulations in terms of accuracy and speed.
The document discusses the concentration effect phenomenon in high-dimensional outlier detection. The concentration effect causes the distances between all data points to become similar, undermining outlier detection techniques that rely on distance measurements. The presentation proves that as dimensionality increases, the maximum and minimum distances between a query point and data points converge to the same value. However, the effect may not occur if the data has intrinsic structure like separable clusters or relevant dimensions. Outlier detection for high-dimensional data should account for this concentration effect.
Modelling Quantum Transport in Nanostructuresiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses nonlinear optics and summarizes key topics covered:
- It describes the difference between linear and nonlinear optics, where linear optics involves weak light that is unchanged and nonlinear optics involves intense light that can induce effects and be manipulated.
- Nonlinear optics allows changing light properties like color and shape, and has applications in telecommunications and creating ultrashort events.
- Phenomena like sum and difference frequency generation are examples of second-order nonlinear optical effects. Phase matching is important for efficient nonlinear optical processes.
- Applications of nonlinear optics include optical phase conjugation, optical parametric oscillators, optical computing, optical switching, and optical data storage.
SHN International Program Mgr job description FinalMatt Casteel
This position is responsible for planning, managing, and overseeing meal packaging activities held outside the US. The position will develop the international meal packaging model to improve programs, logistics, and communications, and will promote the international meal packaging program of Stop Hunger Now. Key responsibilities include worldwide program promotion, planning international events, developing relationships, and managing non-expansion events.
This document summarizes Harry Butler's media project analyzing how it uses, develops, and challenges conventions of real media products. Harry created a digipak, magazine advertisement, and music video. For the digipak, Harry researched existing digipaks and incorporated typical design elements but challenged conventions by including Japanese text. The magazine ad featured typical elements like album art but included uncommon copyright information. Harry's music video opening conformed to displaying the artist name but challenged conventions by including a Japanese translation. It also featured the artist singing while making eye contact, conforming to the video for "Another Love" by Tom Odell.
La contaminación puede clasificarse según su fuente u origen o por el tipo de contaminante, existen diversos agentes contaminantes como sustancias químicas como plaguicidas y herbicidas. También hay formas de combatir la contaminación y leyes internacionales que regulan las emisiones contaminantes de los países.
The document describes the PSA Rugby Academy, an international coaching program located in Tignes, France. The academy offers residential and day camps for youth rugby players between ages 10-18 led by an expert coaching team. Players can choose between intermediate and advanced programs focusing on skills development, fitness, nutrition, and more to help maximize their potential. The intermediate program is designed for ages 10-15 while the advanced is for 16-18 year olds.
This document provides a shotlist for a film or video project containing 24 scenes with details about the shots, locations, transitions, and camera movements. Some key scenes include:
1) A montage of news clips cutting between gang violence.
2) Ben and Jordan walking on either side of a sign before walking off screen.
3) Ben and Jordan slowly walking towards the camera in a park before it moves back in an extreme long shot.
4) Interviews in a square alternating camera positions and close ups between subjects.
The shotlist provides technical direction for filming each scene ranging from establishing shots, interviews, tracking shots, timelapses and more to capture the story.
The Office (UK) was a BBC mockumentary sitcom that aired from 2001-2003. It was created by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant, who also starred Ricky Gervais as the lead character David Brent. The show followed the daily lives of employees at the Slough branch of the fictional Wernham Hogg paper company. It began as short films but its popularity led to the BBC commissioning it as a full series. The Office was a critical and commercial success, winning multiple awards and attracting a large audience in both the UK and US through its portrayal of mundane office life and awkward humor. It helped launch the careers of its creators and cast.
This document provides an overview of magnetostatics and magnetic field calculations. It begins with an introduction to the magnetic dipole moment and magnetic fields. It then discusses Maxwell's equations in magnetostatics and various magnetic field calculations including using the vector potential, scalar potential, and boundary conditions. The document concludes with a discussion of magnetostatic energy and forces. Key topics covered include the magnetic dipole moment, Biot-Savart law, demagnetizing fields, susceptibility, hysteresis, magnetic potentials, and energy associated with magnetic fields and materials.
A general theoretical design of semiconductor nanostructures withAlexander Decker
This document presents a theoretical design for semiconductor nanostructures with equispaced energy levels, specifically for quantum wells in semiconductor ternary alloys. The procedure maps the envelope function Schrodinger equation for a realistic quantum well into an effective-mass Schrodinger equation with a linear harmonic oscillator potential through coordinate transformation. This allows the electron effective mass and potential to be obtained, providing signatures for the equispaced energy levels in quantum wells of semiconductor ternary alloys. Preliminary results are presented for ternary alloy quantum wells, with the goal of generalizing previous studies and obtaining solutions that depict the signatures for equispaced energy levels.
Maxwells equation and Electromagnetic WavesA K Mishra
These slide contains Scalar,Vector fields ,gradients,Divergence,and Curl,Gauss divergence theorem,Stoks theorem,Maxwell electromagnetic equations ,Pointing theorem,Depth of penetration (Skin depth) for graduate and Engineering students and teachers.
1. Magnetostatics describes the magnetic forces and fields that result from stationary electric charges and currents. The magnetic force on a moving charge in the presence of both electric and magnetic fields is given by the Lorentz force equation.
2. The two fundamental postulates of magnetostatics specify that the divergence of the magnetic flux density B is zero, and the curl of B is equal to the magnetic permeability times the current density.
3. Ampere's circuital law states that the circulation of the magnetic flux density around any closed path is equal to the total current flowing through the surface bounded by that path, according to the integral form of the curl relation.
Research on Transformer Core Vibration under DC Bias Based on Multi-field Cou...inventionjournals
The Mathematical models for DC bias vibration analysis of the transformer core are developed in this paper. The model is combined into multi-physical field coupling modeling for vibration analysis of the transformer. By applying the primary voltage as excitation and under different DC bias, vibrations of the transformer core is simulated and analyzed.
This document provides an overview of magnetostatics and key concepts related to magnetism. It begins with a top ten list of magnetism principles. It then discusses the properties of magnetic poles, fields, and materials. Key points made include that every magnet has both a north and south pole, magnetic fields are generated by moving charges, and materials can be classified based on their magnetic permeability. The document also introduces critical magnetism concepts such as the Biot-Savart law, Ampere's law, magnetic dipoles, and the forces and energy associated with magnetic fields.
NCERT Solutions for Moving Charges and Magnetism Class 12
Class 12 Physics typically covers the topic of moving charges and magnetism, which is an essential part of electromagnetism.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Band structures plot the allowed electronic energy levels of crystalline materials. They reveal whether a material is metallic, semiconducting, or insulating, and provide other properties. Band structures are calculated in k-space, where k is a wave vector related to crystal orbital wavelengths. For a 1D chain of atoms, the energy depends quadratically on k. Higher dimensional crystals have more complex band structures due to interactions between orbitals in different directions. Calculating full band structures requires considering all orbitals within a material's Brillouin zone.
This document describes the tight-binding method for calculating the energy diagram of nanoelectronic systems. It introduces the tight-binding method and its application to calculating the energy diagrams of polyacetylene, single-layer graphene, bilayer graphene, and multi-layer graphene. It also discusses using the tight-binding method to calculate the energy diagrams of two and four layer graphene in a constant electric field and single-layer graphene in a modulated electric field. The document provides the theoretical framework and mathematical equations for applying the tight-binding method to these different nanoscale systems.
Presentation of third- and fifth-order optical nonlinearities measurement using the D4Sigma-Z-scan Method. I present a resolution of propagation equation in general case (with third- and fifth-order nonlinearities) and a numerical inversion.
This presentation is conclude with experimental results.
Lagrangian Fluid Simulation with Continuous Convolutionsfarukcankaya
Fluids considered as a set of particles and interaction between particles are computed by point clouds. It makes spatial convolutions by using spherical coordinates. Besides, the differentiable network can simulate drastically different geometry and estimate the material property used for the inverse problem. Results demonstrate that the continuous convolution network outperforms prior formulations in terms of accuracy and speed.
The document discusses the concentration effect phenomenon in high-dimensional outlier detection. The concentration effect causes the distances between all data points to become similar, undermining outlier detection techniques that rely on distance measurements. The presentation proves that as dimensionality increases, the maximum and minimum distances between a query point and data points converge to the same value. However, the effect may not occur if the data has intrinsic structure like separable clusters or relevant dimensions. Outlier detection for high-dimensional data should account for this concentration effect.
Modelling Quantum Transport in Nanostructuresiosrjce
IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering(IOSR-JECE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of electronics and communication engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in electronics and communication engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
This document discusses nonlinear optics and summarizes key topics covered:
- It describes the difference between linear and nonlinear optics, where linear optics involves weak light that is unchanged and nonlinear optics involves intense light that can induce effects and be manipulated.
- Nonlinear optics allows changing light properties like color and shape, and has applications in telecommunications and creating ultrashort events.
- Phenomena like sum and difference frequency generation are examples of second-order nonlinear optical effects. Phase matching is important for efficient nonlinear optical processes.
- Applications of nonlinear optics include optical phase conjugation, optical parametric oscillators, optical computing, optical switching, and optical data storage.
SHN International Program Mgr job description FinalMatt Casteel
This position is responsible for planning, managing, and overseeing meal packaging activities held outside the US. The position will develop the international meal packaging model to improve programs, logistics, and communications, and will promote the international meal packaging program of Stop Hunger Now. Key responsibilities include worldwide program promotion, planning international events, developing relationships, and managing non-expansion events.
This document summarizes Harry Butler's media project analyzing how it uses, develops, and challenges conventions of real media products. Harry created a digipak, magazine advertisement, and music video. For the digipak, Harry researched existing digipaks and incorporated typical design elements but challenged conventions by including Japanese text. The magazine ad featured typical elements like album art but included uncommon copyright information. Harry's music video opening conformed to displaying the artist name but challenged conventions by including a Japanese translation. It also featured the artist singing while making eye contact, conforming to the video for "Another Love" by Tom Odell.
La contaminación puede clasificarse según su fuente u origen o por el tipo de contaminante, existen diversos agentes contaminantes como sustancias químicas como plaguicidas y herbicidas. También hay formas de combatir la contaminación y leyes internacionales que regulan las emisiones contaminantes de los países.
The document describes the PSA Rugby Academy, an international coaching program located in Tignes, France. The academy offers residential and day camps for youth rugby players between ages 10-18 led by an expert coaching team. Players can choose between intermediate and advanced programs focusing on skills development, fitness, nutrition, and more to help maximize their potential. The intermediate program is designed for ages 10-15 while the advanced is for 16-18 year olds.
This document provides a shotlist for a film or video project containing 24 scenes with details about the shots, locations, transitions, and camera movements. Some key scenes include:
1) A montage of news clips cutting between gang violence.
2) Ben and Jordan walking on either side of a sign before walking off screen.
3) Ben and Jordan slowly walking towards the camera in a park before it moves back in an extreme long shot.
4) Interviews in a square alternating camera positions and close ups between subjects.
The shotlist provides technical direction for filming each scene ranging from establishing shots, interviews, tracking shots, timelapses and more to capture the story.
The Office (UK) was a BBC mockumentary sitcom that aired from 2001-2003. It was created by Ricky Gervais and Stephen Merchant, who also starred Ricky Gervais as the lead character David Brent. The show followed the daily lives of employees at the Slough branch of the fictional Wernham Hogg paper company. It began as short films but its popularity led to the BBC commissioning it as a full series. The Office was a critical and commercial success, winning multiple awards and attracting a large audience in both the UK and US through its portrayal of mundane office life and awkward humor. It helped launch the careers of its creators and cast.
This document provides an overview of magnetostatics and magnetic field calculations. It begins with an introduction to the magnetic dipole moment and magnetic fields. It then discusses Maxwell's equations in magnetostatics and various magnetic field calculations including using the vector potential, scalar potential, and boundary conditions. The document concludes with a discussion of magnetostatic energy and forces. Key topics covered include the magnetic dipole moment, Biot-Savart law, demagnetizing fields, susceptibility, hysteresis, magnetic potentials, and energy associated with magnetic fields and materials.
A general theoretical design of semiconductor nanostructures withAlexander Decker
This document presents a theoretical design for semiconductor nanostructures with equispaced energy levels, specifically for quantum wells in semiconductor ternary alloys. The procedure maps the envelope function Schrodinger equation for a realistic quantum well into an effective-mass Schrodinger equation with a linear harmonic oscillator potential through coordinate transformation. This allows the electron effective mass and potential to be obtained, providing signatures for the equispaced energy levels in quantum wells of semiconductor ternary alloys. Preliminary results are presented for ternary alloy quantum wells, with the goal of generalizing previous studies and obtaining solutions that depict the signatures for equispaced energy levels.
Maxwells equation and Electromagnetic WavesA K Mishra
These slide contains Scalar,Vector fields ,gradients,Divergence,and Curl,Gauss divergence theorem,Stoks theorem,Maxwell electromagnetic equations ,Pointing theorem,Depth of penetration (Skin depth) for graduate and Engineering students and teachers.
1. Magnetostatics describes the magnetic forces and fields that result from stationary electric charges and currents. The magnetic force on a moving charge in the presence of both electric and magnetic fields is given by the Lorentz force equation.
2. The two fundamental postulates of magnetostatics specify that the divergence of the magnetic flux density B is zero, and the curl of B is equal to the magnetic permeability times the current density.
3. Ampere's circuital law states that the circulation of the magnetic flux density around any closed path is equal to the total current flowing through the surface bounded by that path, according to the integral form of the curl relation.
Research on Transformer Core Vibration under DC Bias Based on Multi-field Cou...inventionjournals
The Mathematical models for DC bias vibration analysis of the transformer core are developed in this paper. The model is combined into multi-physical field coupling modeling for vibration analysis of the transformer. By applying the primary voltage as excitation and under different DC bias, vibrations of the transformer core is simulated and analyzed.
This document provides an overview of magnetostatics and key concepts related to magnetism. It begins with a top ten list of magnetism principles. It then discusses the properties of magnetic poles, fields, and materials. Key points made include that every magnet has both a north and south pole, magnetic fields are generated by moving charges, and materials can be classified based on their magnetic permeability. The document also introduces critical magnetism concepts such as the Biot-Savart law, Ampere's law, magnetic dipoles, and the forces and energy associated with magnetic fields.
NCERT Solutions for Moving Charges and Magnetism Class 12
Class 12 Physics typically covers the topic of moving charges and magnetism, which is an essential part of electromagnetism.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Band structures plot the allowed electronic energy levels of crystalline materials. They reveal whether a material is metallic, semiconducting, or insulating, and provide other properties. Band structures are calculated in k-space, where k is a wave vector related to crystal orbital wavelengths. For a 1D chain of atoms, the energy depends quadratically on k. Higher dimensional crystals have more complex band structures due to interactions between orbitals in different directions. Calculating full band structures requires considering all orbitals within a material's Brillouin zone.
The document discusses reciprocal lattices and X-ray diffraction from crystal structures. It begins by introducing the concept of a reciprocal lattice as the Fourier transform of a direct lattice, allowing crystal vibrations and electron waves to be expressed as sums of plane waves. Specific examples are given for simple cubic, body-centered cubic, and face-centered cubic crystal structures and their corresponding reciprocal lattices. Bragg's law and the Laue condition for X-ray diffraction are derived from considerations of interference between waves scattered from crystal planes. The structure factor is introduced to account for interference between waves scattered from multiple atoms within a crystal's unit cell.
This document provides an overview and summary of key topics in electromagnetism, including magnetism and magnetic fields. It discusses what produces magnetic fields, defines the magnetic field B, describes magnetic field lines and poles. It also covers the magnetic force on a charged particle and current-carrying wire, motion of a charged particle in a magnetic field including cyclotron acceleration. Torque on a current-carrying coil and the magnetic dipole moment are also summarized. The document provides definitions, diagrams and equations for understanding fundamental concepts of magnetism.
This document contains the agenda for a group presentation on topics in modern physics, electricity, and magnetism. The presentation will be given by 9 students from Group A to the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering. The topics they will discuss include nuclear binding energy, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, photoelectric effect, mass-energy relationship, de Broglie equation, Bohr atomic model limitations, Einstein's mass-energy equation, radioactive decay, electric flux, Gauss's law, Ampere's law, and the Schrodinger wave equation. Questions they will address are listed under each topic.
Fisika Zat Padat (12 - 14) a-magnetic_effects_in_quantum _mechanicsjayamartha
The document discusses several topics in quantum mechanics including:
1) A two-level quantum system and Rabi oscillations between the two levels.
2) Quantization of electron motion in a magnetic field including Landau levels.
3) The Aharonov-Bohm effect where electromagnetic potentials rather than fields determine quantum behavior and how this was observed in semiconductor quantum rings.
High impedance surface_his_ris_amc_nurmerical_analytical_analysis利 金
Features of an AMC such as dispersion diagram and reflection phase are discussed numerically and analytically, along with their experimental set up. Parametric study on polarization (TE and TM,substrate thickness and dielectric constant and unit cell size and spacing is carried out. Their design equations are included from different references.
This document studies how Coulomb repulsion and exchange interaction affect the time evolution and pulse duration of two-electron systems. The researchers construct an initial wavefunction for the two-electron system and time-evolve it using the Hamiltonian, which includes terms for both Coulomb repulsion and exchange interaction. Their results show that both effects contribute to increasing the separation between electrons over time, but are within an order of magnitude of each other, suggesting both play a role in limiting ultrafast electron pulse durations.
The document discusses Maxwell's equations and electromagnetism, providing an overview of Maxwell's equations which describe the relationship between electric and magnetic fields, motion of charged particles in electromagnetic fields, electromagnetic wave propagation, and basic vector calculus equations. It also lists several textbooks for further reading on classical electromagnetism and provides the basic Maxwell's equations in vacuum and source forms.
1) A stress tensor is defined for vorticity fields in hydrodynamics, analogous to Maxwell stress tensor in electromagnetism. This vorticity stress tensor represents forces on surfaces in a vorticity field.
2) The vorticity stress tensor can be decomposed into terms representing tension along vortex lines and pressure normal to vortex lines.
3) This vorticity stress tensor establishes a theoretical framework for studying forces between vortex lines and deformation of fluid volumes due to vorticity.
This document provides an overview of Cedric Weber's background and research interests, which include dynamical mean field theory (DMFT) and its application to oxide materials. Some key points:
- Cedric Weber received his PhD in quantum magnetism and superconductivity from EPFL and has worked on DMFT at Rutgers and the University of Cambridge. He is currently a researcher at King's College London.
- His research focuses on developing DMFT software and studying phase diagrams of high-temperature superconductors and other oxide materials using techniques like DMFT, GW+DMFT, and the Bethe-Salpeter equation.
- He collaborates with theorists and experimentalists on topics like laser
Magnetic Properties.pdf....................SONALIKABAL
Magnetism is the phenomenon by which materials exert attractive or repulsive forces on other materials. There are several types of magnetic behavior in materials. Diamagnetic materials are weakly repelled by magnetic fields and have a relative permeability slightly less than 1. Paramagnetic materials are weakly attracted to magnetic fields and have a relative permeability slightly greater than 1. Ferromagnetic materials strongly attract magnetic fields and can retain magnetization after an external magnetic field is removed. They have a very high relative permeability. Antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials also interact with magnetic fields but their magnetic moments partially or fully cancel each other out.
Similar to Magnetic Field Report_Leah Klein 5-10-16 (20)
5. 5
Simulation Parameters and Method
A 2D Cartesian mesh of 21 elements was used to generate the vacuum space in which the
computations were performed. A constant current density source (JK) of 10000 A/m2
was applied
at the center of this mesh in the ‘z’ direction (no x and y components). This acted as a source
term. This generates the scalar field Φ , as determined in equation 1j.
Initialization conditions
-Internal vacuum area:
The initial value of the Φ field in all the elements was set to 0.
The initial current density term was applied at a single element at the center of the mesh. This
acted as a source term.
-Boundary conditions: The boundaries value of the Φ field was set to 0. This represented the Φ
field value at infinity (which is assumed to be zero).
Assumptions
1. The boundaries region of the mesh represents an infinite distance at which Φ field value is
equal to zero.
2. The magnetic permeability of vacuum (µ0) is 1.25 x 10-6
N·A−2
.
3. Each element has a uniform dimension of 1mm x 1mm.
8. 8
Obtaining the 𝐀 field
We know that ∇ × A = 𝐵
Therefore,
(dAz/dy) – (dAy/dz) = Bx = dΦ/dy
(dAx/dz) – (dAz/dx) = By = -dΦ/dx
We know that our 𝐵 field lies in the x-y plane. Therefore, by definition, the A field needs to lie
in the z plane.
This implies that the terms (dAy/dz) and (dAx/dz) are zero. Therefore, we obtain the result -
A = (0 0 Az ) = (0 0 Φ)
Therefore, plot of A field would be the same as plot of gradient of the Φ field.
Magnetic vector potential field (𝐀 field)
Figure 6 : Vector plot of the 𝐀 field and contour plot of the magnitude of the 𝐀 field
ANN⃑. 𝐵N⃗ = 0
AxBx + AyBy +AzBz = 0
We know that Bz = 0 and Bx & By ≠ 0
AxBx + AyBy = 0
One solution for this is Ax = Ay = 0, which corroborates our understanding of the ANN⃑ field
12. 12
Table describing the comparison between electrostatics and magnetostatics
Equation MAGNETOSTATICS ELECTROSTATICS
Potential Magnetic Scalar
potential φm Magnetic Vector
potential A
Electric
Scalar potential
φ or V
Poisson’s Equation ∇I
ϕ = −
RS
T
, where ρVis the free
charge density
∇I
A = −µoȷ
H = −∇ϕ (outside magnet) E = −∇ϕ
∇
7
8
∇ Az = Jz (inside magnet)
(at all points)
Theorem (differential form) Ampere’s law: B. dl = ∇×
B. ds = µoI
Gauss theorem: ϕ=
E. dA =
]^
T_
Theorem (integral form) ∇ × A = B, ∇. B = 0,
∇. A = 0
∇ × E = 0,
∇. E =
R
T_
Gauge Transformation gauge for the
scalar potential
transformation , leaves the
electric field invariant
transformation ,
leaves the magnetic field
invariant
Potential Energy U = −pE U = −µB
Force Law Biot and Savart’s Law B =
8_
bc
⨜
eFf×g
gh
Coulomb’s Law E =
7
bcT_
⃒j⃒
gh
Main three vectors B,M,H E,D,P
Their relationship B = µ(H + M) D = εoE + P
Analogy in vectors B associated with all
currents, H associated with true
currents, M associated with
magnetizing currents
E associated with all
charges, D associated
with free charges, P
associated with induced
charges
Boundary conditions at the
interface between 2 media
The tangential component of E & the
normal component of
D are continuous across the
boundary.
Tangential component of H &
the normal component of B
are continuous
across the boundary