noted

1. CAGAYAN DE ORO NETWORK OF ARCHDIOCESAN SCHOOLS
ST. ISIDORE SCHOOL OF MEDINA, MIS. OR. INC.
North Poblacion, Medina Misamis Oriental
A.Y. 2021-2022
First Semester: Module 3
SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
GRADE 11: ST. JUDE
NAME: ____________________

2. #Module 3
2.1 Minerals and Rocks
Have you seen rocks closer enough to ever wonder what they are made of? Because, believe it or not, the rocks
that you see are actually made up of crystalline materials we call minerals. But what are minerals? Are they the same as
the minerals we get from food in order to grow and perform bodily functions? In this section, we will discuss what
minerals are and understand their role in the formation of rocks, the process that lead to their formation, and their
importance in our everyday lives.
1. A mineral is Naturally-Occurring
A mineral should be naturally-occurring with respect to its formation. It should be made by natural processes without
the aid of any organisms. In the case of laboratory studies, any material that is formed in laboratories or artificial
conditions is not considered a mineral. They are not made by artificial means. We should be able to differentiate a
mineral from any other synthetic material because of this definition
2. A mineral is Inorganic
The process to produce a mineral by natural means is extended further by making sure that no inorganic material (or
what was once part of an organism) be considered a mineral. This would mean that bones, shells, teeth, and other hard
parts of organisms are not mineral. A mineral should not come from the remains of organisms.
II. EARTH MATERIALS
AND PROCESSES
Content Standard:
 1. the three main categories of rocks
 2. the origin and environment of
formation of common minerals and
rocks
Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able
to:
1. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical
properties S11/12ES-Ib-5
2. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic S11/12ES-Ic-6
Mineral – is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogenous solid with definite chemical composition and ordered
internal/crystalline structure
DIFFERENT CLASSIFICATIONS OF A ROCK MINERAL
Salt field in Bolivia
3. A mineral is a homogenous solid
By saying that a mineral is a homogenous solid, we should be able to see
something that is uniform in appearance and is in the solid state of
matter. This property of minerals is very important especially when
dealing with materials in other states of matter s liquids and gases.
Minerals should occur in the solid state. Before they are mined for
commercial and industrial purposes, sulphur, a native element mineral
(minerals composed of one element only), exits volcanic sources through
the precipitation of gases on the surface. The gas carrying sulphur is not
sulphur

3. 4. A mineral has a definite chemical composition
A mineral must also possess uniformity in its chemical composition. This means that a material, if we are to call it a
mineral, should have definite chemical constituents. Meaning, if we assign a material composed of one atom of Iron and
2 atoms of Sulfur (FeS2) with the mineral name Pyrite, it should be known that all mineral identified as Pyrite should be
composed of Iron and Sulfur in that ratio.
There are, however, instances where we allow minerals to share a common chemical composition. These minerals are
considered Polymorphs. For example, the most famous set of polymorphous minerals would be Graphite and Diamond.
Graphite is the gray mineral used in your pencils (often mistakenly called the “lead” of the pencil) while Diamond is the
hardest mineral known to man. Both graphite and diamond are made up of Carbon. The only difference between the
two minerals is how the carbon atoms are arranged (which we will discuss in the next criterion)
5. A mineral has an ordered internal/crystalline structure
A crystalline material is something that has its elemental components arranged in an ordered fashion. This means that
the material repeats this order in a three-dimensional framework that can extend virtually into infinity.
Mineraloids – is any material which passes most of the criteria (but not all) we have set can be considered a
mineraloid. Most of the time, mineraloids are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogenous solids with definite chemical
compositions but with no ordered internal structure. Examples of mineraloids would be volcanic glass and opal.
Diamond (left) and graphite (right) are
minerals made from the element
Carbon. Despite their similarities in
chemical composition, diamond is
known as one the hardest mineral
known while graphite is known as the
softest. Diamonds come from deep
parts of the mantle where pressure is
extremely high. Graphite, on the other
hand, is common metamorphic
mineral formed from lower
temperature and pressure conditions.
We often imagine crystals as
those with pristine crystal faces
(left) Minerals even without the
presence of good crystal faces are
still crystalline like the mineral
Malachite (right). Crystallinity is
determined using X-RAY
diffraction techniques and is not
visible to the naked eye.
opal Polished Quartz
Opal (left) is a mineraloid from the precipitation of silica-rich solutions. Opal displays a play color called
“iridescence” from the splitting of light similar to what prism does. Obsidian (middle) is also a mineraloid from the
rapid cooling of lava or magma. Mineraloids don’t have an ordered internal structure like minerals. A polished
quartz (right) might look similar to an opal because they are both made of silica. X-ray diffraction techniques can
reveal the Crystallinity of the samples.
Obsidian

4. Mineral Properties
A. Color
As soon as you are presented with a mineral sample, the first thing you will notice is most likely the color. Color is the
perceived wavelength of light that bounced off from the material and is detected by our eyes. Most of the time,
composition dictates what color/hue the mineral will take. But for some, the crystalline structure will also play a role.
There are instances where color becomes a diagnostic property of a mineral. Diagnostic means that the mineral will only
exhibit a single color regardless of where it came from. It should be noted that most minerals show a wide range of
colors depending on the impurities that are present in it.
B. Streak
Streak is the color of a mineral in powdered form. Minerals show color differently when ground into fine powder. This is
because the presence of smooth surfaces of compact crystals sometimes reflects light differently compared to a
powdered mass. An example would be a mineral Pyrite (FeS2) or also known as Fool’s Gold. In hand specimens, pyrite
exhibits brassy yellow color closely resembling the mineral, Gold (hence, the term ‘fool’s gold’). But upon getting the
streak, pyrite will show greenish black color while gold will remain yellow in color.
C. Luster
Luster is the behavior of light as it is reflected by the surface of a mineral. In the description of luster, minerals are
characterized as being: Metallic or Non-Metallic
Minerals having metallic luster reflects light similar to a polished metal. This does not necessarily mean that a mineral
has metallic elements in its composition.
Non-Metallic minerals, on the other hand, are characterized by luster different from the metallic ones. Often, materials
that closely resemble the luster of the mineral will suffice for description purposes. There are many descriptive terms to
choose from including pearly (looks like the surface of a pearl), waxy (like the surface of a candle), vitreous (like clear or
stained glass), and silky (like silk cloth).
D. Hardness
Hardness is the resistance of a mineral to scratching. It should be noted that scratching is different from breaking (which
is under a different property we will discuss later). In determining hardness, the mineral is tested by scratching the
surface with a measurable amount of force. The minimum force applied on the surface before showing evidence of
deformation/scratching will be the hardness of the mineral.
gold
pyrite
(Left) Gold Minerals having a good metallic luster. (Middle) A collection of vitreous minerals showing transparency
and translucency. (Right) The mineral Bauxite (an aluminium ore) having dull to earthy luster.

5. The Moh’s hardness is rather easy to use to get the relative hardness of a mineral. Using different minerals with set of
hardness (1-10; 10 being the hardest), the unknown mineral should be scratched by a harder mineral. For example, the
mineral Quartz has a Moh’s Scale Hardness of 7. It should be noted that any mineral with hardness less than 7 will easily
scratched by Quartz. In the same way, any mineral with hardness higher than 7 cannot be scratched by Quartz.
Material
MOH’S HARDNESS
Fingernail 2.5
Copper coin 3.5
Steel knife 5.5
Streak Plate 6.5
MINERAL MOH’S HARDNESS
Talc 1
Gypsum 2
Calcite 3
Fluorite 4
Apatite 5
Feldspar 6
Quartz 7
Topaz 8
Corundum 9
Diamond 10

6. s the
can
ower
In the absence of the representative minerals present
above, we can still determine the relative hardness of
minerals using common household items. The table
shows the equivalent Moh’s Scale hardness of these
items

7. 6. Other Properties
Minerals show a wide range of physical properties that are essential in order to help us identify them. Several other
properties that can help us in identification include the following:
c. Reaction to chemicals – Minerals, because of their definite chemical compositions, will react at certain conditions
to different chemicals presented to them. The most common test is called the acid test wherein dilute (usually, 10% by
volume) hydrochloric acid (HCl) is allowed to react with a mineral. Because HCl is a strong acid, minerals composed of
basic components such as carbonates (CO32
-
) will readily react with the acid to form neutral salts. One particular mineral
called Calcite (CaCO3) forms bubbles of carbon dioxide (CO2) when a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid HCl is poured on its
surface. The formation of gas bubbles from this reaction is also known as effervescence.
d. Taste – Some minerals will exhibit taste like salty, sweet, or bitter. It should be noted, however, that a large portion
of minerals are also not safe to eat (hence, taste is often not used for the identification of minerals). There are few
minerals that are identifiable with their taste such as the mineral Halite (NaCl). Halite is similar to your ordinary table
salt, only naturally produced (as in the case of where we get sea salt nowadays).
e. Odor – Certain minerals give off distinct smell similar to some spices (e.g. garlic) or industrial materials (e.g.
fireworks). Again, it should be noted that some minerals may cause harmful effect once they get into our bodies (from
inhaling or tasting the substances). A particular mineral called Sulfur (S) smells like rotten eggs.
2.1 “The Rock Cycle”
The rock cycle is a process involving the transformation and generation of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
rocks.
Earth, being a terrestrial planet, is composed of rocks and minerals as part of the geosphere. The geosphere is solid and
it includes the lithosphere, with the outermost layer of our planet composed of the crust and the upper mantle. The
lithosphere extends to a depth of about 100 kilometers down the surface containing different rocks and minerals from
both the continents and the oceans.
5. Cleavage
Cleavage is the boundary of a mineral to break along particular directions. This breakage happens along zones of
weakness within the crystal structure of the mineral. When force is applied on the mineral, it tends to separate on
regions where the bonding is relatively weaker.
Note: The presence of cleavage in a mineral is independent of its hardness. Even diamond exhibits cleavage.
Cleavage is described as Perfect, Good, Fair, or Poor. This is dependent on how sharp or defined the planes where the
mineral split. In cases where there is no observable planar cleavage, the mineral is said to have Fracture.
The mineral Galena (PbS)
showing perfect cubic
cleavages (breaks in 3
directions like ice cubes). The
mineral Muscovite with
cleavage in one direction
(breaks into flakes like pages of
a book
Mangnetite (Fe3O4)
a. Magnetism – The tendency of a mineral to be attracted to a magnet. The definition of
magnetic in physics might be confusing for some readers. In a simple, geologic sense, any
mineral that shows attraction to a standard magnet is considered magnetic.
b. Fluorence – Some minerals, when exposed to certain wavelengths of light, will glow or
appear to release a certain light. This phenomenon is known as fluorescence. The most
common fluorescent mineral known is Fluorite. Fluorite shows fluorescence under
ultraviolet light.
Fluorite

8. A rock is naturally – occurring aggregate or combination of minerals and mineraloids, such as fossils and glass. Just as
minerals are the building blocks of rocks, rocks are the natural building blocks of Earth’s lithosphere.
 Examples of igneous rocks
Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling of magma or lava. The term “igneous” is based from the Latin ignis, which
means fire. Magma or lava may be solidified in one of three ways:
1. Below the surface: from a slow-cooling magma; rocks formed have good crystallization (coarse-grained) may become
plutonic rocks or intrusive igneous, such as granite, diorite, and syenite
2. On the surface: from fast-cooling lava; rocks formed have no visible crystals (fine-grained); may become volcanic rocks
or extrusive igneous, such as basalt and andesite
Metamorphic rocks are formed from the exposure of sedimentary or igneous rocks to high pressure, high
temperature, or both, deep within Earth’s surface. This process affects the mineralogy and texture of the rock. Prior to
metamorphism, the original rock which can either be igneous rock, sedimentary rock, or a metamorphose, is referred to
as the protolith. Metamorphic rocks have distinct foliation because they are exposed to horizontal pressures, friction,
and heat caused by tectonic processes. Metamorphic rocks are sometimes subjected to heat brought by magma from
Earth’s hot interior.
3. On the surface: from the consolidation of
particles erupted by explosive volcanic
activity, may become pyroclastic rocks like
ignimbrite, scoria, and pumice
Earth’s lithosphere is made primarily of
rocks containing one or more minerals in
them. Rocks are constantly being
transformed, generated, and destroyed in a
process called rock cycle. Depending on
their origin or formation, rocks can be
categorized into one of the three types:
igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Sedimentary rocks accumulate on Earth’s surface in a process is called
deposition. The materials that make up sedimentary rocks are a
combination of the products of weathering and erosion, and organic
materials. The process by which these unconsolidated materials
becomes solidified into rock is called as lithification. Like volcanic rocks,
some sedimentary rocks are lithified right at the surface. Other
sedimentary rocks that are lithified below the surface can be exposed at
the surface by geologic process, such as uplift and erosion of the
overlying material.

9. Classifying rocks is usually based on their texture and composition.
 Texture refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains and other constituents, which are
controlled by processes involved in the formation of rock. Because igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
processes are distinct, their textures are also distinct.
 Rocks can also have a distinct grain size: aphanitic or phaneritic. Generally, aphanitic rocks have grains that are
too small to see or identify, while planeritic rocks have grains, which are big enough to see.
ACTIVITY
Test 1: Write true if the statement is correct and false if it is incorrect. Write your answer on the space
provided before each number.
______1. Stone with mineral content will not attract to the magnet.
______2. Minerals having metallic luster reflects light similar to a polished metal.
______3. Water and heat are the reasons also of the weathering of rocks.
______4. Acid test (dilute to 10% content) is one way to test the mineral content of rocks.
______5. Corundum is the hardest mineral in the list of Moh’s scale.
______6. Earth is considered as the gaseous planet.
______7. Metamorphic rocks are sometimes subjected to heat brought by magma from Earth’s hot interior.
______8. Quartz can be scratch by Topaz according to the Moh’s scale of mineral composition.
______9. The solid part of the Earth is called atmosphere.
______10. Sedimentary rocks comes from a silt, decaying components and sediments collected in the rivers and
streams and solidify through heat and pressure.
Test 11. Fill in the blanks with the correct answer. (Note: Please do not pass your module without an answer. If
you find it difficult, you can ask your teacher anytime.) 2 points each.
_____________1. These rocks are formed through the cooling of magma or lava.
_____________2. The most common fluorescent mineral known is ________________.
_____________3. A property of a minerals that share a common chemical composition is known as __________
______________4. _________is a naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogenous solid with definite chemical composition
and ordered internal/crystalline structure.
______________5. refers to the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains and other constituents, which are
controlled by processes involved in the formation of rock. Because igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic processes are distinct, their textures are also distinct.
______________6. A type of stone showing perfect cubic cleavages (breaks in 3 directions like ice cubes) is called PbS or
_____________.
______________7. The process by which these unconsolidated materials becomes solidified into rock is called as
____________.
______________8. ________________ is the resistance of a mineral to scratching.

10. ______________9. Rocks are constantly being transformed, generated, and destroyed in a process called
_______________.
______________10. _______________ the color of a mineral in powdered form.
Test 111. ENUMERATION
1-3 Different types of rocks
1. ____________________________
2. ____________________________
3. ____________________________
4-1O Different properties of minerals
4. _________________________________
5. _________________________________
6. _________________________________
7. _________________________________
8. _________________________________
9. _________________________________
10.__________________________________
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Test 1V. Explain the rock cycle. (5 points)
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