Luzhi
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The document discusses using monitoring and surveys to collect credible environmental data to inform policymaking in China. It describes the Center for Nature and Society's EDSS program which establishes monitoring systems, conducts RAP biodiversity surveys, and builds species databases to understand habitat, distribution, and conservation status. This information is then used to delineate key biodiversity areas and evaluate the effectiveness of nature reserves while integrating data on watersheds, biodiversity, and forests to support local planning and payments for ecosystem services programs in China.
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The document summarizes a study that models international tourism demand for Zimbabwe using monthly time series data from 1998 to 2005. The study uses an autoregressive distributed lag model to estimate the determinants of international holiday visits to Zimbabwe in both the short-run and long-run. Key findings include that taste formation, domestic prices, events like solar eclipses and beauty pageants, and seasonality significantly impact tourism demand in both the short-run and long-run, while the effects of income, transport costs, and the September 11 attacks vary between the short-run and long-run. The model fits the data well and error correction terms indicate deviations from the long-run equilibrium are corrected fairly quickly.
Edwin Use Of Economic Incentives In Bioregions
The document discusses using economic incentives to promote biodiversity conservation outside of protected areas as protected areas alone cannot meet biodiversity targets. It argues that mainstreaming biodiversity conservation as an economic issue through economic incentives can help correct market failures and change behaviors of economic agents to support conservation goals. Cost-benefit analysis and analyzing institutions are approaches that can assess how workable conservation plans are and determine what economic incentives may be most effective. Several areas of potential research on using incentives for conservation oriented regional management are outlined.
Ekbom Carbon Paper Akpalu And Ekbom Nov 2 2008
This document presents a bio-economic model of conservation agriculture and soil carbon sequestration. It examines how conservation agriculture increases soil carbon concentrations while generating private benefits for farmers and public benefits in carbon sequestration. The model conceptualizes farmers optimally allocating crop residues between soil improvement and livestock fodder, and derives the optimal incentive required for farmers to internalize the carbon sequestration externality. An empirical analysis of soil and socioeconomic data from Kenyan farms identifies determinants of crop residue quality and potential for carbon sequestration through conservation agriculture.
Guthiga Redd Proposal Ef D China
This document discusses Kenya's potential participation in Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD), a climate mitigation scheme. It notes that deforestation contributes significantly to global emissions and REDD aims to compensate countries for reducing deforestation. The document outlines Kenya's high deforestation rates and the investments needed to participate in REDD to monitor carbon and slow deforestation. It poses research questions on incentives, carbon prices, and economic impacts. The objectives are to analyze the economic impacts and options for Kenya to participate in REDD. The expected outputs are insights on government interventions needed to make Kenya competitive and inform debates on REDD's economic implications.
Juan Land Conservation Policies
The document analyzes the impact of land conservation policies on deforestation rates in Costa Rica between 2000-2005. Using empirical analysis methods like propensity score matching and covariate matching, it finds that Costa Rica's Payments for Environmental Services Program (PES) reduced deforestation rates by around 2% during this period. For national parks, it estimates that only around 2% of the land within park boundaries would have been deforested without the parks. So both policies had a small but statistically significant impact on reducing deforestation, with PES performing slightly better.
St Clair Efd
This document summarizes a study examining how household forestry contracting influences labor allocation in rural China. The study uses survey data from 901 households in Fujian and Jiangxi provinces to analyze the relationship between forestland ownership, specific forest contract rights, and household labor supply to forestry, agriculture, and off-farm activities. Key variables included forest area, indices measuring forest use rights, transfer rights, and ability to use forests as collateral, and average contract length. Potential econometric issues addressed selection into labor activities and endogeneity of forest variables. Preliminary probit regression results were presented for off-farm and forest labor supply.
Blackman&Robalino.Adoption Of Soil Conservation
The document summarizes research on adoption of soil conservation practices by coffee farmers in Costa Rica. It finds that while 90% of Costa Rican coffee is "technified" with minimal shade and chemical intensive practices, this leads to environmental impacts like soil erosion. The document presents early econometric analysis on what drives farmers' adoption of conservation practices, including characteristics like farm size and slope as well as potential spatial spillovers where farmers learn from nearby farms. It describes the data sources and preliminary spatial regression results analyzing factors influencing adoption of contour planting, infiltration holes, and other practices.
Mintewab Biodiversity And Productivity1
1) The study examines whether maintaining crop diversity on smallholder farms in Ethiopia generates benefits that incentivize farmers to conserve plant genetic resources in situ.
2) Using panel data from 1500 households over 2000-2005 and weather data, the study estimates productivity and diversity models.
3) The results show that higher crop diversity leads to increased productivity, especially in years with unfavorable rainfall, indicating crop diversity provides a buffer against weather risks. This suggests crop diversity provides on-farm benefits that can encourage in situ conservation.
Martine Beijing October 2008
The document summarizes a study that estimates the risk attitudes of individuals from nine fishing communities in South Africa. It describes how a multiple price list experimental measure was used to elicit risk preferences. A sample of 569 individuals completed the task, and demographic data was also collected. Preliminary analysis found females to be more risk averse than males on average. Regression analysis was conducted to estimate a CRRA utility function and relate risk attitudes to observable characteristics like gender, income, and attitudes towards fishing regulations.
Xu Ef D2 Tenure
The document discusses collective forest tenure reform in China, including:
- Forests are owned by the state and collectives, with collective ownership making up 58% of forest area.
- China has undergone two rounds of tenure reform to expand collective forest tenure rights and strengthen rights of farmers. The most recent policy in 2008 formally concluded this process.
- A survey of over 3,000 households in 7 provinces examined the impacts of tenure reform, finding shifts from collective to household and partnership management and increased awareness of tenure rights.
Anders Ekbom Research & Policy Ef D Meeting Beijing Nov 2008
The document discusses the relationship between research and policy, noting it is complex with many influencing factors. It provides strategies for researchers to better link their work to policy, including developing a detailed understanding of policy processes, creating a strategy to ensure research is credible and useful, and being entrepreneurial in policy engagement. Examples are given of the Environmental Economics Unit's policy engagement and tools used, and next steps are outlined to strengthen policy impact across the EfD program.
New Land Reforms And Their Impacts
The document discusses new land reforms that are high on development agendas and their potential impacts. It outlines some key issues with land reforms, including whether private property rights are necessary for economic growth. The document also examines different approaches to land reform, including land titling, redistribution, and formalization of customary rights. It analyzes why many past land reforms have failed and highlights examples of successful reforms in Ethiopia and China. New challenges for land reforms in Africa are also discussed.
Gunnar 2 Next Steps
The summary discusses next steps from the Second EfD Annual Meeting in Beijing on November 6, 2008. It encourages finishing ongoing work, submitting to journals and policy briefs, recruiting more postdocs, and interacting with policymakers over the next year. New proposals for 2009 should follow a brief template noting priced deliverables and payment every six months. Thematic research proposals will be affected by scoping, country priorities, research capacity, and Swedish government priorities, with proposals workshopped in February and due by March 31, 2009. The next annual meeting will be in Nairobi from November 2-5, 2009.
Holden Land Tenure Issues
This document summarizes several land tenure issues and proposed areas of study in multiple countries. It outlines interests in topics like land allocation for bioenergy crops in Tanzania and impacts of land certification in Ethiopia. Cross-cutting issues are identified like the impact of land reform on efficiency, equity, and sustainable land management. Relevant policy processes and global initiatives are mentioned. Potential researchers are identified to analyze issues in countries like China, Ethiopia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and Kenya. A planning process is outlined to coordinate preparation of outputs like an edited book or journal special issues.
Blackman Et Al Presentation Incidence Fuel Taxes
This document summarizes a study on the incidence and regressivity of fuel taxes in Central America. It outlines the policy context of addressing air pollution and greenhouse gases through fuel taxes. It describes the study's goals of using household survey data from Costa Rica to calculate average fuel expenditures and the price elasticity of demand. The results found that a 10% fuel tax would increase expenditures the most for higher-income households in the short run. Issues with other country data are noted.
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Luzhi
- 1. From the Field to Policy Lü Zhi Center for Nature and Society Peking University Nov. 2008
- 4. • The environment crisis in China and the world • China should and could do better • Better governance and effective policies have a significant influence • Effective policies require credible information and insights
- 5. CNS’s Approach EDSS (Environment Decision Support System) EDSS MONITORING GOOD Environmental Policy Sustainability i.e. –PES Maintained –Extinction Avoided –Habitat Restored –... INFORMATION NETWORK SURVEY - RAP E POLICY FORUM
- 6. Establish monitoring system in Protected areas and Communities
- 7. 生物多样性快速调查 RAPID ASSESSMENT PROGRAM (RAP) Terrestrial Ecosystems Freshwater Ecosystems Marine Ecosystems 陆生生态系统 淡水生态系统 海洋生态系统 One RAP 20 Senior experts Full taxa 20 days 30K USD >10 new species One RAP 20 Senior experts Full taxa 20 days 30K USD >10 new species
- 8. Erguna River, Inner Mongolia Turmu Peak Area Ganzi, West Sichuan Jinping 、 Huan glianshan Yunnan Southeast Tibet Accomplished and Proposed RAP Sites
- 11. 小型兽类足迹收集 器 Footprint collector for small mammal
- 12. 网捕 Catch bird with net
- 13. 沿路线调查鸟类 Survey bird along transect lines
- 14. 布设红外触发相机陷阱调查大型兽 类 Setting infra-red camera trap for mammal survey
- 15. 麝 Musk deer Moschus chrysogaster
- 17. 路线调查直接采集蚂蚁 Collect ants along trails
- 18. 收集土壤中的蚂蚁 Collect ants from soil filter.
- 19. County Distribution Habitat Elevation and and = China Wide: 639 species has those basic information, and more to come. Possible distribution Species database and distribution modelingSpecies database and distribution modeling
- 20. Using species distribution predict model, with limited observation locality points, (200-500), the prediction can be very close to actual distribution. Actual panda distribution from the 3rd National panda survey (1999-2001) Panda distribution from prediction model
- 21. Methods used in KBA delineation (SW Mountains of China ) 1. Single KBA delineation: 6 Type of KBA I: KBA, Polygon, Good II: KBA, Polygon, Fuzzy III: KBA, Point, Poor IV: CKBA, Polygon, Good V: CKBA, Polygon, Fuzzy VI: CKBA, Point, Poor
- 22. KBA defined mainly based on threaten species and nature reserves Total 199 KBA 141 CKBA 58 AZE 10 IBA 51 PA 130
- 23. The most valuable area in China to preserve biodiversity Overlay of 639 species distributions CR （极危） 60: X 8 EN （濒危） 205 : X 4 VU （易危） 212 : X 2 Other 其他 162 ： X 1
- 24. Key Biodiversity Areas in China • Nature Reserve • World Heritage • Sites of Alliance for Zero Extinction • Important Bird Area • Ramsar wetland Sites •……
- 26. 退化原因一：林 、 ？业 农业 Degradation: logging, land clearance for agriculture 19890102 20020106 最 果终结
- 27. 退化原因二：地 灾害？质 Degradation: land sliding 19881027 20011023
- 30. Deforestation of Southwest China (1990s-2000s) TM/ETM China ： 550 Having Forest ： 350 Accomplished ： 87
- 31. Watersheds for Rice Production
- 32. Watersheds for Clean Drinking Water Needs
- 33. Watersheds for GDP Production
- 34. Ongoing case study: Information integrating to support local planning, based on watershed.
- 35. preliminary result: biodiversity importance, forest and climate biodiversity
- 36. 生 有 服态 偿 务 Pay for Ecosystem Service (PES)
Editor's Notes
- 北京大学在森林资源和森林生物多样性资源调查和分析方面的研究成果回顾：方法、进展和下一步研究设想
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