Missions in Papua New Guinea: A History of Missions among the Kafe People by Dr. Rick Lumadue and Robin Lumadue - Published in NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - www.nationalforum.com - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief
Missions in Papua New Guinea: A History of Missions among the Kafe People by Dr. Rick Lumadue and Robin Lumadue - Published in NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - www.nationalforum.com - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief
Dr. B.C. DeSpain, National Forum Journals, www.nationalforum.comWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. B.C. DeSpain, National Forum Journals, www.nationalforum.com
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, National FORUM Journals, www.nationalforum.com
School Law - Personnel Issues - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
School Law - Personnel Issues - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
This article examines cheating in examinations at two Polish higher education institutions based on discussions with students. Students cheat for reasons such as too many exams, poor invigilation, and inconsistent grading. Cheating is seen as socially acceptable by some students because they do not respect authority figures due to Poland's past. The theoretical framework is that schools are social organizations. The article concludes that cheating hinders accurate assessment of students and that a new culture promoting ethical learning needs to be developed.
This document outlines Robert M. Branch's dissertation defense on initiatives to recruit and retain Hispanic teachers in Texas schools. The dissertation used a mixed-methods approach including quantitative analysis of student achievement data and qualitative surveys and interviews. Key findings include: 1) increases in Hispanic student populations outpaced increases in Hispanic teachers; 2) higher percentages of Hispanic teachers correlated with higher Hispanic student passage rates on standardized tests in some years; and 3) mentoring programs and competitive compensation were viewed as effective retention strategies by administrators.
Financial controls a safeguard against misuse of public funds-nfeasj v27 n4...William Kritsonis
The document discusses two methods of financial controls used by school districts: internal control and financial audits. Internal control involves policies and procedures implemented by the accounting unit, such as formal organization, separate financial accounts for each unit, and separation of asset handling from record keeping. Financial audits, which can be external or internal, independently verify that accounting principles were correctly applied and financial reports are accurate. Both types of audits examine areas like cash flow, accounts receivable, inventory, fixed assets, loans, and revenues/expenditures. Financial controls help administrators safeguard resources and ensure their efficient and effective use.
Dr. B.C. DeSpain, National Forum Journals, www.nationalforum.comWilliam Kritsonis
Dr. B.C. DeSpain, National Forum Journals, www.nationalforum.com
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, National FORUM Journals, www.nationalforum.com
School Law - Personnel Issues - Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
School Law - Personnel Issues - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis
In 2004, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis was recognized as the Central Washington University Alumni Association Distinguished Alumnus for the College of Education and Professional Studies. Dr. Kritsonis was nominated by alumni, former students, friends, faculty, and staff. Final selection was made by the Alumni Association Board of Directors. Recipients are CWU graduates of 20 years or more and are recognized for achievement in their professional field and have made a positive contribution to society. For the second consecutive year, U.S. News and World Report placed Central Washington University among the top elite public institutions in the west. CWU was 12th on the list in the 2006 On-Line Education of “America’s Best Colleges.”
This article examines cheating in examinations at two Polish higher education institutions based on discussions with students. Students cheat for reasons such as too many exams, poor invigilation, and inconsistent grading. Cheating is seen as socially acceptable by some students because they do not respect authority figures due to Poland's past. The theoretical framework is that schools are social organizations. The article concludes that cheating hinders accurate assessment of students and that a new culture promoting ethical learning needs to be developed.
This document outlines Robert M. Branch's dissertation defense on initiatives to recruit and retain Hispanic teachers in Texas schools. The dissertation used a mixed-methods approach including quantitative analysis of student achievement data and qualitative surveys and interviews. Key findings include: 1) increases in Hispanic student populations outpaced increases in Hispanic teachers; 2) higher percentages of Hispanic teachers correlated with higher Hispanic student passage rates on standardized tests in some years; and 3) mentoring programs and competitive compensation were viewed as effective retention strategies by administrators.
Financial controls a safeguard against misuse of public funds-nfeasj v27 n4...William Kritsonis
The document discusses two methods of financial controls used by school districts: internal control and financial audits. Internal control involves policies and procedures implemented by the accounting unit, such as formal organization, separate financial accounts for each unit, and separation of asset handling from record keeping. Financial audits, which can be external or internal, independently verify that accounting principles were correctly applied and financial reports are accurate. Both types of audits examine areas like cash flow, accounts receivable, inventory, fixed assets, loans, and revenues/expenditures. Financial controls help administrators safeguard resources and ensure their efficient and effective use.
This document provides an overview of educational administration in American school systems. It discusses the administrative hierarchy from school boards down to building principals. Key points covered include the roles of superintendents as CEOs of school districts, principals as instructional leaders and building managers, and school boards in establishing policies. The roles and responsibilities of various administrative positions are summarized.
Grace Thomas Nickerson, PhD Dissertation Proposal Defense, Dr. William Allan ...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Chair for Grace Thomas Nickerson, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
1) Over time, Texas has implemented various measures to strengthen and standardize the K-12 curriculum, measure student achievement, and hold schools accountable for results.
2) The state curriculum includes core subjects and enrichment courses, but accommodations must be made for English learners and students with special needs on standardized tests.
3) A study found that integrating hands-on activities into lessons led to higher-order thinking skills compared to traditional lecture-based instruction.
C E N S O R S H I P O F S T U D E N T P U B L I C A T I O NWilliam Kritsonis
The document summarizes two important Supreme Court cases related to censorship of student publications: Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) and Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988). Tinker established that students can express personal opinions unless it causes disruption, while Hazelwood allowed more censorship if the publication was school-sponsored. The document also discusses how courts have dealt with obscenity, vulgar language, and defining school-sponsored vs open forum student publications.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Students Rights, Student Freedom of Speech, Student Expression, Pickering and other cases, Censsorship of Student Publications, Due Process, Discrimination, Diversity, Multicultural Issues, Personnel Administration
Ivy, adam the challenge of building professional learning communitiesWilliam Kritsonis
This article provides an overview of professional learning communities (PLCs), outlining both the challenges and benefits. It discusses how to develop a PLC by establishing collaborative teams focused on student learning and results. Examples show how PLCs have boosted student achievement at various schools by ensuring all students learn through common assessments, data analysis, and intervention programs. The article concludes that addressing any apprehension or resistance upfront is important for a successful PLC implementation.
Skinner Desiree A The Kritsonis Balanced Teeter Totter ModelWilliam Kritsonis
The document is an abstract that describes the Kritsonis Balanced Teeter-Totter Model developed by Dr. William Allan Kritsonis for evaluating and predicting an educator's performance. The model provides a framework to determine an educator's performance by balancing various factors, similar to a teeter-totter. The abstract was written by Desiree A. Skinner, a PhD student at Prairie View A&M University studying educational leadership.
This document provides information about National Forum Journals, a group of national refereed journals founded in 1982. It lists 18 peer-reviewed articles published in 2012 across several National Forum Journals. It also provides additional details about National Forum Journals, noting they are professionally peer-reviewed and published both nationally and worldwide, with over 1,000 articles available online and over 250,000 annual website visitors. The journals have published over 2,000 articles by more than 5,200 professors since being founded in 1982.
Copy Of C O M P U T E R A N D I N T E R N E T L A W I N P U B L I C S ...William Kritsonis
Educational Background
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
The document summarizes a research paper that explores performance or variable pay for teachers. It discusses how performance pay is common in business but rare for teachers, who are typically paid on a fixed salary schedule. There is growing political and business pressure to implement teacher performance pay to improve outcomes. The paper reviews the limited existing research on the impacts of performance pay on teacher recruitment, retention and student achievement, and calls for additional quantitative studies to evaluate these impacts, particularly in large school districts with high teacher turnover at high-poverty and minority schools.
The document summarizes four cases that were appealed to the Texas Commissioner of Education.
Case 1 discusses a teacher whose contract was terminated for failing to provide proper certification. The administrative law judge dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
Case 2 involves a teacher who did not have proper certification. The administrative law judge dismissed the appeal, finding that the contract was void without certification.
Case 3 was dismissed because the agency filed the complaint against the wrong party, who was merely an employee and not the owner of the driving school.
Case 4 determines that the commissioner has jurisdiction over an employment contract dispute even though it was non a standard contract, and that failure to record a grievance hearing violated the teacher's
Educational Background
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana
Horn, Deborah e[1]. neurological differences between adhd and childhood bipol...William Kritsonis
Dr. Kritsonis is Tenured Professor of Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University – Member of the Texas A&M University System. He teaches in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership. Dr. Kritsonis taught the Inaugural class session in the doctoral program at the start of the fall 2004 academic year. In October 2006, Dr. Kritsonis chaired and graduated the first doctoral student to earn a PhD in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University. Since then, Dr. Kritsonis has chaired 22 doctoral dissertations along with serving as a committee member on many others.
National FORUM Journal Archives, Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
National FORUM Journal Archives, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief (Founded in 1983) NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS is a group of national refereed publications. www.nationalforum.com
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis & Donald Brown & Desiree Skinner
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - www.n...William Kritsonis
This document provides a history of Christian missions among the Kafe people of Papua New Guinea. It discusses how Lutheran missionaries were the first to reach the Kafe in the 1920s, establishing churches and schools. While most Kafe are now Christian, services are typically conducted in Tok Pisin rather than the Kafe language. This has contributed to some syncretism, as the Kafe have mixed Christian and traditional beliefs. The document examines how missions have impacted Kafe culture, seeking to both evangelize and introduce new practices and technologies to the isolated people.
Anthropology Development in Negros OrientalEdmundo Dantes
This document provides an overview of anthropological developments in Negros Oriental, Philippines. It discusses key figures who pioneered anthropological research in the region, such as Dr. Timoteo Sibala Oracion, the first Filipino anthropologist from Negros Oriental. It also summarizes archaeological findings and cultural practices among indigenous groups like the Negritos. The document highlights contributions to the field from institutions like Silliman University and individuals such as Dr. Ronald Hecky Villanueva.
This document discusses and evaluates the development of education in West Papua from early times to the present. It analyzes education during five periods: (1) Early traditional education before 1900; (2) Mission education from 1900-1950 which introduced formal schooling; (3) From 1950-1962 when the Dutch tried to advance education to prepare Papuans for self-government; (4) 1962-1998 under Indonesian rule with an Indonesian curriculum; and (5) From 1998-present with opportunities for improving effectiveness and adapting education to local languages and cultures. The document examines both formal and non-formal education and the political and social contexts that have shaped education in West Papua over time.
These are short essay questions, which should be answered in one o.docxssusera34210
These are short essay questions, which should be answered in one or two paragraphs each. Proper English usage is assumed. Make sure you answer each question completely; don't assume I can guess what you mean. When appropriate, use evidence—names, dates, research findings—to support your statements. Refer to information cited in your text.
Question 1-5, teacher gave me 0point because my answers are similar with textbook a lot. So, she let me update new answer or revise it.
Question 1
Discuss the colonial period in Southeast Asia - which countries influenced this region and what influences are still visible today?
Your Answer:
European countries achieved the united large, multicultural states, which gathered diverse peoples and societies. There are a few countries that governed Southeast Asia, the Dutch, British, French, and Spanish later America. Framce governed the region called Indochina by dividing the region into five units. British imperialism had effect on Burma and Malaya. For the Dutch, they controlled East Indies by paving the way through small islands. Philippines was ruled by Spanish but Spanish turned over they sovereignty to America later through the war. The colonial period gave the region the current political map of Southeast Asia. Only Thailand can survived from colonialism being a buffer between France and British.
Question 2
What have been European attitudes regarding the native cultures of New Zealand and Australia? What are the results of those attitudes?
Your Answer:
There was aboriginal population which landed earlier and created their own culture. When Europeans arrived in Australia, they ignored the right of indigenous aboriginals. They stated the doctrine of terra nulls which means land is owned dby no one. The situation of Australia was similar to the case of Americas and Amerindian. What is worse, the disappear of landownership of aboriginals were accepted naturally until 1992.
The Maori takes a quiet big part of New Zealand’s population. By the treaty at Waitangi, the Maori gave the sovereignty over most part of the country to European colonists, only the tribal land remained as the sovereignty of the Maori. From the 1990s, the judicial of New Zealand begin to support the Maori. The Maori is now accepted as having their own culture and their language became an official language in New Zealand. And they began to be integrated into the society of New Zealand.
Question 3
Perform a search on the web and try to find recent information on the relationship of the U.S. and Vietnam. Remember to include the URL(s).
Your Answer:
The result of the Vietnam war in 1775 led Vietnam as communist country. Being a communist country, the north Vietnam has a tension toward America which has a good relationship with the south Vietnam due to their political disparity. The kept in touch at the minimum level. Their relationship began to change from 1995, Their re-establishment of diplomatic relations in 1995 was due to the o ...
This document discusses an Indigenous health rights campaign called the Healing Hands Health Rights Campaign launched in Australia in 2004. The campaign aims to promote health as a fundamental human right and raise awareness about the need for policy change to allocate resources based on Indigenous health needs. While the campaign has brought greater public and political attention to Indigenous health issues, progress in closing health gaps remains slow. The campaign has been accountable to the Indigenous community it serves by addressing the community's calls for action, developing the campaign in response to their needs, and maintaining close relationships with Indigenous leaders throughout.
This document provides an overview of educational administration in American school systems. It discusses the administrative hierarchy from school boards down to building principals. Key points covered include the roles of superintendents as CEOs of school districts, principals as instructional leaders and building managers, and school boards in establishing policies. The roles and responsibilities of various administrative positions are summarized.
Grace Thomas Nickerson, PhD Dissertation Proposal Defense, Dr. William Allan ...William Kritsonis
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, PhD Dissertation Chair for Grace Thomas Nickerson, PhD Program in Educational Leadership, PVAMU, Member of the Texas A&M University System.
1) Over time, Texas has implemented various measures to strengthen and standardize the K-12 curriculum, measure student achievement, and hold schools accountable for results.
2) The state curriculum includes core subjects and enrichment courses, but accommodations must be made for English learners and students with special needs on standardized tests.
3) A study found that integrating hands-on activities into lessons led to higher-order thinking skills compared to traditional lecture-based instruction.
C E N S O R S H I P O F S T U D E N T P U B L I C A T I O NWilliam Kritsonis
The document summarizes two important Supreme Court cases related to censorship of student publications: Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969) and Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988). Tinker established that students can express personal opinions unless it causes disruption, while Hazelwood allowed more censorship if the publication was school-sponsored. The document also discusses how courts have dealt with obscenity, vulgar language, and defining school-sponsored vs open forum student publications.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Students Rights, Student Freedom of Speech, Student Expression, Pickering and other cases, Censsorship of Student Publications, Due Process, Discrimination, Diversity, Multicultural Issues, Personnel Administration
Ivy, adam the challenge of building professional learning communitiesWilliam Kritsonis
This article provides an overview of professional learning communities (PLCs), outlining both the challenges and benefits. It discusses how to develop a PLC by establishing collaborative teams focused on student learning and results. Examples show how PLCs have boosted student achievement at various schools by ensuring all students learn through common assessments, data analysis, and intervention programs. The article concludes that addressing any apprehension or resistance upfront is important for a successful PLC implementation.
Skinner Desiree A The Kritsonis Balanced Teeter Totter ModelWilliam Kritsonis
The document is an abstract that describes the Kritsonis Balanced Teeter-Totter Model developed by Dr. William Allan Kritsonis for evaluating and predicting an educator's performance. The model provides a framework to determine an educator's performance by balancing various factors, similar to a teeter-totter. The abstract was written by Desiree A. Skinner, a PhD student at Prairie View A&M University studying educational leadership.
This document provides information about National Forum Journals, a group of national refereed journals founded in 1982. It lists 18 peer-reviewed articles published in 2012 across several National Forum Journals. It also provides additional details about National Forum Journals, noting they are professionally peer-reviewed and published both nationally and worldwide, with over 1,000 articles available online and over 250,000 annual website visitors. The journals have published over 2,000 articles by more than 5,200 professors since being founded in 1982.
Copy Of C O M P U T E R A N D I N T E R N E T L A W I N P U B L I C S ...William Kritsonis
Educational Background
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California.
The document summarizes a research paper that explores performance or variable pay for teachers. It discusses how performance pay is common in business but rare for teachers, who are typically paid on a fixed salary schedule. There is growing political and business pressure to implement teacher performance pay to improve outcomes. The paper reviews the limited existing research on the impacts of performance pay on teacher recruitment, retention and student achievement, and calls for additional quantitative studies to evaluate these impacts, particularly in large school districts with high teacher turnover at high-poverty and minority schools.
The document summarizes four cases that were appealed to the Texas Commissioner of Education.
Case 1 discusses a teacher whose contract was terminated for failing to provide proper certification. The administrative law judge dismissed the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.
Case 2 involves a teacher who did not have proper certification. The administrative law judge dismissed the appeal, finding that the contract was void without certification.
Case 3 was dismissed because the agency filed the complaint against the wrong party, who was merely an employee and not the owner of the driving school.
Case 4 determines that the commissioner has jurisdiction over an employment contract dispute even though it was non a standard contract, and that failure to record a grievance hearing violated the teacher's
Educational Background
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis earned his BA in 1969 from Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington. In 1971, he earned his M.Ed. from Seattle Pacific University. In 1976, he earned his PhD from the University of Iowa. In 1981, he was a Visiting Scholar at Teachers College, Columbia University, New York, and in 1987 was a Visiting Scholar at Stanford University, Palo Alto, California. In June 2008, Dr. Kritsonis received the Doctor of Humane Letters, School of Graduate Studies from Southern Christian University. The ceremony was held at the Hilton Hotel in New Orleans, Louisiana
Horn, Deborah e[1]. neurological differences between adhd and childhood bipol...William Kritsonis
Dr. Kritsonis is Tenured Professor of Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University – Member of the Texas A&M University System. He teaches in the PhD Program in Educational Leadership. Dr. Kritsonis taught the Inaugural class session in the doctoral program at the start of the fall 2004 academic year. In October 2006, Dr. Kritsonis chaired and graduated the first doctoral student to earn a PhD in Educational Leadership at Prairie View A&M University. Since then, Dr. Kritsonis has chaired 22 doctoral dissertations along with serving as a committee member on many others.
National FORUM Journal Archives, Dr. William Allan KritsonisWilliam Kritsonis
National FORUM Journal Archives, Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief (Founded in 1983) NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS is a group of national refereed publications. www.nationalforum.com
William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor
In 2008, Dr. Kritsonis was inducted into the William H. Parker Leadership Academy Hall of Honor, Graduate School, Prairie View A&M University – The Texas A&M University System. He was nominated by doctoral and master’s degree students.
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis & Donald Brown & Desiree Skinner
Similar to Missions in Papua New Guinea: A History of Missions among the Kafe People by Dr. Rick Lumadue and Robin Lumadue - Published in NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - www.nationalforum.com - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief
Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief, NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - www.n...William Kritsonis
This document provides a history of Christian missions among the Kafe people of Papua New Guinea. It discusses how Lutheran missionaries were the first to reach the Kafe in the 1920s, establishing churches and schools. While most Kafe are now Christian, services are typically conducted in Tok Pisin rather than the Kafe language. This has contributed to some syncretism, as the Kafe have mixed Christian and traditional beliefs. The document examines how missions have impacted Kafe culture, seeking to both evangelize and introduce new practices and technologies to the isolated people.
Anthropology Development in Negros OrientalEdmundo Dantes
This document provides an overview of anthropological developments in Negros Oriental, Philippines. It discusses key figures who pioneered anthropological research in the region, such as Dr. Timoteo Sibala Oracion, the first Filipino anthropologist from Negros Oriental. It also summarizes archaeological findings and cultural practices among indigenous groups like the Negritos. The document highlights contributions to the field from institutions like Silliman University and individuals such as Dr. Ronald Hecky Villanueva.
This document discusses and evaluates the development of education in West Papua from early times to the present. It analyzes education during five periods: (1) Early traditional education before 1900; (2) Mission education from 1900-1950 which introduced formal schooling; (3) From 1950-1962 when the Dutch tried to advance education to prepare Papuans for self-government; (4) 1962-1998 under Indonesian rule with an Indonesian curriculum; and (5) From 1998-present with opportunities for improving effectiveness and adapting education to local languages and cultures. The document examines both formal and non-formal education and the political and social contexts that have shaped education in West Papua over time.
These are short essay questions, which should be answered in one o.docxssusera34210
These are short essay questions, which should be answered in one or two paragraphs each. Proper English usage is assumed. Make sure you answer each question completely; don't assume I can guess what you mean. When appropriate, use evidence—names, dates, research findings—to support your statements. Refer to information cited in your text.
Question 1-5, teacher gave me 0point because my answers are similar with textbook a lot. So, she let me update new answer or revise it.
Question 1
Discuss the colonial period in Southeast Asia - which countries influenced this region and what influences are still visible today?
Your Answer:
European countries achieved the united large, multicultural states, which gathered diverse peoples and societies. There are a few countries that governed Southeast Asia, the Dutch, British, French, and Spanish later America. Framce governed the region called Indochina by dividing the region into five units. British imperialism had effect on Burma and Malaya. For the Dutch, they controlled East Indies by paving the way through small islands. Philippines was ruled by Spanish but Spanish turned over they sovereignty to America later through the war. The colonial period gave the region the current political map of Southeast Asia. Only Thailand can survived from colonialism being a buffer between France and British.
Question 2
What have been European attitudes regarding the native cultures of New Zealand and Australia? What are the results of those attitudes?
Your Answer:
There was aboriginal population which landed earlier and created their own culture. When Europeans arrived in Australia, they ignored the right of indigenous aboriginals. They stated the doctrine of terra nulls which means land is owned dby no one. The situation of Australia was similar to the case of Americas and Amerindian. What is worse, the disappear of landownership of aboriginals were accepted naturally until 1992.
The Maori takes a quiet big part of New Zealand’s population. By the treaty at Waitangi, the Maori gave the sovereignty over most part of the country to European colonists, only the tribal land remained as the sovereignty of the Maori. From the 1990s, the judicial of New Zealand begin to support the Maori. The Maori is now accepted as having their own culture and their language became an official language in New Zealand. And they began to be integrated into the society of New Zealand.
Question 3
Perform a search on the web and try to find recent information on the relationship of the U.S. and Vietnam. Remember to include the URL(s).
Your Answer:
The result of the Vietnam war in 1775 led Vietnam as communist country. Being a communist country, the north Vietnam has a tension toward America which has a good relationship with the south Vietnam due to their political disparity. The kept in touch at the minimum level. Their relationship began to change from 1995, Their re-establishment of diplomatic relations in 1995 was due to the o ...
This document discusses an Indigenous health rights campaign called the Healing Hands Health Rights Campaign launched in Australia in 2004. The campaign aims to promote health as a fundamental human right and raise awareness about the need for policy change to allocate resources based on Indigenous health needs. While the campaign has brought greater public and political attention to Indigenous health issues, progress in closing health gaps remains slow. The campaign has been accountable to the Indigenous community it serves by addressing the community's calls for action, developing the campaign in response to their needs, and maintaining close relationships with Indigenous leaders throughout.
Melanesia is a subregion of Oceania located in the western Pacific Ocean. It includes the countries of Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, as well as New Caledonia which is a French territory. The region also includes West Papua which is part of Indonesia. Melanesia is home to over 1,000 languages and was first defined by French explorer Dumont d'Urville in 1832 based on the physical characteristics of the inhabitants.
The document provides an overview of Oceania, including its geography, early inhabitants, and history of colonization. Some key points:
- Oceania is divided into three regions based on the native peoples' appearances - Polynesia, Melanesia, and Micronesia.
- The region was first settled over 40,000 years ago when people migrated from Southeast Asia. Austronesian peoples later arrived around 1500 BCE and established settlements throughout the islands.
- European powers began exploring Oceania in the 16th century and eventually colonized many islands and territories. Decolonization occurred throughout the late 20th century, with many places gaining independence.
HAPIN is considering providing microcredit in the Baliem Valley of West Papua based on a recommendation from a previous report. The researcher conducted interviews over 3 months with NGOs, small businesses, and others to evaluate the recommendation. Some key challenges to development in West Papua include its history of colonization and forced integration with Indonesia, as well as cultural and political factors like transmigration policies that have marginalized indigenous Papuans. The researcher will analyze these issues and provide recommendations for HAPIN on the feasibility of microcredit.
The document provides information about Oceania and the presence of Islam and Muslims in the region. Some key points:
- Oceania includes Australia, New Zealand, and various Pacific islands spanning Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. It has a population of over 40 million, with most living in Australia.
- Islam has been present in parts of Oceania for centuries due to contact with Muslim-majority regions in Indonesia and Malaysia. Several Pacific countries like Fiji and Papua New Guinea have seen growth in indigenous Muslim populations in recent decades.
- The Muslim population of Oceania is estimated at over 800,000, with the majority living in Australia. Other countries with significant Muslim populations
Papua New Guinea has undergone significant education reforms in an attempt to develop a system that preserves local culture and languages while promoting national identity. The current reform, Outcomes-Based Education implemented in 1994, aims to make instruction more culturally relevant by initially teaching in local languages and incorporating local skills. However, the reform lacks concrete guidance, leaving teachers to design curricula. This poses challenges for teaching English, as students' language proficiency does not match expectations. Additionally, inconsistencies in the reform's implementation undermine its goals of maintaining linguistic diversity. Teachers are advised to bring English grammar resources to help students learn effectively.
The humanities include languages, literature, philosophy, religion, art and musicology. Scholars in the humanities are called humanists, though some reject this term. Terrorism uses violence to create fear and achieve political, religious or ideological aims, primarily targeting civilians. The Philippines is over 90% Christian, mostly Roman Catholic, with smaller percentages of other faiths like Islam and Buddhism. Early Christian presence dates back to Arab traders, though Spanish colonization in the 16th century spread Christianity more widely. Southern Baptists view the Bible as the ultimate authority and believe in salvation through faith in Jesus, adult baptism, local church autonomy, and other Protestant doctrines.
The Spanish arrived in the Philippines in the 16th century with three main objectives: spread Christianity ("God"), trade spices and goods ("Gold"), and expand Spanish dominance ("Glory"). Their primary goal was to convert the population to Catholicism. King Philip II spent large sums from the Spanish treasury over many years to establish Christianity in the Philippines and make it a "gospel light to the Orient." The Spanish introduced Christianity with the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legaspi in 1565, though Islam had already been spreading through the islands for over 200 years. While the Spanish expelled Muslims from Luzon and the Visayas, they were never able to fully dominate those on Mindanao and Sulu. The religious results
colonization and religion in the third world countrytanmay mondal
Colonization and Religion in the Third World discusses how colonialism impacted religion in Africa, Asia, and the Americas. European powers colonized these areas beginning in the 15th century. Christian missionaries accompanied colonists and played a major role in spreading Christianity. They established missions and converted indigenous populations in places like Spanish America, India, Vietnam, and Southern Africa. However, colonization also threatened traditional religions. Sociological perspectives note how colonial governments and Christian missions were intertwined and could exploit local populations economically and influence their religions.
The document discusses the history and culture of the Pacific Islands. It describes how the islands were first inhabited thousands of years ago by people migrating from Southeast Asia to Melanesia. Polynesians and Micronesians descended from Melanesian ancestors. European powers colonized many islands starting in the 16th century. Today most islands are independent nations but still show influences from their colonial past and connections to Western culture.
Cebu is an island province located in central Philippines. Some key facts:
- First Spanish settlement established in 1565 and was the first capital of the Philippines.
- Home to the Sinulog Festival, held in January to celebrate the Santo Niño.
- Suffered damage from two major earthquakes in 2012 and 2013, with the second event killing over 100 people.
- Has a population of over 4 million, with Cebuano as the dominant language. The province is predominantly Catholic.
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Missions in Papua New Guinea: A History of Missions among the Kafe People by Dr. Rick Lumadue and Robin Lumadue - Published in NATIONAL FORUM JOURNALS - www.nationalforum.com - Dr. William Allan Kritsonis, Editor-in-Chief
1. NATIONAL FORUM OF MULTICULTURAL ISSUES JOURNAL
VOLUME 9, NUMBER 1, 2012
Missions in Papua New Guinea:
A History of Missions among the Kafe People
Robin Lumadue, MA
Adjunct Professor
Department of Educational Leadership
College of Education and Human Services
Texas A&M University-Commerce
Commerce, TX
Rick Lumadue, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Educational Leadership
College of Education and Human Services
Texas A&M University-Commerce
Commerce, TX
______________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
The focus of this study was on the history of missions among the Kafe people living in the
Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. The study sought to determine what affect
missions had on the Kafe people. The study indicated that the Kafe people have mixed the
message of missions with their cultural worldview.
______________________________________________________________________________
The country of Papua New Guinea (PNG) is located in the South Pacific on the eastern
half of the island of New Guinea, just north Australia. PNG is also comprised of many islands,
including West New Britain, New Ireland, and many other smaller islands. According to the
Central Intelligence Agency (2012) World Factbook,
The indigenous population of Papua New Guinea is one of the most heterogeneous in the
world, with several thousand separate communities, and most of them with only a few
hundred people; divided by language, customs, and tradition, some of these communities
have engaged in low-scale tribal conflict with their neighbors for millennia. (“Papua New
Guinea: People and Society-People,” para. 28)
1
2. NATIONAL FORUM OF MULTICULTURAL ISSUES JOURNAL
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This small island nation has a population of nearly six million people and over 800 indigenous
languages that accounts for one-tenth of the world’s total languages. Even though, English, Tok
Pisin (Melanesian Pidgin English) and Hiri Motu are the official languages of the country, Tok
Pisin continues to be used the most, especially as a bridge language to the other hundreds of
languages that are spread throughout the rugged mountainous terrain (CIA, 2012).
Several countries have claimed Papua New Guinea throughout its history. The countries
include the Dutch, Great Britain, Germany and Australia to name a few. Neil and Own (1991)
found
The innumerable islands of the Pacific had to a large extent fallen prey to ruthless
exploitation by traders, and their peoples seemed to be on the way to extermination.
Western governments stepped in, France, Britain, and Germany taking the lead, and
disorder was followed by orderly government. The greater part of New Guinea was
unexplored, but this vast island also was neatly divided up into its Australian, Dutch, and
German sections. (pp. 211-212)
As a result of these other countries laying claim to PNG, Papua New Guinea has been referred to
by several different names since its discovery. Nelson (2000) documented these names:
The names for the east of the island of New Guinea are confusing. From 1884, the
northeast was German New Guinea and the southeast was British New Guinea. In 1906,
the southeast became the Australian Territory of Papua. The Australians occupied
German New Guinea in 1914 and in 1921, it became Australian New Guinea, a territory
held under mandate from the League of Nations. During World War II, both Australian
territories of Papua and New Guinea were combined and known as New Guinea. In
1945, the two territories continued under one administration as Papua-New Guinea, from
1949 as Papua and New Guinea, and from 1971 as Papua New Guinea. The name Papua
New Guinea was adopted by the new nation at independence. Papua New Guinea is
sometimes used here for all of east New Guinea before that became the official name in
1971. (p. 269)
After World War II the Dutch had to begin their rule of the Western half of New Guinea
all over again. According to Ploegg (1999), “Hence, when Dutch New Guinea was re-conquered
from the Japanese in the later phases of the Second World War, the Dutch government had to
start almost from scratch” (p. 191).
The influence of Australia on the history of PNG was probably the most profound.
Denoon (2004) reported J.B.D. Miller’s 1965 account about the effect of Australia on PNG:
Papua has been an Australian territory since 1906. Australian pressure led the British
government to take control in 1885, to keep out the Germans, who established themselves
in northeastern New Guinea. The German colony was taken over by Australian forces at
the start of World War 1, the Australian presence being confirmed by the Paris peace
conference through an Australian mandate. The territories were administered separately
until World War II. After the war, the Australian mandate became a UN trusteeship;
however, the UN agreed to a unified administrative system in 1949. (p. 344)
3. ROBIN LUMADUE AND RICK LUMADUE
____________________________________________________________________________________________3
Australia functioned more as a caretaker of PNG than as a taskmaster. PNG was granted
independence in 1974 from Australia (CIA, 2012). The government functions with a
Parliamentary style of government. There are eighteen provinces in Papua New Guinea (Statoids,
2011). PNG is very open to mission agencies and missionary work. As a result, there are many
religious groups working in PNG. However, most of these groups are working in the major cities
using the trade language of Melanesian Pidgin English. Because the country of PNG is so rugged
and has been so difficult to reach by outsiders, many unreached people groups have remained
isolated to this day.
Purpose of the Study
The focus of this study was on the history of mission work in the South Pacific and its
expansion further west into the Eastern Highlands Province (EHP) of Papua New Guinea. The
purpose of this study was to determine the impact missions had on the Kafe people. The study
explored areas of the culture of the Kafe people that were impacted by missions.
Missions in the South Pacific
The Pacific islands (Oceania) are made up of about 1,500 islands. These islands are
divided into three major groups: Polynesia, Micronesia, and Melanesia. Polynesia is the largest
of the three groups and goes from Hawaii in the North to New Zealand in the South. Micronesia
has the smallest group of islands, which includes the Marianas, the Caroline, Marshall, and the
Gilbert Islands but is located between Hawaii and the Philippines. The Melanesian group is the
third group of islands and is located south of Micronesia and north of Australia. Fiji, Santa Cruz,
New Guinea, the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, and the Solomon Islands make up the area
referred to as the Melanesia (Tucker, 1983). Roman Catholic monks were the first missionaries
to come into the Pacific islands but were soon followed by Protestants who had been
commissioned by missionary societies. In 1521, Magellan and his group of explorers took the
first European missionary trip to the South Pacific. Four out of five of the ships landed in
Marianas but then sailed to the Philippines. There were about three thousand island people that
were received into the Catholic Church. Even though there was no proof as to their true
understanding of Christianity, the Roman Catholic South Seas Mission saw this as a high point in
their missionary endeavors to the South Pacific (Tucker, 1983).
The discoveries of Captain Cook began to stir the imaginations of the church leaders,
thus awakening Protestantism to the potential possibility of serving and evangelizing the Pacific
islands. As a result of this awakening, in 1795 the London Missionary Society was formed by an
interdenominational group with the purpose of reaching Tahiti. The first Protestant missionaries
to the Pacific islands were British, followed by Protestants from Germany, Australia, and
America (Tucker, 1983). There were a lot of hardships for these first missionaries. They had to
travel for months by ship to get to one of the islands only to be left there for months or years
until the next merchant ship would arrive. Tucker (1983) stated, “The geographical uniqueness of
the Pacific islands had from the very beginning obvious implications on mission strategy.
Transportation became an all-encompassing issue” (p. 196). For the isolated missionaries, having
4. NATIONAL FORUM OF MULTICULTURAL ISSUES JOURNAL
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access to a mission owned ship, would help solve their problems. The ship that was used in
Micronesia was called the Morning Star. The John Williams ship was used in Polynesia and the
Southern Cross sailed in Melanesia. The ships allowed the missionaries to be more mobile for
evangelism, kept them in contact with the outside world, and brought in supplies (Tucker, 1983).
John Williams, also known as, “Apostle of the South Seas,” was one of the most
innovative missionaries to the Pacific islands (Tucker, 1983). Williams did not have any training
in cross-cultural evangelism so he made his priority on changing the culture of the islanders.
John Williams had a big influence in getting the first mission owned ship but not without
opposition from the mission directors. Williams even wrote a book called “A Narrative of
Missionary Enterprises in the South Seas to help generate funds to buy a ship” (Tucker, 1983, p.
212). Williams needed a ship to be able to commission and transport native missionaries out to
the surrounding islands. Eventually, during one of his expeditions, Williams ends up getting
killed by natives on the shores of Erromango. His martyrdom inspired a new generation of young
men to take his place (Tucker, 1983).
Following the death of John Williams, the Presbyterian missionary John Geddie decides
to go to Aneityum, one of the islands of New Hebrides. Geddie and his wife spent their lives
translating, evangelizing, and training native workers. Their hard work, personal sacrifices and
dedication pays off because the entire island turns to Christianity (Neil & Own, 1991). Because
of Geddie’s success in Aneityum, John G. Paton decides to join the missionary work in the South
Seas. Paton worked on the islands of Tanna and Aniwa (New Hebrides), and was well known for
his autobiography that gave detailed stories of tribesman killing missionaries (Tucker, 1983).
John Paton and his wife Margaret made great strides on the island of Aniwa. They started two
orphanages, established a church, created a national missionary training school, translated the
Bible into the Aniwan language, started a school for girls, and several regular schools. Tucker
(1983) commented on the work of John G. Paton, “Great progress was being made in those
islands, due in part to his broad influence. By the end of the century all but a few of the thirty
inhabited islands had been reached with the gospel” (p. 217). Tremendous progress had been
made in taking the Gospel to the islands in the South Pacific. Other missionaries joined the effort
to keep pushing westward, looking toward the bigger island of New Guinea.
Missions in the Eastern Highlands Province
Mission work was occurring along the coastline and on the small islands around PNG
since the 19th century. According to Tucker (1983), “One of the greatest nineteenth century
missionaries to New Guinea was James Chalmers” (p. 218). He was a pioneer missionary who
explored the New Guinea coastline along the Fly River region. Cannibals killed Chalmers, like
so many other pioneer missionaries to New Guinea who preceded him (Tucker, 1983).
Missionaries did not arrive in the Highlands Region until the mid 1900’s. The people groups in
this province were isolated from the outside world by the mountainous and rugged terrain of the
interior landscape of the country. The battle for PNG in World War II between Japan and the
Allied Forces led to the discovery of the numerous people groups in this region. Most of the
People groups living in the Highlands Region were unaware that there were a vast number of
people groups living in such close proximity to them. Radford (1977) noted, “Until Michael and
Daniel Leahy and Taylor explored westwards from Bena Bena through Chimbu and Mount
5. ROBIN LUMADUE AND RICK LUMADUE
____________________________________________________________________________________________5
Hagen the existence of the densely populated Highland valleys was not widely known” (p. 43).
As a result of this isolation, these people have remained very primitive in their living conditions.
PNG has depended heavily on mission organizations to provide essential services in the
most remote areas of the country. The Eastern Highlands Province was pioneered first by
Europeans. The Chimbu and Western Highlands Provinces were explored later. The EHP was
evangelized first by Lutheran missionaries who were coming across the German portion of PNG
located in the Finschhafen region on the Huon Peninsula. According to Radford (1977),
“European penetration of the eastern Highlands began in 1919-20 with the Lutheran mission
excursions into the Kratke Ranges which lie between the Markham River plains and the
Highland valleys of the Upper Ramu” (pp. 41-42). These missionaries were indigenous PNG
citizens, who were sent by their local Lutheran congregation to evangelize this region for the
Lutheran church. Radford provided some insight on their qualifications and work:
Most evangelists were married and older men were generally preferred to younger. Some
had teacher training, others were newly baptized. An evangelist began his work by
learning the local language through joining in village activities and only later started
preaching the gospel. He might eventually open a small school and give very simple
instruction in the Kate language. In some cases he was 'adopted' by a village elder which
facilitated his acceptance by the people. (p. 44)
The Lutheran missionary over the local congregation in the Finschhafen region visited
the missionaries annually and provided supervision for their activities and led exploratory patrols
(Radford, 1977). The first attempts to evangelize this area were met with resistance. The
breakthrough came when a traditional trade route was discovered in the headwaters of the Ramu
Valley (Radford, 1977). Once the evangelists made contact, they leased land from the local
people in order to build houses and plant gardens. Radford (1977) gave valuable insight here on
the impact of these indigenous evangelists,
Not only did they interpret language and custom but they were also agents of change -
spiritually with their Christian teaching, socially, as in their efforts to stop fighting, and
economically by introducing new vegetables and providing access to foreign trade goods.
(p. 44)
Missions among the Kafe People
The Kafe, with an animistic worldview, live in the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua
New Guinea between the major cities of Goroka, the capital of the Eastern Highlands Province
and Kainantu. The Kafe are one of the larger groups of people in all of PNG with a population of
nearly 80,000 people. The language of the Kafe has four major dialects. These dialects are
named after the rivers that run through their area; Kamanotina, Kafetina, Faiyantina, and
Dunatina. The four dialects have been classified as one of the Eastern Central Languages. The
Kaninte language, referred to by Radford (1977) as the Kate language, is the most similar to
Kafe, grammatically and phonetically speaking.
The Lutherans were the first to reach the Kafe and was the most influential. However,
the Seventh Day Adventist group has established a presence and is very popular with the young
6. NATIONAL FORUM OF MULTICULTURAL ISSUES JOURNAL
6____________________________________________________________________________________________
people. There is some tension between the Lutheran and Seventh Day Adventist groups. This
could be due to the rebellious nature of the youth and their desire to be a part of something new
and different. The majority of the Kafe people are illiterate. While some of the village kids
might have the opportunity to attend a local government run school in order to learn more
English, this is usually short lived due to the schools proximity to the villages. The government
run schools are located in the bigger cities so the village kids that live in the bush have to walk a
long way to be able to attend. The kids get tired of walking every day so eventually stop going,
thus probably only getting to about the third grade level. The Lutheran church may be
understood as more of a regional identity and original religious community established when the
Eastern Highlands Province was first discovered in the mid-20th century. The coastal areas of
PNG identify more with the Catholic Church, since the Catholic missionaries got there first.
There are several other religious organizations that are working in the Kafe area. Most however,
are working in the trade language (Melanesian Pidgin English) not the Kafe language.
The Joshua Project (2011) indicated the Kafe-Kamono people to be 85% Christian with
only three unreached peoples among the area in which the Kafe are located. Church services in
the Kafe are mostly in the trade language, not in the Kafe language. A more beneficial approach
for the Kafe is to have the church services communicated to them in their mother tongue. There
are problems with syncretism among the Kafe due to the previous teachings from various
religious groups that worked among them in the past. Reyburn (2009) emphasized that it is very
important for the missionary to identify with the people through their language, culture and daily
living in order to have a road to proclaim the gospel. The religions that have established churches
among the Kafe people have resulted in the local people mixing the new religion with their
cultural beliefs in order to increase their ability to manipulate the ancestral spirits. This is known
as syncretism.
Working among the Kafe people with an informed understanding of their worldview,
would provide the missionary with a significant advantage in clearly communicating the message
they came to share. Yet, it would be naïve to think this would not occur. Kraft (2009) stated,
“Though the risk of syncretism is always present when Christians attempt to inculturate
Christianity, it is a risk that needs to be taken in order that people experience New Testament
Christianity” (p. 405). As a result of not having a proper understanding of the culture and
worldview of the people, a form of syncretism emerged among many of the people groups in
PNG, especially among the islands and along the coast. Another form of syncretism that
occurred has been referred to as the cargo cult. This phenomenon dates back to when the
Europeans arrived in PNG with their abundance of material goods. The natives didn’t understand
where these goods came from or how they were made. As a result of their pragmatic world view
the indigenous New Guineans thought the Europeans held a magical key to getting these
resources. In their attempts to get these goods, the natives thought they could perform rituals to
persuade the ancestors to provide the goods to them too (Buck, 1988). In spite of the extreme
setbacks and hardships (i.e.; living conditions, traveling long distances, culture, hostile natives,
isolation and language barriers, etc.) during the early pioneer days into the South Pacific Islands,
missionaries continued to spread their message to this remote part of the world.
7. ROBIN LUMADUE AND RICK LUMADUE
____________________________________________________________________________________________7
Conclusion
The focus for this study was on the history of missions among the Kafe people in the
Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea. An examination of the history of Papua New
Guinea revealed that this underdeveloped country has only recently become an autonomous
government. As a result, the government has depended on mission organizations to provide
essential services in the remote areas of the country. An overview of the history of missions in
the South Pacific showed that missionaries have sacrificed greatly and persevered amidst great
odds. The history of mission work in the Eastern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea
found Lutheran missionaries arrived first. The problem of syncretism as a result of a limited
knowledge of the worldview and culture of the Kafe people was examined.
References
Buck, E.P.D. (1988). Cargo-cult discourse: Myth and the rationalization of labor relations in
Papua New Guinea. Dialectical Anthropology, 13(2), 157-171.
Denoon, D. (2004). Manuscript XVI: Australia's difficulties in New Guinea as seen
by J.D.B. Miller in 1965. The Journal of Pacific History, 39(3), 343-351.
Joshua Project. (2011). Retrieved from: http://www.joshuaproject.net/people-
profile.php?peo3=12458&rog3=PP
Neill, S., & Owen C. (1991). History of Christian missions ( 2nd ed.). London, England:
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Nelson, H. (2000). Liberation: The end of Australian rule in Papua New Guinea. The
Journal of Pacific History, 35(3), 269-280.
Ploeg, A. (1999). Colonial land law in Dutch New Guinea. The Journal of Pacific
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Radford, R. (1977). Burning the spears. The Journal of Pacific History, 12(1), 40-54.
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Tucker, R. A. (2004). From Jerusalem to Irian Jaya. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan.
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