2. Summarizing Chapter 1-3 : Christina
Chapter1: Inthe firstChapterCrystal D.is talkingaboutwhyEnglishhasbecome aglobal language.He defineswhataglobal language is,whatitmakesa global
language,whywe needaglobal language,whatthe dangersare of a global language where atthispointhe talksaboutthree importantpoints;Linguistic
power¸Linguisticcomplacency andLinguisticdeath.He alsotalksaboutif a global language canbystoppedbyanythingandaboutthe political context we have
to take a lookat if we are talkingaboutthatquestion.
Chapter2: Inthe secondChapterCrystal D.is talkingaboutthe historyof the Englishlanguage andthe differentaccents.He istalkingaboutthe spreadof
Englishoverthe worldespeciallyaboutEngland,America,Canada,Asia,Africa,the Caribbean,AustraliaandNewZealand.
Chapter3: Inthe thirdChapterCrystal D. istalkingaboutwhyEnglishbecome the global languagewiththe backgroundof the cultural foundation. He isalso
talkingaboutthe differentpointswhyEnglishbecameaglobal language,like the political developmentswhere Crystal D.writes ‘WhyWorldEnglish?’They
wouldsimplyhave pointedtothe growthof the BritishEmpire (Page 78),the Accessto knowledge andthatthe people thattime tookthe language forgranted
because there wassomany inprogressthat the people decidedtouse thatlanguage tocommunicate witheachother.
Summarise his seemingly contradictory points about World English on in the preface on pg xiii : Christina
Crystal firmlybelieveintwolinguisticprinciples,whichsome people seeascontradictory,butwhichforhimare twosidesof the one coin.
1. He believesinthe fundamentalvalue of multilingualism,asanamazingworldresource.Inhisideal world,everyone shouldbe atleastbi-lingual.Ithasa
lotof benefitswhichcome frombeingpartof two cultures.
2. He believesinthe fundamentalvalue of acommonlanguage,asan amazingworldresource – that enablesustofindfreshopportunitiesfor
international cooperation.
3. Design a P.12 Design a brief fact file for: the UN, UNESCO, UNICEF and the World Health Organisation: Jule
UN: UN written out means United Nations, founded in 1945 right after the Second World War, in general stands for the protection of the world’s
citizens. The UN protect the human rights in order to support the humanity and it is a guiding principle of the UN. Additionally one key purpose is
security and peace in the world by peacekeeping, preventing and solving conflicts. Further on, they deliver humanitarian aid to countries in need of
help as well as they uphold the international law, in order to maintain or establish conditions of justice and respect. The last key point is called
promoting sustainable development, about achieving international cooperation, solving international problems and encouraging the human rights
and fundamental needs without distinction between origin, race, language or religion.
UNESCO: The United Nation Educational, Scientific, Cultural Organization is a member of the UN Developmental Programmes founded in
1945. UNESCO’S aim is: “building peace in mind of men and women”. UNESCO strives to build up peace not only by political and economic
agreements, but also by establishing a basis of humanity’s morality and solidarity.
UNICEF: United Nations International Children Emergency Fund deals with children all over the world in order to help and support them in
terms of education, development, protection, and HIV positive children. UNICEF believes: “All children have a right to survive, thrive and fulfil
their potential - to the benefit of a better world.”
Children are being protected from abuse and violence, which can happen in arranged marriages. UNICEF aims children to have the best life as
possible, trying to improve education and make development easier by teaching equality of gender, race and education and treatment and
prevention of the HIV disease. Education should be improved by enabling everyone to access education, enhancing the quality of education
and teach what to do in emergencies.
4. Collate a glossary grid for the following terms Crystal uses: global language; linguistic power; linguistic complacency; socio-cultural; :
Jule
Global language The people speaking the language, without
consideration on structure, grammar or vocabulary,
spread a global language. The power is in the
speakers’ hands.
A global language is developed when it is recognized in
every country. A global language can either be
UN
UNICEF UNESCO
5. developed by announcing it the official language of the
country, being used in official contexts and the society
needs to learn it in order to be part of those contexts or
it can be made priority without and official status by
foreign-language teaching.
English first spread because of the political power,
which was presented by the British Empire, it kept
growing because of the development of science, shown
by inventions being made, mostly came from English
speaking inventors. The economic power pushed the
development of English further and at last, the cultural
power, represented by English shaping the modern
society, gave English the power to be a global
language.
Linguistic power The linguistic power describes the process of people
having a disadvantage because of not speaking
English as a mother tongue. They are not able to
communicate as well as native speakers and being
confronted with this situation, for example in business
meetings, intimidates non-native speaker.
A solution for this problem might be that if the global
language will be taught early enough, so almost
6. everyone speaks it from the early ages on, it will
diminish this problem and help everyone to be involved
in a case where the global language is needed to be
spoken.
Linguistic complacency English-native speaker get comfortable, because
neither they don’t see a need to learn a new language
nor there exists a lack of money, opportunity or
interest. But this only leads further to English being the
growing global language.
The solution proposed by Crystal, includes
encouraging adults to learn a new language and
extend the possibilities to learn new languages trying to
avoid missing opportunities.
Socio-cultural The socio-cultural reason for coming dependent on
English, for their economic and social well-being. The
language spread deeply into the political life,
international communication, media and education.
7. Design a detailed poster showing the influences of the spread of the English language over time : Christina
8. England
ImmigrantsarrivedinEnglandfromnorthernEurope in fifthcentury andbeginto
spreadaroundthe BritishIsles
Afterthe Normaninvasion of 1066, manynoblesfromEnglandflednorthtoScotland
soEnglishspreadthroughoutthe Scottishlowlands
Twelfthcentury,AngeloNormanknightswere sentacrossthe IrishSeaandIreland
graduallyfell underEnglishrule
9.
10. America
The firstexpeditionfromEnglandtothe NewWorldwascommissionedbyWalterRaleighin 1584, and provedto be failure.TheylandednearRaonoke
Island= NorthCarolinaand establishedasmall settlement.
The firstpermanentEnglishsettlementdatesfrom 1607, whenan expeditionarrivedinChesapeakeBay.Virginia Jamestown
Furthersettlementsquicklyfollowedalongthe Coast,alsoonthe nearbyisland,suchasBermuda.
1620 – The firstgroup of Puritansarrivedonthe Mayflower,theylandedatCape Cod Bay, andestablishedasettlement PlymouthMassachusetts
The NewEnglandpeople movedwestintothe regionof the GreatLakes.
The southenersmovedalongthe Gulf CoastandintoTexas
The midlandersspreadthroughoutthe wholeof the vast,mid-westernarea,acrossthe Mississippi intoCalifornia
Seventeenthcentury,newshiploadsof immigrantsbroughtanincreasingvarietyof linguisticbackgroundsintothe country
Pennsylvaniacame tobe settledmainlybyQuakers(midlandsandthe northEngland)
Eighteenthcentury,there wasavastwave of immigrantsfromNorthernIreland.Bythe time independence wasdeclared
Many stayedalongthe coast, especiallyinthe areaof Philadelphia.Mostmovedinlandthoughthe Mountains
The Spanishhad occupiedlarge partsof the West and South-West
The French were presentinthe northernterritories,aroundSt.Lawrence River,andthroughoutthe middleregions(FrenchLouisiana)asfaras the Gulf
of Mexico
The Dutch were inNewYork (originallynamedNewAmsterdam) andthe surroundingarea
Large numbersof Germansbeganto arrive at the endof the seventeenthcentury,settlingmainlyinPennsylvaniaanditshinterland
Increasingnumberof Africanswere enteringthe south,asaresultof slave trade (1800)
NineteenthCentury,large numbersof Irishcame,GermansandItalians ´, escapingthe consequencesof the failed1848 revolutions
1880 Jews,especiallyfleeingfromthe Progroms
Withinone or twogenerationsof arrival,mostof these Immigrantsfamilieshadcome tospeakEnglish,throughouta natural processof assimilation.
11. Canada:
1447- whenJohnCabotisthoughtto have reachedNewfoundland
1520- Frenchpeople,whose presence datedfromthe explorationsof JacquesCartier(Quebec)
Duringthe 1750s thousandsof Frenchsettlerswere deportedfromAcadia,andwere replacedbysettlersfromNewEngland
1776, Loyalistsupportersof Britainfoundthemselvesunabletostayinthe newunitedstates,andmostleftforCanada.Settling firstinNovaScotia,
thenmovingtoNewBrunswick UpperCanada and thenMontreal and the northof the Great Lakes)
12. Caribbean:
A highlydistinctivekindof speechwasemerginginthe islandsof the WestIndiesandthe southernpartof the mainland,spokenbythe incoming
blackpopulation. Thiswasa consequenceof the importationof Africanslavestoworkonthe sugar plantations,apractice startedbythe Spanish
as earlyas 1517.
From the earlyseventeenthcentury,shipsfromEurope travelled tothe WestAfricancoast, where they exchangedcheapgoodsforblackslaves.
The slaveswere shippedinbarbarousconditionstothe Caribbeanislandsandthe Americancoast
The first twentyAfricanslavesarrivedinVirginiaonaDutch shipin 1619.
The policyof the slave-traderswastobringpeople of differentlanguage backgroundstogetherinthe ships,tomake itdifficultforgroupsto plot
rebellion.The resultwasthe growthof several pidginformsof communication,andinparticulara pidginbetweenthe slavesandthe sailors,many
of whomspoke English.
13. Australia:
At the endof the eighteenthcentury,the continuingprocess of Britishworldexplorationestablishedthe Englishlanguage inthe southernhemisphere.
AustraliawasvisitedbyJamesCookin1770, and withintwentyyearsBritainhadestablishedits firstpenal colonyatSydney
About130,000 prisonerswere transportedduringthe fiftyyearsafterthe arrival of the ‘first fleet’in1788.
The BritishIslesprovidedthe mainsource of settlers,and thusthe maininfluenceonthe language.
14. NewZealand:
CaptainCookcharted the islands in1769–70
Europeanwhalersandtradersbeganto settle there inthe 1790s
Christianmissionary workbeganamongthe Maori fromabout 1814
the official colonywasnot establisheduntil1840, followingthe Treatyof Waitangi
betweenMaori chiefsandthe BritishCrown.
There wasthena rapidincrease inEuropeanimmigration – fromaround2,000 in 1840
to 25,000 by 1850, andto three-quartersof amillionby 1900
15. SouthAfrica:
Dutch colonistsarrivedinthe Cape asearlyas 1652
Britishinvolvementinthe regiondatesonlyfrom 1795, during
the NapoleonicWars
Britishcontrol wasestablishedin 1806, anda policyof
settlementbeganinearnestin 1820, whensome 5,000 British
were givenlandinthe easternCape.
Englishwasmade the official language of the regionin 1822
FurtherBritishsettlementsfollowedinthe 1840s and1850s,
especiallyinNatal
There wasa massive influxof Europeansfollowingthe
developmentof the goldanddiamondareasin the Witwatersrand
inthe 1870
Nearlyhalf amillionimmigrants,manyof themEnglish-
speaking,arrivedinthe countryduringthe lastquarterof the
nineteenthcentury
Englishwasbeingusedasa secondlanguage bythe Afrikaans
speakers, andmanyof the Dutchcoloniststookthisvarietywith
themon the Great Trekof 1836
inthe SouthAfricanParliamentin 1994 the language
continuedtodominate the proceedings,with87per centof all
speechesbeingmade inEnglish.
16. SouthAsia:
The first regularBritishcontactwiththe subcontinentcame in
1600 withthe formation of the BritishEast IndiaCompany
The Companyestablishedits firsttradingstationatSuratin1612,
and bythe endof the centuryotherswere inexistence atMadras,
Bombayand Calcutta.
Duringthe periodof Britishsovereignty(the Raj),from1765
until independence in1947, Englishgraduallybecame the medium
of administrationandeducationthroughoutthe subcontinent.
Whenthe universitiesof Bombay,CalcuttaandMadras were
establishedin1857, Englishbecame the primarymediumof
instruction
In India,the bitterconflictbetweenthe supportersof English,
Hindi,andregional languagesledinthe 1960s to a ‘three language
formula’,inwhichEnglishwasintroducedasthe chief alternative to
the local state language
17. Formercolonial Africa:
by 1914 colonial ambitionsonthe partof Britain,France,Germany,
Portugal,Italy andBelgiumhadresultedinthe whole continentbeing
divided intocolonial territories
The Englishbeganto visitWestAfricafrom the endof the fifteenth
century,andsoon afterwe find sporadicreferencestothe use of the
language asa linguafrancainsome coastal settlements
By the beginningof the nineteenthcentury,the increaseincommerce
and anti-slave-tradeactivitieshadbroughtEnglishtothe whole West
Africancoast
Britishvarietiesdevelopedespeciallyin five countries,eachof which
nowgivesEnglishofficial status.There wasalsoone Americaninfluence in
the region.(SierraLeone,Ghana,Gambia, Nigeria,Cameroon,Liberia)
Several modernstates,eachwithahistoryof associationwithBritain,
gave Englishofficial statuswhentheygainedindependence,andBritish
Englishhasthusplayeda majorrole in the developmentof these states,
beingwidelyusedingovernment,the courts,schools,the media,and
otherpublicdomains.Ithasalsobeenadoptedelsewhere inthe regionas
a mediumof internationalcommunication,suchas in Rwanda,Ethiopia
and Somalia.
18. South-eastAsiaandthe SouthPacific:
The main Americanpresence emergedafterthe Spanish-
AmericanWar of 1898, fromwhichthe USA receivedthe islandof
Guam and sovereigntyoverthe Philippines.Hawaii was annexedat
that time also.
In the 1940s, the US invasionof Japanese-heldPacificislands
was followedafterWorldWarII byseveral areasbeingmade the
responsibilityof the USA as UnitedNations TrustTerritories.
Britishinfluence beganthroughthe voyagesof Englishsailors
at the endof the eighteenthcentury,notably the journeysof
CaptainCookinthe1770s
The London Missionary Societysentitsworkerstothe islands
of the SouthPacific fiftyyearslater
the FederatedMalayStateswere broughttogetherasa Crown
Colony (1867)
Englishhadcome to be establishedthroughoutthe regionas
the mediumof lawand administration
Hong KongislandwascededtoBritainin 1842
EnglishmediumschoolsbeganinPenang(now Malaysia’s
leadingport) in1816, withseniorteachingstaff routinely broughtin
fromBritain.
Englishrapidlybecame the language of professional advancement
and the chief literarylanguage.Soonafterthe turnof the century,
highereducation throughthe mediumof Englishwasalso
introduced. The language thusbecame aprestige linguafranca
amongthose whohad receivedanEnglisheducationandwhohad
therebyenteredprofessional society
19. P.61 Research and paraphrase Krachru’s The Three Circles of English theoremand cite another author: Jule
Kachru’s theorem (1985) shows 3 circles of English representing the type of spread, the patterns of acquisition, and the functional domains in
which English is used across cultures and languages:
The Inner Circle:
native speakers, official and primary language in countries as the UK, USA, Australia and New Zealand
The Outer Circle
English plays an important second language role in a multilingual context in countries as Singapore, India and Maliwi
The Expanding Circle:
Teaching English as a foreign language, it does not have any administrative status, but the importance of English is seen in countries as
Japan, Germany, Poland and Peru
The model does not show the English use in the world perfectly, since the native speakers are kept in the Inner circle. There are native speakers in
the Outer Circle as well, such as an Australian who moved to India. Grey areas exist, where Crystal criticises that the reality is never so clear to be
represented in a model like that, with clear boundaries, which in reality cannot be made.
Summarize Chapter 4-5 : Christina
Chapter4: Inthe fourthChapterCrystal D.explainsthatEnglishdidnotonlyspreadaroundthe worldandgot a global language because of the history “English
isalso usedasthe sole official language inrelationtoawide range of topics” as he says at page 88. Alsoorganizationsare makingabiguse from Englishtobe
heardor seen.Especiallyinmeetingswhere bigcompanieshave tocommunicate witheachotherisEnglishthe language whichisusedtocommunicate.Like
the example Crystal D.makesonpage 89 “The EuropeanUnionis the mostcomplex example,where alreadyby1996 the fifteenmemberstateswere
presentingasituationinwhichoverahundredpairsof languagesrequiredtranslationandinterpretingservices(French/English,French/German,
French/Finnish,etc.).Itisimpossible tofindexperttranslatorsandinterpretersforall language pairs,ortoprovide maximumcoverage onall occasions,so
effortshave beenmade tofindalternative procedures(otherthanaskingsome of the countriestogive uptheirofficial status)”.Everythinginourloves
becomesinternational,likethe media,travelling,safety,education,communicationaspointedoutbefore andtherefortheyuse English,itwasat the right
place at the right time.
20. Chapter5: In the fifthChapterCrystal D. talks aboutthe rejectionof English,sohe talksabout the people of a countryfeel soantagonisticor ambivalentabout
English that they reject the option to give English a privileged status. He also talks about the USA and why this country is so powerful; If anything were to
disestablishthe militaryoreconomicpowerof the USA,therewouldbe inevitableconsequencesforthe globalstatus of the language.Atone pointhe talksabout
the newEnglishesandaboutthatthe way the language hasevolvedinsettingswhere mostpeople are nativespeakersislikely tobe verydifferentfromthe way
it will evolve in settings where most are non-native speakers. He has his focus on grammatical and lexical issues, but does make some reference to broader
patternsof interactionandtothe role of nonsegmentalphonologyinthe communicationof structural meaning.Tofinishthe bookclearlyandwithanypointyou
can lookat a language,he talksaboutthe future of Englishas a worldlanguage;he comesup withthat one pointthatthere can onlybe one kindof English,the
standard kind, and that all others should be eliminated. There has never been a language so widely spread or spoken by so many people as English. There are
therefore no precedents to help us see what happens to a language when it achieves genuine world status.
P120. ‘The right place at the right time’. Write a one page article on why Crystal says this: Jule
Crystal introduces the term “The right place at the right time” when he explains why English became the global language. English was just at the
right place at the right time, otherwise a different language would have become the global language.
The first influences on that development were created in 17th
and 18th
century where Britain was the leading colonial nation. Britain’s language was
English, which was spread all over the world by making the colonies. Following in the 18th
and 19th
century Britain was the leader of the industrial
revolution, where again English played an important role by enabling other countries having access to the inventions only by speaking English. In
the end of the 19th
century and the beginning of the 20th
century, English was the language of the economic power, which is represented by the
United States.
The US advanced the development and invention of the computer and Internet, where English had an important part again, since the software was
programmed in English and people wanting to use it, needed to know English.
With the Internet, the network of international alliances grew, where a lingua franca was needed, where English became the leading language.
Here can be seen that new technologies can enable new linguistic possibilities, it influenced many different parts of the word, as travel,
communication, education and media.
21. As a result it can be seen that English was needed in order to be part of what has been happening in the world. Either new inventions or living in a
British colony, where English was the official language. If a different country, such as China had been the leading colonial nation or industrial
revolution, would Chinese be the global language today? This is what Crystal is saying when he talks about “right place at the right time”. He
emphasizes the fact that if not English, but a different language had been the mother tongue of Britain, English would not be the global language
today. Or concerning the time, if Britain have not had the possibility to be the colonial power and they had missed their chance, a different
language would be the global language today.
Using Crystal’s youtube talk above AND chapter 5, design a prezi outlining the possible future of English/es : Christina
Powerpoint
YouTube Video Book
• English has spread to places nobody had dreamed of and if
English is not the first language spoken there then it is definitely
the second
• The reasons for all the different types of English has to do with
culture, as the language arrives in a particular place people
adopt it and then they immediately adapted it to their own
culture background (culture adaptation)
• English can be culturally specific so somebody from outside to
culture can not understand it, native or non-native is irrelevant
for that fact
• Multiplying all the countries with all that varieties of English and
all that culture adaptions we will have big problems to
understand on another in the future
1. People of a country can feel so antagonistic or ambivalent
about English that they reject the option to give English a
privileged status. (rejection of English) If several countries were
to begin thinking this way, there could in due course be a
pendulum swing which would render the claim of global status
less credited.
2. Given that the USA has come to be the dominant element in so
many of the domains identified in earlier chapters, the future
status of English must be bound up to some extent with the
future of that country.
3. If current population and learning trends continue, the balance
of speakers will change dramatically. There are probably
already more L2 speakers than L1 speakers. Within fifty years,
22. • New varieties of English are growing rapidly
• “It all will sound very different in the future” – David Crystal
speech
there could be up to 50 per cent more. By that time, the only
possible concept of ownership will be a global one. An
inevitable consequence of these developments is that the
language will become open to the winds of linguistic change in
totally unpredictable ways. as motioned in the YouTube
Video
4. The future of world English is likely to be one of increasing
multidialectism.
The history of language is no longer a guide. Today, we live in the
proverbial global village, where we have immediate access to other
languages and varieties of English in ways that have come to be
available but recently, and this is having a strong centripetal effect.
Go onto youtube and find another talk by David Crystal about some aspect of English. Write down 5 learning points for your PDP. : Jule
David Crystal- The biggest challenges for teachers
23. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItODnX5geCM
In the mentioned video, Crystal explains the role of the teacher in language teaching nowadays and emphasizes the biggest challenges. In the
following text I will explain what I learned from this video as a student from a teaching course.
First of all Crystal states that language is changed tremendously fast. Today using the Internet, new words can be spread within one day all over
the world. Students speak a different language than teachers; they have different words, new slangs and expressions. The teachers’ challenge is
to keep up with the students and still communicate with them on a similar level. I learned here to be aware of the slangs and expressions of the
youth and the need to keep up with them.
Second, the globalization of English brings many, many new varieties of English into the world. Next to British, American and Australian English
there is also South African English, Indian English and many more. Teachers need to be aware of this and not only teach one variety as the right
English. Students need to take notice of different varieties and it is the teachers’ responsibility to prepare the students for differences and expose
them to as many different varieties as possible. Although it is hard to decide which verities will be chosen, it is important that the pupils’ reading
and listening comprehension in general will be improved. However, it is decisive that students are exposed to many different Englishes and that
the teacher points out to the students that there isn’t only one correct English.
Additionally I learned that nothing is more complex than language, after Crystal. Language is one of the most difficult subjects to teach, because of
the complex structures, grammar, vocabulary and the pronunciation.
At last, I learned that Internet makes it a lot easier to teach nowadays. It is simple to look for teaching material and supplies. In this case, teaching
different varieties of English, it is easy to look for newspaper articles, speeches on video, and voice messages showing the pronunciation,
grammar and vocabulary.
To conclude, I learned that varieties of English need to be taught in school, there is not just one correct English. Internet nowadays makes English
change very fast and it makes it easier to find materials and class supplies.
