LTE and 1x/EV-DO networks use different terminology and concepts despite providing similar high-speed packet data services. While LTE is based on OFDMA and uses flexible standards defined by 3GPP, 1x/EV-DO uses CDMA and optimized standards defined by 3GPP2. Key terms related to the air interface, access network, core network, and operations are defined for both networks, showing similarities and differences between the two evolving mobile technologies.
This document provides an overview of RRC procedures in LTE as specified in 3GPP 36.331. It describes important changes in the RRC specification for LTE compared to legacy 3G systems, including having only two RRC states (RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED) compared to five states in 3G, and three defined signaling radio bearers compared to four in 3G. The purpose is to help developers and test engineers understand LTE RRC features and procedures. Key procedures described include paging, RRC connection establishment, reconfiguration, re-establishment, security activation, and handover.
TTI bundling is a technique used in LTE to improve uplink coverage for voice calls by transmitting the same transport block containing voice data over multiple consecutive subframes without waiting for HARQ feedback. This provides a coding gain of up to 4dB compared to single subframe transmission, allowing power-limited UEs at the cell edge to be received with sufficient quality. TTI bundling can be implemented in both FDD and TDD LTE networks but with some differences due to limitations on consecutive uplink subframes in TDD configurations. It provides lower latency voice transmission compared to alternatives like RLC segmentation while reducing overhead.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in a two-day LTE training session, including:
1. An introduction to LTE radio procedures such as initial access, downlink physical channels, and cell search.
2. Details on synchronization signals like the primary and secondary synchronization signals that help devices find and synchronize to cells.
3. Descriptions of downlink reference signals and the system information broadcast channel that provide essential configuration details to devices.
The document provides an overview of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile telecommunication system. It discusses the evolution of mobile standards leading to LTE and describes key requirements for LTE including increased data rates, reduced latency, improved spectral efficiency, and seamless mobility. Performance targets for LTE are outlined for downlink and uplink peak transmission rates, spectral efficiencies, and latency. LTE is designed to support high speed mobility up to 350 km/h and interoperate with other radio access technologies.
This document provides an introduction to LTE/E-UTRA technology, including both FDD and TDD modes of operation. It describes the key requirements for UMTS Long Term Evolution such as high data rates, low latency, and improved spectrum efficiency compared to previous standards. The document then covers various aspects of the LTE standard, including the OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA uplink transmission schemes, MIMO concepts, protocol architecture, UE capabilities, and testing considerations. Abbreviations used and additional references are also provided.
The document describes GPRS protocols including:
1. The RLC/MAC protocol which segments LLC frames and controls access to network resources using TFI in DL and USF in UL.
2. GPRS radio block structures which include MAC headers, RLC headers, RLC data, and BCS fields for data and control messages.
3. Details of MAC headers for DL and UL including fields like USF, RRBP, and payload type.
The document summarizes key aspects of the physical layer for LTE networks. It describes how LTE uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) to achieve high data rates and spectral efficiency. OFDM uses multiple narrowband subcarriers to transmit data in parallel, providing robustness against multipath interference. LTE uses OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink to balance performance and implementation complexity. The physical layer is structured into frames, subframes, slots and symbols to organize transmissions in the time-frequency domain.
LTE TDD uses time division duplexing to separate uplink and downlink transmissions on the same frequency band. It divides each 10ms frame into uplink and downlink timeslots. Key aspects of LTE TDD include its frame structure with special subframes containing DwPTS, GP and UpPTS fields, supported frequency bands and bandwidths, and physical channels such as PDSCH, PDCCH, and PRACH that operate differently than in LTE FDD. Network planning requires consideration of uplink/downlink configuration and propagation delays between base stations and mobile stations.
This document provides an overview of RRC procedures in LTE as specified in 3GPP 36.331. It describes important changes in the RRC specification for LTE compared to legacy 3G systems, including having only two RRC states (RRC_IDLE and RRC_CONNECTED) compared to five states in 3G, and three defined signaling radio bearers compared to four in 3G. The purpose is to help developers and test engineers understand LTE RRC features and procedures. Key procedures described include paging, RRC connection establishment, reconfiguration, re-establishment, security activation, and handover.
TTI bundling is a technique used in LTE to improve uplink coverage for voice calls by transmitting the same transport block containing voice data over multiple consecutive subframes without waiting for HARQ feedback. This provides a coding gain of up to 4dB compared to single subframe transmission, allowing power-limited UEs at the cell edge to be received with sufficient quality. TTI bundling can be implemented in both FDD and TDD LTE networks but with some differences due to limitations on consecutive uplink subframes in TDD configurations. It provides lower latency voice transmission compared to alternatives like RLC segmentation while reducing overhead.
This document provides an overview of topics covered in a two-day LTE training session, including:
1. An introduction to LTE radio procedures such as initial access, downlink physical channels, and cell search.
2. Details on synchronization signals like the primary and secondary synchronization signals that help devices find and synchronize to cells.
3. Descriptions of downlink reference signals and the system information broadcast channel that provide essential configuration details to devices.
The document provides an overview of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile telecommunication system. It discusses the evolution of mobile standards leading to LTE and describes key requirements for LTE including increased data rates, reduced latency, improved spectral efficiency, and seamless mobility. Performance targets for LTE are outlined for downlink and uplink peak transmission rates, spectral efficiencies, and latency. LTE is designed to support high speed mobility up to 350 km/h and interoperate with other radio access technologies.
This document provides an introduction to LTE/E-UTRA technology, including both FDD and TDD modes of operation. It describes the key requirements for UMTS Long Term Evolution such as high data rates, low latency, and improved spectrum efficiency compared to previous standards. The document then covers various aspects of the LTE standard, including the OFDMA downlink and SC-FDMA uplink transmission schemes, MIMO concepts, protocol architecture, UE capabilities, and testing considerations. Abbreviations used and additional references are also provided.
The document describes GPRS protocols including:
1. The RLC/MAC protocol which segments LLC frames and controls access to network resources using TFI in DL and USF in UL.
2. GPRS radio block structures which include MAC headers, RLC headers, RLC data, and BCS fields for data and control messages.
3. Details of MAC headers for DL and UL including fields like USF, RRBP, and payload type.
The document summarizes key aspects of the physical layer for LTE networks. It describes how LTE uses orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) to achieve high data rates and spectral efficiency. OFDM uses multiple narrowband subcarriers to transmit data in parallel, providing robustness against multipath interference. LTE uses OFDMA for the downlink and SC-FDMA for the uplink to balance performance and implementation complexity. The physical layer is structured into frames, subframes, slots and symbols to organize transmissions in the time-frequency domain.
LTE TDD uses time division duplexing to separate uplink and downlink transmissions on the same frequency band. It divides each 10ms frame into uplink and downlink timeslots. Key aspects of LTE TDD include its frame structure with special subframes containing DwPTS, GP and UpPTS fields, supported frequency bands and bandwidths, and physical channels such as PDSCH, PDCCH, and PRACH that operate differently than in LTE FDD. Network planning requires consideration of uplink/downlink configuration and propagation delays between base stations and mobile stations.
This document discusses the GPRS air interface and logical channels. It describes the additional logical channels introduced in GPRS, including the Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH) and Packet Common Control Channels (PCCCH). It also covers the 52 TDMA frame organization, halfrate PDTCH, multislot operation, radio resource states, and relation between RR states and GMM states. Temporary block flows, establishment of uplink and downlink TBFs, and other procedures like timing advance are also summarized.
This document discusses enhancements to the physical layer of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10). It describes the downlink and uplink physical layer designs, including orthogonal multiple access schemes, reference signals, control signaling, and data transmission methods. It also covers support for time division duplexing, half-duplex frequency division duplexing, and UE categories defined in 3GPP Release 8. The goal of LTE-Advanced is to further improve the LTE standard to meet the requirements of IMT-Advanced.
The document discusses GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) networks. It provides an overview of the evolution of mobile network generations from 1G to 4G. It then describes the key components and protocols of GPRS networks, including the GPRS architecture, interfaces, radio interface protocols, protocol stacks, and functions of network elements like the SGSN and GGSN.
UMTS-WCDMA is a 3G mobile communication standard that uses CDMA technology. It uses wideband CDMA with a chip rate of 3.84 Mcps for its air interface along with orthogonal variable spreading factor codes. The standard defines protocols and procedures for cell search, handover, uplink and downlink physical channels, and support for multirate services through variable spreading factors. Long term targets for UMTS-WCDMA evolution include higher data rates up to 100 Mbps for full mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility, as well as improved spectral efficiency.
HIPERLAN was a wireless local area network standard developed by ETSI in 1996. It allowed for node mobility and supported ad-hoc and infrastructure networks. The standard focused on supporting quality of service for real-time data transfer. Later versions built upon HIPERLAN 1 and wireless ATM technologies to support broadband wireless networks. However, neither HIPERLAN 1 nor wireless ATM saw commercial success, though the standardization efforts influenced later standards.
Owa330011 bssap protocol analysis issue 1.0Nguon Dung Le
This document provides an overview of the Base Station Subsystem Application Part (BSSAP) protocol used on the A interface between the base station subsystem and the core network in GSM networks. It describes the main functions and procedures of BSSAP, including paging, initial message transfer, ciphering, assignment, handover and release. The document explains the protocol stacks, message structures, and key information elements used in different BSSAP procedures.
The document introduces LTE network planning and RNP solutions. It discusses the flat LTE network architecture and protocols including OFDM and MIMO. LTE network planning includes coverage and capacity planning using link budget and capacity estimation. The RNP solution introduces tools for performance enhancement like interference avoidance and co-antenna analysis.
The document describes the GPRS network architecture and its components. It discusses the GSM PLMN including the MSC, VLR, HLR, EIR, AuC, SCP, and SMSC. It then describes the GPRS network architecture including the SGSN, GGSN, and their functions like mobility management, session management, and routing packet data. It also discusses the evolution of GERAN and its reference architecture in Release 5.
WCDMA uses an OSI model with 7 layers. The lower 3 layers - physical, data link, and network layers - are most important for WCDMA. The physical layer uses different physical channels to transmit data over the air interface. Logical channels define how data is transferred, transport channels define how data is transmitted, and physical channels carry payload data and define signal characteristics. There are three types of channels - logical, transport, and physical - that work together to transmit various types of control and traffic data between the UE and base station.
This document discusses GPRS protocols. It describes the control plane and user plane in GPRS, including protocols used on the air interface, between the BSS and SGSN, and between network elements. It also covers GPRS protocols in Release 5, including an evolved user plane and control plane for the Iu PS interface. Key protocols discussed include SNDCP, LLC, RLC, BSSGP, GTP, and RANAP. The document provides an overview of the protocol stacks and interfaces in the GPRS core network.
The document discusses LTE channels and the MAC layer. It describes the functions of the MAC layer, including mapping between transparent and logical channels, error correction through HARQ, and priority handling with dynamic scheduling. It then provides details on the LTE downlink channels, including both logical channels like PCCH, BCCH, CCCH, and DCCH, as well as transport channels like PCH, BCH, DL-SCH, MCH, and PDCCH.
This document provides an overview of LTE technology including:
- The evolution of 3G UMTS networks and the motivation for developing LTE standards.
- Key requirements for LTE such as higher data rates, improved spectrum efficiency, and reduced latency.
- An overview of LTE release versions and their major features such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, E-UTRAN architecture.
- LTE frequency bands and the expansion of spectrum for 3GPP standards.
- How LTE-Advanced builds upon LTE to meet IMT-Advanced specifications including carrier aggregation and advanced MIMO.
The document discusses telecommunication standards from 1G to 4G including GSM, CDMA, WiMAX and LTE networks. It specifically focuses on the GSM network architecture, characteristics and interfaces. The GSM network uses a cellular structure with Base Transceiver Stations communicating with Mobile Stations through the air interface. It also describes the components of a Mobile Station including the Mobile Equipment and Subscriber Identity Module.
There are three categories of channels in 3G LTE - physical, transport, and logical channels. Physical channels carry user data and control messages over the transmission medium. Transport channels offer information transfer between the physical layer and higher layers. Logical channels provide services to the MAC layer and carry different types of control and traffic data.
The document discusses signaling fundamentals in a base station subsystem (BSS). It describes the A, Abis, and Um interfaces between the BSS components. The A interface uses SS7 protocol layers including the physical layer, MTP, SCCP and BSSAP. The BSSAP layer supports BSSMAP messages for connectionless and connection-oriented signaling between the BSS and MSC.
The document discusses the physical layer design of WCDMA networks. It provides an overview of WCDMA network architecture and the UMTS network model. It then describes the physical channels, transport formats, channel coding, spreading techniques and code types used in the WCDMA uplink and downlink. Key aspects covered include dedicated and common physical channels, orthogonal variable spreading factor channelization codes, scrambling codes, and transport block sets.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This paper analyzes the performance of 16QAM and 64QAM modulation techniques in a MIMO Rician channel for a WCDMA system. The performance is evaluated using two error correction coding schemes - BCH encoding and Reed Solomon encoding. Simulation results show that 64QAM has a lower bit error rate than 16QAM for both encoding schemes as the signal to noise ratio increases from 0-10dB. BCH encoding is also found to provide better performance than Reed Solomon encoding for both modulation techniques in the MIMO Rician fading channel. Overall, 64QAM modulation with BCH encoding provides the best performance for the WCDMA system.
This document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer. Key points include:
- LTE uses OFDM on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink to provide peak data rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink.
- OFDM divides the available bandwidth into multiple narrow subcarriers to combat multipath interference and eliminate inter-symbol interference.
- The document discusses technologies like OFDMA, MIMO, and the LTE frame structure in depth.
- The physical layer supports scalable bandwidths from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz and multiple antenna configurations on uplink and downlink.
-
This document discusses how the theoretical peak throughput of 300 Mbps for LTE systems is calculated. It provides background information on key aspects of the LTE physical layer that influence throughput calculations, including bandwidth, modulation schemes, coding rates, and duplexing methods. The document then examines the calculations for theoretical throughput for both Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) LTE systems.
Some questions and answers on lte radio interfaceThananan numatti
The document contains questions and answers about LTE radio interface concepts. It discusses:
- How the UE is scheduled via the PDCCH containing DCI messages for uplink/downlink scheduling.
- That PDCP is located in the eNodeB and handles encryption, header compression, and reordering at handover.
- That a resource block occupies 12 subcarriers and one time slot of 0.5ms in the frequency and time domains.
How to verify_your_lte_mac_rf_interactions_16_nov11Kondi Naveen
The document discusses Agilent's 89600 WLA software, which provides analysis of LTE protocol layers and radio frequency interactions. It allows observation of activity over multiple radio frames to better understand issues. The software decodes information in the physical, MAC, RLC and RRC layers to examine control loop operation and verify downlink and uplink protocols. It can track changes in parameters like timing advance and detect retransmissions in HARQ processes. This provides insights into radio performance and issues that may be limiting throughput.
This document provides an overview of P1901 MAC including:
1) It discusses key P1901 MAC terminology such as central coordinator, proxy coordinator, access protocol, and quality of service priorities.
2) It outlines some of the main challenges for P1901 MAC including high attenuation between devices, hidden nodes, and coexistence with other wireless standards.
3) It lists several areas that the P1901 MAC specification addresses including network concepts, the access protocol, quality of service, data plane processing, and management functions for discovery, association, and coexistence.
This document discusses the GPRS air interface and logical channels. It describes the additional logical channels introduced in GPRS, including the Packet Broadcast Control Channel (PBCCH) and Packet Common Control Channels (PCCCH). It also covers the 52 TDMA frame organization, halfrate PDTCH, multislot operation, radio resource states, and relation between RR states and GMM states. Temporary block flows, establishment of uplink and downlink TBFs, and other procedures like timing advance are also summarized.
This document discusses enhancements to the physical layer of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10). It describes the downlink and uplink physical layer designs, including orthogonal multiple access schemes, reference signals, control signaling, and data transmission methods. It also covers support for time division duplexing, half-duplex frequency division duplexing, and UE categories defined in 3GPP Release 8. The goal of LTE-Advanced is to further improve the LTE standard to meet the requirements of IMT-Advanced.
The document discusses GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) networks. It provides an overview of the evolution of mobile network generations from 1G to 4G. It then describes the key components and protocols of GPRS networks, including the GPRS architecture, interfaces, radio interface protocols, protocol stacks, and functions of network elements like the SGSN and GGSN.
UMTS-WCDMA is a 3G mobile communication standard that uses CDMA technology. It uses wideband CDMA with a chip rate of 3.84 Mcps for its air interface along with orthogonal variable spreading factor codes. The standard defines protocols and procedures for cell search, handover, uplink and downlink physical channels, and support for multirate services through variable spreading factors. Long term targets for UMTS-WCDMA evolution include higher data rates up to 100 Mbps for full mobility and 1 Gbps for low mobility, as well as improved spectral efficiency.
HIPERLAN was a wireless local area network standard developed by ETSI in 1996. It allowed for node mobility and supported ad-hoc and infrastructure networks. The standard focused on supporting quality of service for real-time data transfer. Later versions built upon HIPERLAN 1 and wireless ATM technologies to support broadband wireless networks. However, neither HIPERLAN 1 nor wireless ATM saw commercial success, though the standardization efforts influenced later standards.
Owa330011 bssap protocol analysis issue 1.0Nguon Dung Le
This document provides an overview of the Base Station Subsystem Application Part (BSSAP) protocol used on the A interface between the base station subsystem and the core network in GSM networks. It describes the main functions and procedures of BSSAP, including paging, initial message transfer, ciphering, assignment, handover and release. The document explains the protocol stacks, message structures, and key information elements used in different BSSAP procedures.
The document introduces LTE network planning and RNP solutions. It discusses the flat LTE network architecture and protocols including OFDM and MIMO. LTE network planning includes coverage and capacity planning using link budget and capacity estimation. The RNP solution introduces tools for performance enhancement like interference avoidance and co-antenna analysis.
The document describes the GPRS network architecture and its components. It discusses the GSM PLMN including the MSC, VLR, HLR, EIR, AuC, SCP, and SMSC. It then describes the GPRS network architecture including the SGSN, GGSN, and their functions like mobility management, session management, and routing packet data. It also discusses the evolution of GERAN and its reference architecture in Release 5.
WCDMA uses an OSI model with 7 layers. The lower 3 layers - physical, data link, and network layers - are most important for WCDMA. The physical layer uses different physical channels to transmit data over the air interface. Logical channels define how data is transferred, transport channels define how data is transmitted, and physical channels carry payload data and define signal characteristics. There are three types of channels - logical, transport, and physical - that work together to transmit various types of control and traffic data between the UE and base station.
This document discusses GPRS protocols. It describes the control plane and user plane in GPRS, including protocols used on the air interface, between the BSS and SGSN, and between network elements. It also covers GPRS protocols in Release 5, including an evolved user plane and control plane for the Iu PS interface. Key protocols discussed include SNDCP, LLC, RLC, BSSGP, GTP, and RANAP. The document provides an overview of the protocol stacks and interfaces in the GPRS core network.
The document discusses LTE channels and the MAC layer. It describes the functions of the MAC layer, including mapping between transparent and logical channels, error correction through HARQ, and priority handling with dynamic scheduling. It then provides details on the LTE downlink channels, including both logical channels like PCCH, BCCH, CCCH, and DCCH, as well as transport channels like PCH, BCH, DL-SCH, MCH, and PDCCH.
This document provides an overview of LTE technology including:
- The evolution of 3G UMTS networks and the motivation for developing LTE standards.
- Key requirements for LTE such as higher data rates, improved spectrum efficiency, and reduced latency.
- An overview of LTE release versions and their major features such as OFDMA, SC-FDMA, E-UTRAN architecture.
- LTE frequency bands and the expansion of spectrum for 3GPP standards.
- How LTE-Advanced builds upon LTE to meet IMT-Advanced specifications including carrier aggregation and advanced MIMO.
The document discusses telecommunication standards from 1G to 4G including GSM, CDMA, WiMAX and LTE networks. It specifically focuses on the GSM network architecture, characteristics and interfaces. The GSM network uses a cellular structure with Base Transceiver Stations communicating with Mobile Stations through the air interface. It also describes the components of a Mobile Station including the Mobile Equipment and Subscriber Identity Module.
There are three categories of channels in 3G LTE - physical, transport, and logical channels. Physical channels carry user data and control messages over the transmission medium. Transport channels offer information transfer between the physical layer and higher layers. Logical channels provide services to the MAC layer and carry different types of control and traffic data.
The document discusses signaling fundamentals in a base station subsystem (BSS). It describes the A, Abis, and Um interfaces between the BSS components. The A interface uses SS7 protocol layers including the physical layer, MTP, SCCP and BSSAP. The BSSAP layer supports BSSMAP messages for connectionless and connection-oriented signaling between the BSS and MSC.
The document discusses the physical layer design of WCDMA networks. It provides an overview of WCDMA network architecture and the UMTS network model. It then describes the physical channels, transport formats, channel coding, spreading techniques and code types used in the WCDMA uplink and downlink. Key aspects covered include dedicated and common physical channels, orthogonal variable spreading factor channelization codes, scrambling codes, and transport block sets.
Welcome to International Journal of Engineering Research and Development (IJERD)IJERD Editor
This paper analyzes the performance of 16QAM and 64QAM modulation techniques in a MIMO Rician channel for a WCDMA system. The performance is evaluated using two error correction coding schemes - BCH encoding and Reed Solomon encoding. Simulation results show that 64QAM has a lower bit error rate than 16QAM for both encoding schemes as the signal to noise ratio increases from 0-10dB. BCH encoding is also found to provide better performance than Reed Solomon encoding for both modulation techniques in the MIMO Rician fading channel. Overall, 64QAM modulation with BCH encoding provides the best performance for the WCDMA system.
This document provides an overview of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer. Key points include:
- LTE uses OFDM on the downlink and SC-FDMA on the uplink to provide peak data rates of 100 Mbps downlink and 50 Mbps uplink.
- OFDM divides the available bandwidth into multiple narrow subcarriers to combat multipath interference and eliminate inter-symbol interference.
- The document discusses technologies like OFDMA, MIMO, and the LTE frame structure in depth.
- The physical layer supports scalable bandwidths from 1.25 MHz to 20 MHz and multiple antenna configurations on uplink and downlink.
-
This document discusses how the theoretical peak throughput of 300 Mbps for LTE systems is calculated. It provides background information on key aspects of the LTE physical layer that influence throughput calculations, including bandwidth, modulation schemes, coding rates, and duplexing methods. The document then examines the calculations for theoretical throughput for both Frequency Division Duplexing (FDD) and Time Division Duplexing (TDD) LTE systems.
Some questions and answers on lte radio interfaceThananan numatti
The document contains questions and answers about LTE radio interface concepts. It discusses:
- How the UE is scheduled via the PDCCH containing DCI messages for uplink/downlink scheduling.
- That PDCP is located in the eNodeB and handles encryption, header compression, and reordering at handover.
- That a resource block occupies 12 subcarriers and one time slot of 0.5ms in the frequency and time domains.
How to verify_your_lte_mac_rf_interactions_16_nov11Kondi Naveen
The document discusses Agilent's 89600 WLA software, which provides analysis of LTE protocol layers and radio frequency interactions. It allows observation of activity over multiple radio frames to better understand issues. The software decodes information in the physical, MAC, RLC and RRC layers to examine control loop operation and verify downlink and uplink protocols. It can track changes in parameters like timing advance and detect retransmissions in HARQ processes. This provides insights into radio performance and issues that may be limiting throughput.
This document provides an overview of P1901 MAC including:
1) It discusses key P1901 MAC terminology such as central coordinator, proxy coordinator, access protocol, and quality of service priorities.
2) It outlines some of the main challenges for P1901 MAC including high attenuation between devices, hidden nodes, and coexistence with other wireless standards.
3) It lists several areas that the P1901 MAC specification addresses including network concepts, the access protocol, quality of service, data plane processing, and management functions for discovery, association, and coexistence.
- The document discusses LTE introduction and technologies. It provides an overview of the evolution of wireless technologies towards LTE.
- Key aspects of LTE covered include the Evolved Packet Core (EPC), the radio access network E-UTRAN consisting of eNodeBs, and LTE user equipment (UE).
- Physical layer technologies enabling LTE such as OFDM, MIMO, link adaptation, and channel scheduling are discussed. The document also outlines the LTE network architecture and components.
The document provides an overview of LTE (Long Term Evolution) Release 8. It discusses key requirements for LTE such as supporting high data rates, low latency, and an all-IP network. It describes the network architecture including components like eNodeB, MME, S-GW, and P-GW. It also covers functionality of these components and the protocol stack consisting of PDCP, RLC, MAC, and RRC layers. Mobility management, QoS, and comparisons to other technologies like HSPA+ and WiMAX are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of RRC procedures in LTE, including:
1. Key differences from 3G include simplified RRC states (connected/idle instead of multiple states), single shared MAC entity, and elimination of common/dedicated channels.
2. RRC functions like system information broadcasting, connection control, configuration of signaling radio bearers, and measurement reporting.
3. Core RRC procedures like paging, connection establishment, reconfiguration, and handover are described at a high-level. Paging is simplified compared to 3G which had multiple paging types.
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard that allows short-range connections between devices like mobile phones, headphones, and laptops using radio waves in the 2.4 GHz spectrum. It uses frequency hopping spread spectrum technology and establishes piconets between one master device and up to seven slave devices to enable communication between connected devices. Bluetooth supports both synchronous and asynchronous connections and can be used to transfer data, voice, and interface with other wireless protocols like TCP/IP.
The document discusses various topics related to LTE including LTE radio procedures, physical channels and signals, mobility, and testing and measurement. On day two, it focuses on LTE radio procedures such as initial access, downlink physical channels and signals, cell search, and reference signals. It also covers uplink physical channels and signals, mobility procedures, and hybrid ARQ.
Voice Over U M T S Evolution From W C D M A, H S P A To L T EPengpeng Song
The document outlines the evolution of voice over UMTS networks from WCDMA to LTE. It discusses AMR voice codec characteristics and implementations of voice over UMTS networks in R99, HSPA+, and LTE standards. Key aspects covered include voice over IMS, circuit switched fallback, header compression, scheduling, and performance metrics like capacity and latency.
The document is a tutorial on Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology. It provides an overview of LTE architecture, which includes the Evolved Packet Core and E-UTRAN access network. It also describes the LTE radio interface protocol layers and channels. The document discusses topics like LTE scheduling, hybrid ARQ, and the Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service in LTE.
The document is a tutorial on Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology. It provides an outline and overview of LTE architecture and components, including the Evolved Packet Core and E-UTRAN networks. It also describes the LTE radio interface protocol layers of PDCP, RLC, MAC and PHY and how they handle communication channels and error correction using Hybrid ARQ.
LTE-Advanced is an evolution of LTE that provides higher data rates of up to 1 Gbps download and 500 Mbps upload through carrier aggregation and advanced MIMO technologies. It has lower latency of under 50ms for handovers and uses self-optimizing networks to automatically configure itself. Key technologies include carrier aggregation, enhanced MIMO, Coordinated MultiPoint transmission and reception, and support for heterogeneous networks. LTE-Advanced fulfills the requirements for 4G networks and sees applications in high-definition video streaming, cloud services, mobile health, and smart grids. Further developments will aim to improve spectrum efficiency and meet future capacity demands.
This document provides an overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) technology presented by Samit Basak at the University of Greenwich on November 23rd, 2011. The presentation outlines LTE characteristics such as peak throughput speeds over 100 Mb/s, increased spectrum efficiency, low latency, and flexible spectrum use. It describes LTE architecture including eNodeBs, MMEs, and gateways. It also explains the use of OFDMA for downlinks and SC-FDMA for uplinks, addressing their benefits around orthogonal multiple access and lower peak-to-average power ratio, respectively. In closing, it briefly summarizes key aspects covered and proposes further research on LTE layers 2 and mobility enhancements.
This document discusses the physical layer design of LTE-Advanced. It describes the downlink and uplink physical layer designs, including support for time-division duplexing and half-duplex frequency-division duplexing. It also discusses UE categories defined in Release 8 and planned enhancements for LTE-Advanced. The physical layer specifications use OFDMA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink, with support for bandwidths up to 20 MHz.
This document discusses enhancements to the physical layer of LTE-Advanced (3GPP Release 10). It describes the downlink and uplink physical layer designs, including orthogonal multiple access schemes, reference signals, control signaling, and data transmission methods. It also covers support for time division duplexing, half-duplex frequency division duplexing, and UE categories defined in 3GPP Release 8. The goal of LTE-Advanced is to further improve the LTE standard to meet the requirements of IMT-Advanced.
Physical layer aspects (Matthew Baker: RAN WG1 Chair, Alcatel-Lucent) BP Tiwari
This document discusses the physical layer design of LTE-Advanced. It describes the downlink and uplink physical layer designs, including the use of OFDMA in the downlink and SC-FDMA in the uplink. It also discusses support for time division duplexing and half-duplex frequency division duplexing. Enhancements to user equipment categories and the physical layer for LTE-Advanced are also covered.
UMTS system architecture, protocols & processesMuxi ESL
This document provides an overview of UMTS system architecture and protocols. It discusses:
- The logical architecture of UTRAN including RNC and Node-B elements.
- Interfaces between network elements are clearly specified to allow interoperability between equipment from different manufacturers.
- The main functions of the RNC include radio resource management, call management, and connection to the core network.
- Protocols in UTRAN include RRC for radio resource control, RLC for radio link control, and MAC for medium access control.
REALIZATION OF TRANSMITTER AND RECEIVER ARCHITECTURE FOR DOWNLINK CHANNELS IN...VLSICS Design
Long Term Evolution (LTE), the next generation of radio technologies designed to increase the capacity and speed of mobile networks. The future communication systems require much higher peak rate for the air interface but very short processing delay. This paper mainly focuses on to improve the processing speed and capability and decrease the processing delay of the downlink channels using the parallel processing technique. This paper proposes Parallel Processing Architecture for both transmitter and receiver for Downlink channels in 3GPP-LTE. The Processing steps include Scrambling, Modulation, Layer mapping, Precoding and Mapping to the REs in transmitter side. Similarly demapping from the REs, Decoding and Detection, Delayer mapping and Descrambling in Receiver side. Simulation is performed by using modelsim and Implementation is achieved using Plan Ahead tool and virtex 5 FPGA.Implemented results are discussed in terms of RTL design, FPGA editor, power estimation and resource estimation.
2. LTE and 1x/1xEV-DO Terminology and Concepts
1xEV-DO and LTE networks are surprisingly similar in many respects, but the terms, labels and acronyms
they use are very different. How can a 1xEV-DO operator make sense of this new jargon?
Introduction
As 4G technologies like Mobile WiMAX and Long Term Evolution (LTE) move closer to commercial reality,
operators are beginning to understand the differences and the similarities between what they have
currently deployed and what is coming down the road. Service providers who are contemplating the
transition from 1xEV-DO to LTE will have to contend not only with new radio technologies and new network
architectures, but with a whole new set of terms and concepts as well.
Both 1xEV-DO and LTE are designed to offer high-speed packet data services to mobile subscribers, so it
should not be surprising that they have taken similar approaches to solving some of the challenges they
both face. An engineer familiar with 1xEV-DO can get a head start with understanding LTE simply by
learning the meaning of key LTE terms and associating them with their 1xEV-DO counterparts.
The following sections take various LTE concepts, grouped into related categories, and provide a brief
explanation of each, along with the corresponding 1xEV-DO equivalent. In some cases, there is a one-to-
one match between LTE and 1xEV-DO; in others, there simply is no equivalent concept. In most cases,
however, there is generally something within 1xEV-DO that does the same thing as its LTE counterpart,
under a different name or in a different location. We will identify the similarities and differences of LTE-EPC
and 1x/1xEV-DO networks in various categories, including Air Interface, Access and Core Networks,
Identities and Operations.
General
LTE is an evolution of the UMTS system defined by the 3G Partnership Project (3GPP), which is an offshoot
of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI). 1xEV-DO, on the other hand, is designed
by the 3G Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2), which is associated with the North American Telecommunications
Industry Association (TIA). Both 3GPP and 3GPP2 have mandates to develop specifications for wireless
networks, but they have adopted rather different design philosophies, which are reflected in the resulting
standards:
a) Flexibility versus optimization: In general, 3GPP prefers to create standards which are very open
and flexible, allowing them to incorporate a variety of options, and to easily extend the interfaces to
accommodate new features and capabilities. In contrast, 3GPP2 tends to define very optimized
interfaces, which perform specific tasks as efficiently as possible. 1xEV-DO, for example, takes far
fewer (and much shorter) messages to set up a data session than UMTS requires, but new features
tend to require new sets of messages.
b) Authentication and security: 3GPP takes privacy very seriously, and very little information is sent
over the air in its original form; encryption, temporary identifiers, message integrity checking, and
user verification are basic elements of LTE signaling. 3GPP2 also includes security functions in the
definition of 1xEV-DO, but they are optional extensions to the basic operation of the system.
c) User information: 3GPP makes extensive use of the Subscriber Identity Module (SIM), which stores
user subscription data and related information separately from the phone itself. This allows a user
to make use of a different device without losing their features and contacts. In 3GPP2 systems, the
subscriber’s identity and the phone’s identity are usually tightly linked.
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3. LTE and 1x/1xEV-DO Terminology and Concepts
Despite the different mindsets behind the specifications, however, both 1xEV-DO and LTE do what they
were designed to do quite well: deliver high-speed packet data to mobile users.
Air Interface
Not surprisingly, the greatest differences between LTE and 1xEV-DO lie in the air interface. 1xEV-DO is a
CDMA-based system, using fixed 1.25 MHz channels, while LTE is a scalable OFDMA system, capable of
using anywhere between 1.4 MHz and 20 MHz, divided into 15 kHz subcarriers. 1xEV-DO devices are
assigned timeslots for downlink traffic, but can transmit at any time on the uplink (the hallmark of a CDMA
system); LTE terminals must be explicitly allocated uplink and downlink non-overlapping resources to send
and receive traffic. The Physical Layer descriptions of these two technologies are as different as night and
day.
Nonetheless, they must both be capable of supporting multiple users simultaneously, of allowing new
users to access the network, of tracking the terminal’s location and redirecting traffic as the user moves.
Key LTE terms relating to the air interface, and their 1xEV-DO equivalents, are listed here.
LTE Term Meaning and Usage 1xEV-DO Equivalent
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access,
OFDMA CDMA
physical layer of LTE Downlink
Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access,
SC-FDMA CDMA
physical layer of LTE Uplink
Subcarrier A single 15 kHz radio channel Radio channel
Symbol A single 66.67 µs time period Chip (0.81 µs)
The smallest unit of radio resources, one subcarrier
Resource Element n/a
for one symbol
The smallest block of resources that can be
Resource Block allocated, 12 subcarriers for 7 symbols (84 n/a
resource elements) 1
Timeslot 7 consecutive symbols1 Slot
Subframe 2 consecutive timeslots n/a
10 consecutive subframes, the basic transmission
Frame Frame
interval
Synchronization Periodic signal for synchronizing with and
Sync message
Signal identifying cells
Periodic signal for transmission quality
Reference Signal Pilot Channel
measurements
PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel Control Channel
Forward Traffic
PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Channel
Preambles + MAC
PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel
channels
PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel DO Session
PHICH Physical Hybrid ARQ Indication Channel ARQ Channel
PRACH Physical Random Access Channel Access Channel
Reverse Traffic
PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel
Channel
PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel MAC Channels
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Assumes short Cyclic Prefix (CP)
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4. LTE and 1x/1xEV-DO Terminology and Concepts
Access Network
Figure 1 illustrates an LTE eUTRAN, the radio access network. The eUTRAN has a flat architecture, with no
centralized controller; instead each eNode B manages its own radio resources, and collaborates with other
eNode B’s over the X2 interface. The eNode B’s connect to the core network over the S1 interface, to allow
users to register with the network and send and receive traffic.
Key LTE terms relating to the access network, and their 1xEV-DO equivalents, are listed here:
LTE Term Meaning and Usage 1xEV-DO Equivalent
eUTRAN Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network AN
eNode B Evolved Node B Base station + RNC
Physical Layer Cell ID Unique cell identifier Pilot PN offset
UE User Equipment AT
X2 eNode B <-> eNode B interface A13/A16/A17/A18
S1 eNode B <-> core network interface A10/A11/A12
Specified per 3GPP2
Uu LTE air interface
C.S0024 (IS-856)
A configured signaling path between the UE and the
Attach DO Session
eNode B
Radio Bearer A configured and assigned radio resource DO Connection
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5. LTE and 1x/1xEV-DO Terminology and Concepts
Core Network
The LTE and 1xEV-DO core networks are more similar than they are different; Figure 2 shows a view of the
LTE Evolved Packet Core (EPC). Both are based on IP protocols, and support seamless access to packet-
based services; both make use of Mobile IP to redirect traffic as the user moves through the network.
Key LTE terms associated with the core network, and their 1xEV-DO equivalents, are listed here:
LTE Term Meaning and Usage 1xEV-DO Equivalent
EPC Evolved Packet Core Packet Data Network
RNC + PDSN + AN-
MME Mobility Management Entity
AAA
S-GW Serving Gateway PDSN + PCF
PDN-GW Packet Data Network Gateway HA
HSS Home Subscriber System AAA
PCRF Policy Charging Rule Function PCRF
MIP Mobile IP MIP
A configured traffic path between the eNode B and
S1 Bearer A10 + R-P Session
the S-GW
A configured traffic path between the S-GW and the
S5/S8 Bearer MIP
PDN-GW
A configured end-to-end traffic path between the UE
EPS Bearer Service and the PDN-GW (Radio Bearer + S1 Bearer + PPP + MIP
S5/S8 Bearer)
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6. LTE and 1x/1xEV-DO Terminology and Concepts
Operational Terms and Identifiers
When a mobile device arrives in the network, it must be recognized, configured and assigned resources,
and its services must be maintained as it moves from cell to cell. Various terms associated with LTE
operational functions, and their 1xEV-DO equivalents, are listed here:
LTE Term Meaning and Usage 1xEV-DO Equivalent
UE User Equipment (the mobile device) Access Terminal (AT)
IMSI [Mobile Country
Code (MCC), Mobile
Network Code (MNC)
and Mobile
IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity
Identification Number
(MIN) or
Mobile Directory
Number (MDN)]
Mobile Serial Number
(MSN) or Mobile
IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity
Equipment Identity
(MEID)
Downlink (DL) Transmissions from the network to the mobile Forward Link (FL)
Uplink (UL) Transmissions from the mobile to the network Reverse Link (RL)
Ciphering Over-the-air privacy Encryption
UATI Assignment +
DO Session
Attach Initial registration process
Establishment + MIP
Registration
Quick Config + Sector
Master Information Block and System Information Parameters + Access
MIB, SIB
Block Parameters + DO
Session
Downlink Control Information and Uplink Control Traffic Channel
DCI, UCI
Information Assignment
C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary Identifier MAC Index
CQI Channel Quality Indicator DRC value
HARQ Hybrid ARQ HARQ
Redirection of traffic from one base station to
Handover Handoff
another
Measurement Control Pilot Add, Pilot Drop,
events A1, A2, A3, A4, Thresholds for cell selection and handover Dynamic (Soft Slope)
A5, B1, B2 Thresholds
Conclusion
A simple description in a table does not convey the full complexity of a concept; a detailed understanding
of LTE’s technologies, architectures and interfaces is needed to fully appreciate both the similarities and
the differences it has with 1xEV-DO. Nevertheless, the fact that LTE and 1xEV-DO concepts can be laid out
side-by-side in this way should help to reassure 1xEV-DO operators that the step from 3G to 4G is not as
big a leap as they may have thought.
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7. LTE and 1x/1xEV-DO Terminology and Concepts
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