1) Artificial sweeteners are widely used as substitutes for sugar to reduce calorie intake. While short-term studies show artificial sweeteners can help reduce calorie intake, longer term epidemiological studies link their use to weight gain.
2) The mechanisms by which artificial sweeteners may contribute to weight gain are not fully understood but could involve disrupting the body's ability to estimate calorie intake and regulate appetite.
3) More research is still needed but moderation in artificial sweetener consumption may be most prudent for weight management until their long-term health effects are clearer.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
1. LOW CALORY SWEETNERS
AND
WEIGHT
Dra Pilar Riobó MD, PhD
Associate Head
Endocrinology and Nutrition Department
Hospital Fundacion Jimenez Diaz-Capio.
Madrid
FENS Meeting 2011
3. Obesity and overweight have been reported to be
associated with decreases in life expectancy.
Non-smoking women Smoking women Non-smoking men Smoking men
Framingham Heart Study
13.7
Non-smoking women lost 7 years,
5.82 Non-smoking men 5.8 years
13.3
7.08
0 5 10 15
Implications of obesity at age 40 on life
expectancy. Peeters, A, et al. Ann Int Med 2003;138:24-32
4. Obesity and other risk factors
Blood HDL-C PCRP
pressure
pro-thrombotic
T-Cholesterol-t OBESITY factors
Insulín
Diabetes Resistance
TG,Lp(a)
sdLDL
5. Diabetes epidemic
300 millions
300
250
Millones de personas
200
154 millionsio
135 millions
150
100
50
0
1995 2000 2025
King H. Diabetes Care 1998
6.
7. Obesity is associated with increased risk
for most cancers (ACS)
1.44
Multiple myeloma (>35)
1.46
Colon & Rectum (>40)
Type of Cancer (Highest BMI category)
1.51
Ovary (>35)
1.68
Liver (>35)
1.88
All Cancers (>40)
1.95
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (>35)
2.12
Breast (>40)
2.13
Gallbladder (>30)
2.51*
All Other Cancers (>40)
2.64*
Oesophagus (>30)
2.76
Pancreas (>40)
3.20
Cervix (>35)
4.75
Kidney (>40)
6.25
Uterus (>40)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Relative Risk of Death (95% Confidence Interval)
Calle E et al. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1625-1638
Mortality from Cancer According to BMI >30->40 for U.S.
Women in the Cancer Prevention Study II, 1982 through 1998
9. Obesity Today: Future Impact
“Because of increasing rates of
obesity…we may see the first
generation that will be less
healthy and have a shorter life
expectancy than their parents.”
Surgeon General Richard Carmona
10. The Biological Cause of
Obesity is Simple
An imbalance of calories IN
and calories OUT!
But…
11. …The Social Factors that lead
to the Imbalance are Complex
• Changing food habits due to busy lifestyles (no family
meals…)
• Declining physical activity during work and leisure time
• Changing physical environment (urban, safety)
• Decreased sleep duration
• Hedonic and reward aspects of food
• Psychological problems
• Side effects of common drugs
12. Weight Issues
It’s Much More than
ENERGY BALANCE
Social factors play a
role
14. • Sweet taste permits the
identification of
energy-rich nutrients
• Umami (savoury/meaty taste)
allows recognition of protein
• Salty taste ensures proper
electrolyte balance
• Sour and Bitter tastes
warn against the intake of
potentially poisonous chemicals
Taste has the additional value of contributing to
the overall pleasure and enjoyment of a food
15. Taste results from the stimulation of specialised
cells (TRCs), grouped in clusters or taste buds,
mainly located on the tongue, but also in gut.
Circumvallate papillae, contain
thousands of taste buds.
Foliate papillae, contain hundreds
of taste buds.
Fungiform papillae contain
one or a few taste buds
17. LCS
Saccharin, discovered in 1878
Cyclamate in Europe (in 1969, banned in the US
due to association with bladder cancer in rats.
Subsequent review of the evidence raised questions
about the trials, but remained unapproved in USA
Aspartame, approved for use in food 1981,
Acesulfame-K
Sucralose
Neotame
Stevia, a herb with intense sweetness
18. Aspartame
Used worldwide in over 6000 products
ADI levels of 50 (FDA)and 40 mg/kg bw/day, (EFSA)
The rise in plasma levels of Phen and aspartic following
administration of aspartame at doses < 50 mg/kg do not
exceed those observed postprandially.
No credible evidence that aspartame is carcinogenic.
No evidence that aspartame will affect nervous system
function, learning or behavior.
19. What are the Consumption
levels of LCS ?
Approved NNS are regarded as “GRAS”
producers and manufacturers are not required to
provide content data on food labels
Data on the amounts of NNS in foods not readily
accessible.
22. Safety standards for
consumption of NNS
European Food Safety Agency (EFSA) havs established
Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADI)
20 cans of diet cola for aspartame
9 to 12 packets of sweetener for saccharin
30 to 32 cans of diet lemon soda for acesulfame-K
6 cans of diet cola for sucralose
23. Calorie savings available by
choosing foods and drinks with LCS
Calories (kcal)
Product With sugar Low calorie
sweeteners
Carbonated soft drinks 330 ml 145 2
Powdered soft drinks 240 ml 86 5
Desserts 240 ml 150 75
Milk shake mix 180 ml 110 50
Fruit yoghurt 180 g 207 81
Table top sweetener tablets 16 1
Table top sweetener powder 16 2
24. Key questions
Does the replacement of a high energy sweetener
(such as sucrose) with an artificial sweetener (such
as saccharine or aspartame) lead to weight loss?
Substituting sugar with low calorie sweeteners
may be an efficacious weight management
strategy?
Does sweetness (with or without energy)
contribute to over-consumption?
25. 2.
.
normal-weight subjects Weight
1 150 g /day soda sweetened
with aspartame HFCS , for 3 wk
7% decrease in
calorie intake
when subjects
drank APM-
sweetened soda
Am J Clin Nutr 90
26. Energy and macronutrient intakes from
ad libitum diet at 0, 5, 10 weeks
After 10 wk, the
sucrose group had
increases in total
energy, sucrose,
and carbohydrate
intakes
and decreases in
fat and protein
intakes
Raben A et al. Am J Clin Nutr 2002 ;76:721
27. Body weight and fat
mass increased in
the sucrose group
(1.6 and 1.3 kg)
and decreased in
the sweetener group
(-1.0 and -0.3 kg)
Raben A et al. Sucrose compared with artificial sweeteners: different effects on ad libitum food intake
and body weight after 10 wk of supplementation in overweight subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 2002 ;76:721
28. PRCT,
160 obese women randomly assigned to
consume or to abstain from aspartame-
sweetened foods and beverages during
16-wk weight-reduction program
a 1-y maintenance program,
and a 2-y follow-up period
no difference in weight loss between groups using
and avoiding aspartame, but the aspartame group
regained significantly less weight
during maintenance and follow-up ( 3 years)
Blackburn et al. AJCN 1997
29. Do artificial sweeteners actually
help reduce weight?
Replacement of sucrose with aspartame could
result in a decrease in calorie intake, enough to
produce a health benefit.
Even modest reductions in the intake of calories
can reduce the risk factors associated
with diabetes and cardiovascular
disease
30. But…
Epidemiologic data suggest the
opposite.
Several large scale prospective
cohort studies found positive
correlation between artificial
sweetener use and weight gain.
31. Do LCS promote weight gain?
ACS survey
conducted over one year with 78,694 women 50–69 yo
After controlling for initial body weight, those who
used LCS were significantly more likely to gain weight
than non-users.
However, mean weight changes differed by less than
1Kg, so no conclusion was drawn
Despite the conservative interpretation of the data, the
hypothesis generated considerable debate.
32. 6,814 adults, 45–84 years,
Diet soda consumption was assessed by food frequency
questionnaire at baseline (2000–2002).
At least daily consumption of diet soda was
associated with a
36% greater relative risk of incident metabolic
syndrome
and a 67% greater relative risk of incident type 2
diabetes
compared with non consumption
Diabetes Care 32:688–694, 2009
33. The San Antonio Heart Study
OR of becoming
overweight
OR of becoming
obese
Fowler. SP. Et al. Fueling the Obesity Epidemic? Artificially Sweetened
Beverage Use and Long-term Weight Gain . Obesity (2008) 16, 1894–1900.
34. Fueling the Obesity Epidemic? Artificially
Sweetened Beverage Use and Long-term Weight
Gain in the San Antonio Heart Study
Δ BMIs were 47%
greater among artificial
sweetner users
than nonusers
(+1.48 kg/m2 vs. +1.01
kg/m2, P < 0.0001).
Fowler. SP. Et al. Obesity (2008) 16, 1894–1900.
35. Critics
•These are observational studies, not
clinical trials
•The potential confounding of LCS use
for weight control cannot be ruled out
•Prevalence of obesity is higher among
Mexican Americans but use of AS is lower
36. Potential mechanisms blamed
Dissociating sweetness from calories, LCS could
interfere with physiological responses that control
homeostasis.
Changing the intestinal environment, LCS could affect
the microbiota and, in turn, trigger inflammatory
processes associated with metabolic disorders.
Interacting with sweet-taste receptors discovered in
the gut, LCS could affect glucose absorptive capacity
and activate gut sweet-taste pathways that control
incretin release and upregulate glucose transporters.
37. LCS and Appetite
Acute exposure to LCS in vehicles providing no
energy, augments hunger relative to effects of
exposure to the vehicle alone.
Similar effects in a study of comparable design,
using NaCl .
The phenomenon may be attributable to oral
exposure to a palatable stimulus in the absence
of an energy load
38. Is there any compensation?
It has been told that after ingestion of a
sweetened, non-energy-yielding beverage one
can “compensate” increasing energy intake
•Estimated compensation rate of around
one-third of energy substituted
•Soft drinks around 15%. This is reasonable
as it is likely that energy obtained from
liquids is less satiating
Nevertheless, these compensation values are
derived from short-term studies
39. Effect of preloads containing stevia,
aspartame, or sucrose on food intake, satiety,
and postprandial glucose and insulin levels.
19 healthy lean and 12 obese
hunger and satiety levels were similar in all three
conditions.
In terms of hedonic ratings, participants rated the
preloads containing aspartame as having a more
pleasant taste than the preloads containing stevia
or sucrose.
Anton et al. Effects of stevia, aspartame, and sucrose on food intake, satiety, and
postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Appetite 2010 ; 55(1):37-43
40. Participants did not compensate
(food intake at subsequent lunch and dinner meals
was not increased) when they consumed lower
calorie preloads containing stevia or aspartame
compared to sucrose.
.
Anton et al. Effects of stevia, aspartame, and sucrose on food intake, satiety, and
postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Appetite 2010 ; 55(1):37-43
41. Consumption of stevia in
preloads significantly
lowered postprandial
insulin levels compared
to both aspartame and
sucrose, as well as
postprandial glucose levels
compared to sucrose.
Consumption of aspartame
in preloads reduced
postprandial glucose
compared to sucrose
Anton et al. Effects of stevia, aspartame, and sucrose on food intake, satiety, and
postprandial glucose and insulin levels. Appetite 2010 ; 55(1):37-43
42. Is there any compensation?
The preponderance of evidence in long-
term feeding trials indicates that LCS
results in no change or a reduction in
energy intake
43. Meta-analyses
16 studies
Subjects in 3 trials
were obese
Significant reduction in
energy intake with
aspartame
mean reduction of about
10% of energy intake.
de La Hunty Br Nutr Found
Bull. 2006: 31; 115-128
44. Meta-analyses: 16 studies
Significant reduction in weight
about a 3% reduction in body weight
de La Hunty
Br Nutr Found
Nutr Bull. 2006
45.
46. The meta-analyses demonstrate that using foods and
drinks sweetened with aspartame instead of sucrose
results in a significant reduction in both energy intakes
and body weight.
Rate of weight loss of about 0.2 kg/week.
This is a low but meaningful rate of weight loss and, more
than sufficient to counteract the current average rate of
weight gain of around 0.007 kg/week
de La Hunty A, Gibson S, Ashwell M. A review of the effectiveness of aspartame in helping with weight
control. Br Nutr Found Nutr Bull. 2006: 31; 115-128
47. Sweet taste receptors
a heterodimer of two transmembrane
proteins (T1R2 , T1R3 and gustducin)
has several different binding sites
Present in lingual taste buds, and
GLP-1 secreting L cells of the gut
Respond to caloric sugars and to LCS
Serve as mediators of GLP-1
secretion
49. Role of Incretins in Glucose Homeostasis
Ingestion of food
Pancreas
Glucose-dependent
Insulin from β cells Glucose uptake
by muscles
Release of gut (GLP-1 and GIP)
hormones — Blood glucose in
GI tract incretins* fasting and
β cells postprandial states
Active α cells
GLP-1 & GIP Glucose
production
DPP-4 Glucose dependent by liver
enzyme Glucagon from
α cells
(GLP-1)
Inactive Inactive
GLP-1 GIP
*Incretins are also released throughout the day at basal levels.
Adapted from Kieffer TJ, Habener JF. Endocr Rev. 1999;20:876–913; Ahrén B. Curr Diab Rep. 2003;2:365–372; Drucker DJ. Diabetes Care.
2003;26:2929–2940; Holst JJ. Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2002;18:430–441. 16
50. Effects of the Incretin Hormones
GLP-1 GIP
Is released from L cells in ileum Is released from K cells in
and colon duodenum
Stimulates insulin response from Stimulates insulin response from
β cells in a glucose-dependent β cells in a glucose-dependent
manner manner
Inhibits gastric emptying Has minimal effects on gastric
Reduces food intake and emptying
body weight Has no significant effects on
Inhibits glucagon secretion from satiety or body weight
α cells in a glucose-dependent Does not appear to inhibit
manner glucagon secretion from α cells
Effect on β-cell turnover in Effect on β-cell turnover in
preclinical models preclinical models
Meier JJ et al. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;18:587–606; Drucker DJ. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2929–2940;
Farilla L et al. Endocrinology. 2003;144:5149–5158. 14
51. GLP-1 secretion after diet soda ingestion in volunteers
due to stimulation of gut taste receptors by LCS synergizing with
glucose-mediated stimulation of GLP-1 release.
52. .
in volunteers, consumption of diet soda before an oral
glucose challenge potentiates GLP-1 secretion, and insulin
secretion
Translating these results into the clinical setting,
consumption of a LCS in conjunction with a sugar
containing food or drink could lead to more rapid sugar
absorption, as well as increased GLP-1
and potentially altering both gastric emptying and insulin
secretion
53. sucralose given by intragastric infusion
does not stimulates GLP-1 or GIP
release in humans or slow
gastric emptying.
This implies that it may
have no therapeutic benefit in the
dietary management of
diabetes,
other than as a substitute for
carbohydrate
But no GLP-1 increase with sucralose
54. Conclusions
The use of LCS instead of sucrose seems to maintain
and lose weight and to promote long-term dietary
compliance without losing the palatability of the diet
The decrease in energy intakes and the rate of weight
loss that can reasonably be achieved is low, but
meaningful.
There is no clear evidence that LCS augment appetite
or compensation
Indeed, there is emerging evidence that selected NNS
may stimulate the release of satiety hormones like
GLP-1
55. Conclusion II
LCS can help to reduce energy intake, without
compromising taste
LCS give people the opportunity to enjoy a sweet taste
without adding calories to their diet.
LCS, either as ingredients in foods and drinks or as table-
top products, can help people who are seeking to reduce
their energy and sugar intake as part of a healthy and
balanced diet.