The document classifies slab types and provides procedures for the direct design method of slabs that work in two directions. It describes one-way slabs, two-way slabs, solid slabs, ribbed slabs, and hollow core slabs. It also outlines the steps of the direct design method, which includes determining the slab thickness, distributing moments, and designing reinforcement. Limitations of the method are provided.
Una columna es un soporte vertical, de forma alargada, que permite sostener el peso de una estructura. Lo habitual es que su sección sea circular. La columna clásica presenta tres elementos: la basa (la parte inferior), el fuste (la parte del medio) y el capitel (el extremo superior). Esto quiere decir que la basa supone el soporte del fuste, y que éste hace lo propio con el capitel. Ésta está sometida a fuerzas y esfuerzos que modifican su apariencia y la estructura del material ocupado, y éstas deformaciones son conocidas como pandeo que se da principalmente por flexión o en su caso por torsión.
Una columna es un soporte vertical, de forma alargada, que permite sostener el peso de una estructura. Lo habitual es que su sección sea circular. La columna clásica presenta tres elementos: la basa (la parte inferior), el fuste (la parte del medio) y el capitel (el extremo superior). Esto quiere decir que la basa supone el soporte del fuste, y que éste hace lo propio con el capitel. Ésta está sometida a fuerzas y esfuerzos que modifican su apariencia y la estructura del material ocupado, y éstas deformaciones son conocidas como pandeo que se da principalmente por flexión o en su caso por torsión.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Halogenation process of chemical process industries
Losas - Método de diseño directo - determinación del espesor de la losa
1.
2. CLASIFICACION DE LAS LOSAS
Losas unidireccionales
Losas bidireccionales
Losas macizas
Losas nervuradas en una dirección
Losa maciza – placa plana
Losa maciza con capiteles
Losa maciza con ábacos
Losa maciza con ábacos y capiteles
Losa casetonada o nervurada en dos direcciones
Losa maciza con vigas entre columnas
LOSAS
Sin viga de borde
Con viga de borde
Sin viga de borde
Con viga de borde
Sin viga de borde
Con viga de borde
Sin viga de borde
Con viga de borde
𝒍𝒍𝑳𝑳
𝒍𝒍𝑪𝑪
> 𝟐𝟐
𝒍𝒍𝑳𝑳
𝒍𝒍𝑪𝑪
≤ 𝟐𝟐
3. El método de diseño directo es un método que se aplica al análisis y diseño de losas que trabajan
en dos direcciones, en tal sentido debe ser satisfecha la siguiente relación:
𝒍𝒍𝑳𝑳
𝒍𝒍𝑪𝑪
≤ 𝟐𝟐
𝒍𝒍𝑪𝑪
𝒍𝒍𝑳𝑳
𝒉𝒉
• 𝒉𝒉 = espesor de la placa
• 𝒍𝒍𝑪𝑪 = lado menor de la placa
• 𝒍𝒍𝑳𝑳 = lado mayor de la placa
Las losas que apoyan directamente en columnas se denominan placas planas y puede tener o no
vigas de borde o viga perimetral
El metodo de diseño directo es un metodo simplificado que se aplica para determinar los
momentos positivos y negativos de diseño de losas que trabajan en dos direcciones.
4. LIMITACIONES DEL METODO DE DISEÑO DIRECTO
• El entrepiso debe tener por lo menos tres (3) tramos
continuos en cada direccion
• Los tableros (losas individuales) deben ser de forma
rectangular, en donde el lado mas largo no debe
ser mayor a dos veces el lado mas corto
• Las longitudes de los tramos sucesivos en una
direccion del entrepiso, no deben variar en mas del
20 %
• Las columnas de una franja de columnas, no deben tener una excentricidad lateral mayor al
10 % de la luz entre columnas medido en sentido transversal a la franja de columnas.
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
5. LIMITACIONES DEL METODO DE DISEÑO DIRECTO
• La carga viva de servicio 𝑳𝑳 no debe ser mayor a
dos veces la carga de servicio muerta 𝑫𝑫
• Las cargas deben ser gravedad y estar
uniformemente distribuidad en toda la superficie
de la losa o tablero,
• Si un tablero se apoya en vigas en sus cuatro
bordes laterals, la rigidez relativa de las vigas en
las dos direcciones ortogonales debe ser mayor a
0.20 y menor a 5
𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 ≤
𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 ∗ 𝒍𝒍𝟐𝟐
𝟐𝟐
𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 ∗ 𝒍𝒍𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐 ≤ 𝟓𝟓
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑙𝑙𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐
𝟑𝟑
𝟒𝟒
6. PROCEDIMIENTO - METODO DE DISEÑO DIRECTO
PASO 1. Determinacion del espesor 𝒉𝒉 de la losa
CASO 1. Losas sin vigas internas (placas planas). Tabla 9.5 (c )
CASO 2. Losas con vigas internas. Fórmulas empíricas
PASO 2. Verificación de 𝒉𝒉 a esfuerzo de corte en una dirección.
PASO 3. Verificación de 𝒉𝒉 a esfuerzo de corte en dos direcciones – punzonamiento.
PASO 4. Para cada tramo, calcular el momento estático total. 𝑴𝑴𝒐𝒐 =
𝒒𝒒𝒖𝒖𝒍𝒍𝟐𝟐 𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟐𝟐
𝟖𝟖
7. PROCEDIMIENTO - METODO DE DISEÑO DIRECTO
PASO 6. Repartir los momento totales positivos y negativos en las franjas de columnas y
las franjas centrales.
PASO 7. Efectuar el diseño de las armaduras para los momentos positivos y negativos de
las franjas de columnas y franjas centrales.
PASO 8. Elaborar el plano de las armaduras para la franja de columnas y para la franja
central.
PASO 5. Para cada tramo, distribuir los momentos estáticos totales en momentos
estáticos totales negativos y momentos estáticos totales positivos.
8. PROCEDIMIENTO GENERAL
Estimar el espesor 𝒉𝒉 de la losa utilizando la Tabla 9.5(c)
ACI-318-08
Donde:
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏 = para losas que trabajan en dos direcciones es
la luz libre de el tramo mas largo del entrepiso.
𝒉𝒉 =
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝒌𝒌
𝒌𝒌 = coeficiente que depende del tipo de losa y la
tensión de fluencia del acero. Tabla 9.5 ( c ).
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝒉𝒉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄. Para losas sin vigas interiores y sin abacos
𝒉𝒉𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄. Para losas sin vigas interiores y con abacos
PASO 1.- DETERMINACION DE "𝒉𝒉𝒉
CASO 1 – LOSAS SIN VIGAS INTERIORES
9. PROCEDIMIENTO GENERAL
Para losas sin vigas interiores pero con viga de borde,
se debe cumplir:
𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇 =
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝑰𝑰𝒃𝒃
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄𝑰𝑰𝒔𝒔
≥ 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖
𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇 < 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 ⟹ 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 sin 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇 ≥ 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖 ⟹ 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 sin 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝑦𝑦 𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜𝐜 𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗𝒗 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅 𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃𝒃
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇 = coeficiente de rigidez relativa de la viga de borde
respecto a la losa adyacente a la viga de borde
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = modulo de elasticidad longitudinal del hormigón de la viga de borde
𝑬𝑬𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄 = modulo de elasticidad longitudinal del hormigón de la losa adyacente a la viga de borde
𝑰𝑰𝒔𝒔 = momento de inercia de la sección transversal de la losa adyacente a la viga de borde
𝑰𝑰𝒃𝒃 = momento de inercia de la sección transversal de la viga de borde
PASO 1.- DETERMINACION DE "𝒉𝒉𝒉
CON VIGA DE BORDE
CASO 1 – LOSAS SIN VIGAS INTERIORES
10. Espesores minimos de losas sin vigas interiores
𝑓𝑓
𝑦𝑦
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐2
Sin ábacos Con ábacos
Paneles exteriores
Paneles
interiores Paneles exteriores
Paneles
interiores
Sin vigas
de borde
Con vigas
de borde
Sin vigas
de borde
Con vigas
de borde
2800
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟒𝟒𝟒𝟒
4200
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
5200
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏 = luz libre en la dirección mas larga (distancia entre las caras internas de los apoyos)
11. PROCEDIMIENTO GENERAL
Para determiner ℎ se requiere de los siguientes datos
𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = valor promedio de las rigideces relativas viga-
losa de todos los bordes del panel
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏 = para losas que trabajan en dos direcciones es
la luz libre de el tramo mas largo del entrepiso.
𝜷𝜷 =
𝒍𝒍𝑳𝑳
𝒍𝒍𝑪𝑪
Relacion de la luz más larga a la luz más
corta de un panel
𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 =
𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 + 𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 + 𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 + 𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
𝟒𝟒
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏
𝒍𝒍𝑳𝑳
𝒍𝒍𝑪𝑪
𝟏𝟏
𝟐𝟐
𝟑𝟑
𝟒𝟒
Si los bordes 1 y 3 son idénticos y los
bordes 2 y 4 también son idénticos
𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝛼𝛼𝑓𝑓𝑓 =
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐼𝐼𝑏𝑏𝑏
𝐸𝐸𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝐼𝐼𝑠𝑠𝑠
𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 =
𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 + 𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇
𝟐𝟐
En el caso de placas planas 𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 = 𝟎𝟎
PASO 1.- DETERMINACION DE "𝒉𝒉𝒉
CASO 2. LOSAS CON VIGAS INTERIORES
12. PROCEDIMIENTO GENERAL
PASO 1.- DETERMINACION DE "𝒉𝒉𝒉
CASOS QUE SE PRESENTAN:
CASO 1 𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 < 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 El espesor 𝒉𝒉 se determina como para losa sin vigas interiores Tabla 9.5 (c)
CASO 2 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐 ≤ 𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 ≤ 𝟐𝟐 𝒉𝒉 ≥ 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄. 𝒉𝒉 =
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 +
𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟓𝟓𝜷𝜷 𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
CASO 3 𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 > 𝟐𝟐. 𝟎𝟎 𝒉𝒉 ≥ 𝟗𝟗 𝒄𝒄𝒄𝒄. 𝒉𝒉 =
𝒍𝒍𝒏𝒏 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖 +
𝒇𝒇𝒚𝒚
𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏
𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 + 𝟗𝟗𝜷𝜷 𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇𝒇𝒇 − 𝟎𝟎. 𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟐
NOTA
En los bordes discontinuos disponer una viga de borde con 𝜶𝜶𝒇𝒇 > 𝟎𝟎. 𝟖𝟖𝟖𝟖, o bien
incrementar el espesor de la losa en un 10 % en los casos 1 y 2
CASO 2. LOSAS CON VIGAS INTERIORES
