logging lecturer
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Resistivity is a rock property that measures how well a material resists the flow of electricity. It is measured using electric logs and is important for determining fluid saturation in reservoirs. Resistivity increases as hydrocarbon saturation increases, since hydrocarbons are non-conductive unlike water, which is conductive. Resistivity logs are plotted on a logarithmic scale and corrections must be made for factors like hole size and mud resistivity when measuring resistivity using induction logs.
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Electrical Properties of Reservoir Rocks
The document discusses electrical properties of reservoir rocks and methods for determining fluid saturations. It explains that electrical resistivity is a measure of how much electrical current can flow through a material and is affected by porosity, pore fluid type and saturation, and lithology. Common methods to determine fluid saturations include well log analysis, core analysis, and capillary pressure measurements. Resistivity is highest for gas, intermediate for oil, and lowest for water-saturated rocks. Resistivity decreases as water saturation increases. Equations are presented relating true resistivity to water resistivity, porosity, and water saturation.
Electrical Properties of Reservoir Rocks
This document discusses electrical resistivity of rock-fluid systems as measured by well logs. It defines resistivity as the ability of a fluid-saturated rock to impede electric current flow. Resistivity is determined by passing a measured current through a rock sample and measuring the required voltage. Resistivity depends on factors like porosity, pore geometry, lithology, cementation, and clay content. The resistivity of various earth materials is provided, from most resistive (rock) to least (salt water). Resistivity is used to determine water saturation and fluid types in formations.
conventional resistivity logs
This document discusses well logging and resistivity logging. It provides information on:
- Well logging involves making detailed records of geological formations penetrated by boreholes.
- Resistivity logging measures subsurface electrical resistivity to determine hydrocarbon saturation. Higher resistivity indicates more hydrocarbons versus formation water.
- Factors like porosity, lithology, and fluid type impact electrical resistivity measurements.
Resistivity log
This document discusses resistivity logs and how they are used to analyze borehole formations. Resistivity is measured in ohms per meter and depends on factors like water volume, temperature, and salinity. Resistivity logs can determine hydrocarbon versus water-bearing zones and indicate permeable zones. The Archie equation relates resistivity to water saturation and uses constants determined by rock type. Different resistivity tools like electrode and induction logs measure resistivity at varying depths around the borehole to analyze fluid content and identify zones.
Well logging
This document describes various well logging techniques:
a) Gamma ray logs measure natural radioactivity to distinguish between shale and sandstone/limestone.
b) Spontaneous potential logs measure electrical potential between drilling mud and formation water to indicate permeability.
c) Resistivity logs measure formation resistance to electric current, with porous formations filled with saltwater having low resistivity and formations containing oil/gas having higher resistivity.
Petrophysic interpretation
1. The document discusses various well logging tools and concepts used in petrophysical interpretation. It describes tools such as the spontaneous potential (SP) log, gamma ray (GR) log, resistivity logs including induction and lateral logs, and porosity logs.
2. Key concepts covered include the logging environment and factors that impact tool measurements like borehole conditions and mud properties. Interpretation techniques for evaluating permeable zones, formation resistivity, water saturation, and porosity are also summarized.
3. The document provides examples of using tools and concepts like the Archie formula to calculate water resistivity, determine hydrocarbon presence, and evaluate clean versus shaly formations. It also discusses corrections that must be applied to well log
Petrophysics 14 resistivity logs
Three independent resistivity measurements are required to determine the true formation resistivity and eliminate the effect of the invaded zone near the borehole. The deep, shallow, and micro-spherically focused resistivity logs each measure resistivity at different investigation depths. In reservoirs, mud filtrate invades the formation and displaces some hydrocarbons. The true formation resistivity can be calculated from the three logs to evaluate hydrocarbon saturation. Resistivity analysis involves identifying the hydrocarbon/water contact, calculating water saturation in hydrocarbon zones using resistivity ratios, and determining residual oil saturation in the invaded zone.
Exploration Geophysics III semester.pdf
The document discusses the electrical resistivity method for geophysical investigations. It begins by defining electrical resistivity and describing how it is measured. Resistivity depends on factors like moisture content and can be used to distinguish different earth materials. Common electrical methods involve introducing a current and measuring potential gradients to determine resistivity. This allows interpreting subsurface stratigraphy and structures. Applications include mapping geology, locating aquifers, and engineering investigations. In summary, the electrical resistivity method measures resistivity distributions in the ground to interpret subsurface compositions and locate features like water-bearing zones.
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Electrical Properties of Reservoir Rocks
The document discusses electrical properties of reservoir rocks and methods for determining fluid saturations. It explains that electrical resistivity is a measure of how much electrical current can flow through a material and is affected by porosity, pore fluid type and saturation, and lithology. Common methods to determine fluid saturations include well log analysis, core analysis, and capillary pressure measurements. Resistivity is highest for gas, intermediate for oil, and lowest for water-saturated rocks. Resistivity decreases as water saturation increases. Equations are presented relating true resistivity to water resistivity, porosity, and water saturation.
Electrical Properties of Reservoir Rocks
This document discusses electrical resistivity of rock-fluid systems as measured by well logs. It defines resistivity as the ability of a fluid-saturated rock to impede electric current flow. Resistivity is determined by passing a measured current through a rock sample and measuring the required voltage. Resistivity depends on factors like porosity, pore geometry, lithology, cementation, and clay content. The resistivity of various earth materials is provided, from most resistive (rock) to least (salt water). Resistivity is used to determine water saturation and fluid types in formations.
conventional resistivity logs
This document discusses well logging and resistivity logging. It provides information on:
- Well logging involves making detailed records of geological formations penetrated by boreholes.
- Resistivity logging measures subsurface electrical resistivity to determine hydrocarbon saturation. Higher resistivity indicates more hydrocarbons versus formation water.
- Factors like porosity, lithology, and fluid type impact electrical resistivity measurements.
Resistivity log
This document discusses resistivity logs and how they are used to analyze borehole formations. Resistivity is measured in ohms per meter and depends on factors like water volume, temperature, and salinity. Resistivity logs can determine hydrocarbon versus water-bearing zones and indicate permeable zones. The Archie equation relates resistivity to water saturation and uses constants determined by rock type. Different resistivity tools like electrode and induction logs measure resistivity at varying depths around the borehole to analyze fluid content and identify zones.
Well logging
This document describes various well logging techniques:
a) Gamma ray logs measure natural radioactivity to distinguish between shale and sandstone/limestone.
b) Spontaneous potential logs measure electrical potential between drilling mud and formation water to indicate permeability.
c) Resistivity logs measure formation resistance to electric current, with porous formations filled with saltwater having low resistivity and formations containing oil/gas having higher resistivity.
Petrophysic interpretation
1. The document discusses various well logging tools and concepts used in petrophysical interpretation. It describes tools such as the spontaneous potential (SP) log, gamma ray (GR) log, resistivity logs including induction and lateral logs, and porosity logs.
2. Key concepts covered include the logging environment and factors that impact tool measurements like borehole conditions and mud properties. Interpretation techniques for evaluating permeable zones, formation resistivity, water saturation, and porosity are also summarized.
3. The document provides examples of using tools and concepts like the Archie formula to calculate water resistivity, determine hydrocarbon presence, and evaluate clean versus shaly formations. It also discusses corrections that must be applied to well log
Petrophysics 14 resistivity logs
Three independent resistivity measurements are required to determine the true formation resistivity and eliminate the effect of the invaded zone near the borehole. The deep, shallow, and micro-spherically focused resistivity logs each measure resistivity at different investigation depths. In reservoirs, mud filtrate invades the formation and displaces some hydrocarbons. The true formation resistivity can be calculated from the three logs to evaluate hydrocarbon saturation. Resistivity analysis involves identifying the hydrocarbon/water contact, calculating water saturation in hydrocarbon zones using resistivity ratios, and determining residual oil saturation in the invaded zone.
Exploration Geophysics III semester.pdf
The document discusses the electrical resistivity method for geophysical investigations. It begins by defining electrical resistivity and describing how it is measured. Resistivity depends on factors like moisture content and can be used to distinguish different earth materials. Common electrical methods involve introducing a current and measuring potential gradients to determine resistivity. This allows interpreting subsurface stratigraphy and structures. Applications include mapping geology, locating aquifers, and engineering investigations. In summary, the electrical resistivity method measures resistivity distributions in the ground to interpret subsurface compositions and locate features like water-bearing zones.
Electrical method
The document discusses the electrical resistivity method for geophysical investigations. It begins by defining electrical resistivity and describing how it is measured. Resistivity depends on factors like moisture content and porosity. Common materials and their typical resistivity ranges are provided. The document then describes the principles and applications of two electrical methods - equipotential and resistivity. Key aspects covered include how resistivity is used to interpret subsurface layers and detect anomalies. The document concludes by outlining several applications of electrical resistivity methods like mapping stratigraphy and aquifers.
Q921 log lec6 v1
This document provides an overview of well logging and the development of resistivity log interpretation through the seminal work of Leverett and Archie. Key points include:
- Leverett measured resistivity of core samples at different water saturations, linking resistivity to water saturation for the first time.
- Archie found that formation resistivity was related to water resistivity by a constant factor called formation factor, and that formation factor was related to porosity through a power law relationship.
- Archie and others showed resistivity could be used to determine water saturation through empirical relationships involving porosity, water resistivity, and saturation and cementation exponents.
- This established the basis for quantitative interpretation of resistivity logs in terms
Wll logging
The document discusses well logging techniques. It begins by defining a well log as a continuous record of measurements made in a borehole that respond to variations in physical rock properties. It then discusses the concept of borehole invasion, where drilling mud contaminates the formation near the borehole. Key logging tools are described, including gamma ray, spontaneous potential, resistivity, density, neutron, and sonic logs. Porosity calculations using various logs are also presented. In particular, it focuses on how well logs can be used to determine lithology, porosity, fluid content and hydrocarbon saturation in geological formations.
Q922+log+l05 v1
The document provides an overview of spontaneous potential (SP) well logging. It discusses the origins of SP, including liquid junction potentials and membrane potentials generated by shale. SP can be used to identify permeable zones and determine formation water resistivity. Factors like shale content, oil/gas saturation, borehole conditions, and invasion can impact the SP response. Examples are given of idealized SP curves in different logging scenarios.
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This document discusses conductometric titration, which is an electrochemical analytical method that measures the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution. It describes the principles and instrumentation of conductometry, including how conductivity is measured using a conductivity meter or by performing a titration. Some key applications of conductometric titration are determining the end point of acid-base and precipitation titrations, and it has various uses in fields like environmental analysis, food testing, and quality control.
conductanceinelectrolyticsolutions-221230101558-3524d47e (1).pdf
This document is a chemistry project report submitted by Ayushi Gupta of Class XII. The project discusses the conductance of electrolytic solutions. It defines electrolytes and explains that they conduct electricity in solution due to the ions formed. It then discusses various topics related to conductivity of electrolytes like specific conductivity, equivalent conductivity, molar conductivity, and their relationships. It also describes how conductivity of electrolytic solutions is measured using a conductivity cell and Wheatstone bridge. Kohlrausch law relating limiting molar conductivity of electrolytes to their constituent ions is also explained.
Geophysical well logging
Geophysical well logging uses sensors located in boreholes to measure physical properties of surrounding rocks as a function of depth. Well logs are used to identify geological formations and fluids, correlate between holes, and evaluate reservoir formations. Common logging methods include electrical resistivity, self-potential, nuclear, acoustic, and thermal measurements. The objective is to determine in situ rock and fluid properties, though drilling disturbs the formation. Effective depth of penetration varies between tools and formations. Well logging aims to identify potential reservoirs by determining porosity, permeability, and fluid contents.
resistivity in petroleum geology is on of the measurement.pptx
The resistivity of a substance measures its ability to impede electrical current flow. Resistivity logging is used to determine hydrocarbon saturation by measuring resistivity contrasts between water, oil, and rock. Resistivity depends on the resistivity of formation water, the amount of water present, and pore structure. Common formation resistivities range from 0.2 ohm-m for shaley sands to over 1,000 ohm-m for carbonates and evaporites. Resistivity is also used to determine mud properties and identify hydrocarbon zones based on their higher resistivities compared to water.
Electrical well logging
This document provides an overview of well logging techniques. It introduces well logging and describes the borehole environment. It then outlines the main types of well logging as electrical, radioactivity, sonic, and miscellaneous. The document focuses on electrical well logging, describing the resistivity, self-potential, and induction methods. For resistivity logging, it explains tools such as normal/lateral logs, micrologs, laterologs, microlaterologs, and proximity logs. It also discusses using resistivity to determine saturation, flushed zones, and mud filtrate invasion profiles.
Q922+log+l08 v1
This document provides information about well logging techniques and applications of resistivity measurements. It discusses both unfocused and focused electrode devices, as well as microelectrode devices with very small electrode spacings. Some key uses of measurement of invaded zone resistivity (Rxo) discussed include estimating formation porosity, identifying movable oil, determining residual hydrocarbon saturation, providing hydrocarbon indication, and dipmeter measurements to determine bedding orientation.
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The document discusses electric circuits and key concepts related to electricity. It begins with an introduction to electricity and its importance in modern society. The main body is divided into sections covering basic concepts:
1. Current is defined as the flow of electrons through a conductor measured in amperes.
2. Voltage or electric potential difference provides the force that causes electric current and is measured in volts.
3. Resistance opposes the flow of electric current and depends on the material, length, and cross-sectional area of the conductor.
It then gives an example problem calculating the resistance of a copper wire of a given length and gauge.
Physics Project.docx.pptx
This document is a student's physics investigatory project report on determining the resistivity of different metal wires using Ohm's Law. It includes an introduction to resistance and resistivity, the experimental procedure, observations recording current, voltage and calculating resistance of iron, aluminum, manganese and copper wires. The results show the resistivity increases in the order of copper, aluminum, iron and manganese wires. The conclusion states Ohm's Law relates voltage, current and resistance and is useful in electrical engineering.
Q921 log lec5 v1
The document provides an overview of spontaneous potential (SP) well logging. It discusses the origins and mechanisms of SP, including the liquid junction potential generated at interfaces between solutions of different salinities and the membrane potential caused by cation selectivity of shales. SP can be used to identify permeable zones and determine formation water resistivity. The largest SP deflections occur when there is a difference in salinity between the mud filtrate and formation water. The document includes examples of SP responses over different geological formations.
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The document provides an overview of well logging techniques using electrode devices. It discusses both unfocused and focused electrode devices, as well as microelectrode devices which have smaller electrode spacings and shallower depths of investigation. Various electrode device applications are described, including using the measurement of invaded zone resistivity (Rxo) to estimate porosity, identify movable oil, and determine residual hydrocarbon saturation. Later developments included dipmeter devices to measure bedding orientation and resistivity images of the borehole wall.
Well lod ,well Testing and mud logging Ghulam Abbas Abbasi
Well logging records measurements made in boreholes to characterize underground formations. Key logs described include gamma ray, which measures natural radioactivity to identify shale; spontaneous potential, which indicates lithology; caliper, which measures borehole size; resistivity, which distinguishes water and hydrocarbon zones; and neutron, which determines porosity. Mud logging continuously monitors drilling mud and cuttings for gas readings. Well testing evaluates reservoir properties through daily tests and drill stem tests to determine flow rates and commercial potential.
Measurement of DC resistivity
This document discusses techniques for measuring the DC resistivity of insulation materials through non-destructive testing. It describes three main methods: using a Wheatstone bridge arrangement to measure resistivity of solid insulation; measuring resistivity of liquid insulators with a Wheatstone bridge; and measuring resistivity with a simple DC galvanometer. The document provides examples of calculations for determining volume resistivity from experimental measurements of resistance, thickness, and electrode geometry.
Q922+log+l06 v1
The document provides an overview of well logging techniques and concepts. It begins by discussing spontaneous potential logs and how they were an early application for measuring formation resistivity. It then covers the foundational work of Leverett and Archie in empirically determining relationships between resistivity, porosity, and water saturation. Their work allowed resistivity measurements to be quantitatively interpreted in terms of water saturation. The document concludes with examples of using the Archie equations and understanding factors like cementation exponent to interpret resistivity logs.
Wll logging
The document provides information about well logging techniques. It discusses how the borehole and surrounding rock can be invaded by drilling mud, affecting measurements. It describes the invaded zone and different resistivity measurements that can be taken. It then discusses various well logging tools - gamma ray, spontaneous potential, resistivity, density, neutron, and sonic logs - and how they are used to evaluate properties like lithology, porosity, fluid content, and hydrocarbon saturation.
Negative resistance contribution of a domain-wall structure in a constricted ...
This document discusses negative magnetoresistance contributions from domain walls in ferromagnetic point contacts. It finds that low resistance contacts show a magnetoresistance minimum around zero field of 0.4-1.3% between 1.5-293K, which is attributed to domain walls. High resistance contacts show behavior more consistent with anisotropic magnetoresistance of the uniformly magnetized channel material. Micromagnetic simulations predict a partially domain wall structure with domain walls at the edges of the constricted channel. For low resistance contacts, the domain walls are proposed to cause a resistance decrease through changes in boundary scattering, while for high resistance contacts the anisotropic magnetoresistance of the channel dominates.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptx
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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Electrical method
The document discusses the electrical resistivity method for geophysical investigations. It begins by defining electrical resistivity and describing how it is measured. Resistivity depends on factors like moisture content and porosity. Common materials and their typical resistivity ranges are provided. The document then describes the principles and applications of two electrical methods - equipotential and resistivity. Key aspects covered include how resistivity is used to interpret subsurface layers and detect anomalies. The document concludes by outlining several applications of electrical resistivity methods like mapping stratigraphy and aquifers.
Q921 log lec6 v1
This document provides an overview of well logging and the development of resistivity log interpretation through the seminal work of Leverett and Archie. Key points include:
- Leverett measured resistivity of core samples at different water saturations, linking resistivity to water saturation for the first time.
- Archie found that formation resistivity was related to water resistivity by a constant factor called formation factor, and that formation factor was related to porosity through a power law relationship.
- Archie and others showed resistivity could be used to determine water saturation through empirical relationships involving porosity, water resistivity, and saturation and cementation exponents.
- This established the basis for quantitative interpretation of resistivity logs in terms
Wll logging
The document discusses well logging techniques. It begins by defining a well log as a continuous record of measurements made in a borehole that respond to variations in physical rock properties. It then discusses the concept of borehole invasion, where drilling mud contaminates the formation near the borehole. Key logging tools are described, including gamma ray, spontaneous potential, resistivity, density, neutron, and sonic logs. Porosity calculations using various logs are also presented. In particular, it focuses on how well logs can be used to determine lithology, porosity, fluid content and hydrocarbon saturation in geological formations.
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The document provides an overview of spontaneous potential (SP) well logging. It discusses the origins of SP, including liquid junction potentials and membrane potentials generated by shale. SP can be used to identify permeable zones and determine formation water resistivity. Factors like shale content, oil/gas saturation, borehole conditions, and invasion can impact the SP response. Examples are given of idealized SP curves in different logging scenarios.
Conductometry (Pharmaceutical analysis)
This document discusses conductometric titration, which is an electrochemical analytical method that measures the electrical conductance of an electrolyte solution. It describes the principles and instrumentation of conductometry, including how conductivity is measured using a conductivity meter or by performing a titration. Some key applications of conductometric titration are determining the end point of acid-base and precipitation titrations, and it has various uses in fields like environmental analysis, food testing, and quality control.
conductanceinelectrolyticsolutions-221230101558-3524d47e (1).pdf
This document is a chemistry project report submitted by Ayushi Gupta of Class XII. The project discusses the conductance of electrolytic solutions. It defines electrolytes and explains that they conduct electricity in solution due to the ions formed. It then discusses various topics related to conductivity of electrolytes like specific conductivity, equivalent conductivity, molar conductivity, and their relationships. It also describes how conductivity of electrolytic solutions is measured using a conductivity cell and Wheatstone bridge. Kohlrausch law relating limiting molar conductivity of electrolytes to their constituent ions is also explained.
Geophysical well logging
Geophysical well logging uses sensors located in boreholes to measure physical properties of surrounding rocks as a function of depth. Well logs are used to identify geological formations and fluids, correlate between holes, and evaluate reservoir formations. Common logging methods include electrical resistivity, self-potential, nuclear, acoustic, and thermal measurements. The objective is to determine in situ rock and fluid properties, though drilling disturbs the formation. Effective depth of penetration varies between tools and formations. Well logging aims to identify potential reservoirs by determining porosity, permeability, and fluid contents.
resistivity in petroleum geology is on of the measurement.pptx
The resistivity of a substance measures its ability to impede electrical current flow. Resistivity logging is used to determine hydrocarbon saturation by measuring resistivity contrasts between water, oil, and rock. Resistivity depends on the resistivity of formation water, the amount of water present, and pore structure. Common formation resistivities range from 0.2 ohm-m for shaley sands to over 1,000 ohm-m for carbonates and evaporites. Resistivity is also used to determine mud properties and identify hydrocarbon zones based on their higher resistivities compared to water.
Electrical well logging
This document provides an overview of well logging techniques. It introduces well logging and describes the borehole environment. It then outlines the main types of well logging as electrical, radioactivity, sonic, and miscellaneous. The document focuses on electrical well logging, describing the resistivity, self-potential, and induction methods. For resistivity logging, it explains tools such as normal/lateral logs, micrologs, laterologs, microlaterologs, and proximity logs. It also discusses using resistivity to determine saturation, flushed zones, and mud filtrate invasion profiles.
Q922+log+l08 v1
This document provides information about well logging techniques and applications of resistivity measurements. It discusses both unfocused and focused electrode devices, as well as microelectrode devices with very small electrode spacings. Some key uses of measurement of invaded zone resistivity (Rxo) discussed include estimating formation porosity, identifying movable oil, determining residual hydrocarbon saturation, providing hydrocarbon indication, and dipmeter measurements to determine bedding orientation.
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The document discusses electric circuits and key concepts related to electricity. It begins with an introduction to electricity and its importance in modern society. The main body is divided into sections covering basic concepts:
1. Current is defined as the flow of electrons through a conductor measured in amperes.
2. Voltage or electric potential difference provides the force that causes electric current and is measured in volts.
3. Resistance opposes the flow of electric current and depends on the material, length, and cross-sectional area of the conductor.
It then gives an example problem calculating the resistance of a copper wire of a given length and gauge.
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This document is a student's physics investigatory project report on determining the resistivity of different metal wires using Ohm's Law. It includes an introduction to resistance and resistivity, the experimental procedure, observations recording current, voltage and calculating resistance of iron, aluminum, manganese and copper wires. The results show the resistivity increases in the order of copper, aluminum, iron and manganese wires. The conclusion states Ohm's Law relates voltage, current and resistance and is useful in electrical engineering.
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The document provides an overview of spontaneous potential (SP) well logging. It discusses the origins and mechanisms of SP, including the liquid junction potential generated at interfaces between solutions of different salinities and the membrane potential caused by cation selectivity of shales. SP can be used to identify permeable zones and determine formation water resistivity. The largest SP deflections occur when there is a difference in salinity between the mud filtrate and formation water. The document includes examples of SP responses over different geological formations.
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The document provides an overview of well logging techniques using electrode devices. It discusses both unfocused and focused electrode devices, as well as microelectrode devices which have smaller electrode spacings and shallower depths of investigation. Various electrode device applications are described, including using the measurement of invaded zone resistivity (Rxo) to estimate porosity, identify movable oil, and determine residual hydrocarbon saturation. Later developments included dipmeter devices to measure bedding orientation and resistivity images of the borehole wall.
Well lod ,well Testing and mud logging Ghulam Abbas Abbasi
Well logging records measurements made in boreholes to characterize underground formations. Key logs described include gamma ray, which measures natural radioactivity to identify shale; spontaneous potential, which indicates lithology; caliper, which measures borehole size; resistivity, which distinguishes water and hydrocarbon zones; and neutron, which determines porosity. Mud logging continuously monitors drilling mud and cuttings for gas readings. Well testing evaluates reservoir properties through daily tests and drill stem tests to determine flow rates and commercial potential.
Measurement of DC resistivity
This document discusses techniques for measuring the DC resistivity of insulation materials through non-destructive testing. It describes three main methods: using a Wheatstone bridge arrangement to measure resistivity of solid insulation; measuring resistivity of liquid insulators with a Wheatstone bridge; and measuring resistivity with a simple DC galvanometer. The document provides examples of calculations for determining volume resistivity from experimental measurements of resistance, thickness, and electrode geometry.
Q922+log+l06 v1
The document provides an overview of well logging techniques and concepts. It begins by discussing spontaneous potential logs and how they were an early application for measuring formation resistivity. It then covers the foundational work of Leverett and Archie in empirically determining relationships between resistivity, porosity, and water saturation. Their work allowed resistivity measurements to be quantitatively interpreted in terms of water saturation. The document concludes with examples of using the Archie equations and understanding factors like cementation exponent to interpret resistivity logs.
Wll logging
The document provides information about well logging techniques. It discusses how the borehole and surrounding rock can be invaded by drilling mud, affecting measurements. It describes the invaded zone and different resistivity measurements that can be taken. It then discusses various well logging tools - gamma ray, spontaneous potential, resistivity, density, neutron, and sonic logs - and how they are used to evaluate properties like lithology, porosity, fluid content, and hydrocarbon saturation.
Negative resistance contribution of a domain-wall structure in a constricted ...
This document discusses negative magnetoresistance contributions from domain walls in ferromagnetic point contacts. It finds that low resistance contacts show a magnetoresistance minimum around zero field of 0.4-1.3% between 1.5-293K, which is attributed to domain walls. High resistance contacts show behavior more consistent with anisotropic magnetoresistance of the uniformly magnetized channel material. Micromagnetic simulations predict a partially domain wall structure with domain walls at the edges of the constricted channel. For low resistance contacts, the domain walls are proposed to cause a resistance decrease through changes in boundary scattering, while for high resistance contacts the anisotropic magnetoresistance of the channel dominates.
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Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
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Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
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The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
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Mule event processing models | MuleSoft Mysore Meetup #47
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Event Link:- https://meetups.mulesoft.com/events/details/mulesoft-mysore-presents-mule-event-processing-models/
Agenda
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● Types of event processing models in Mule 4
● Distinction between the reactive, parallel, blocking & non-blocking processing
For Upcoming Meetups Join Mysore Meetup Group - https://meetups.mulesoft.com/mysore/YouTube:- youtube.com/@mulesoftmysore
Mysore WhatsApp group:- https://chat.whatsapp.com/EhqtHtCC75vCAX7gaO842N
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Shivani Yasaswi - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shivaniyasaswi/
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Shubham Chaurasia - https://www.linkedin.com/in/shubhamchaurasia1/
Giridhar Meka - https://www.linkedin.com/in/giridharmeka
Priya Shaw - https://www.linkedin.com/in/priya-shaw
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- 1. Lecture15 RESISTIVITY Introduction Resistivity Is the rock property on which the entire science of logging first developed. Different materials have different abilities to resist the flow of electricity. Resistivity is measured by electric logs. The reciprocal of resistivity is conductivity. Resistivity is a basic measurement of a reservoirs fluid saturation. the ability of the rock to transmit a current is almost entirely a function of water in the pores. Hydrocarbons, like the rock's matrix, are non-conductive; therefore, as the hydrocarbon saturation of the pores increases, the rock's resistivity also increases As for the saltwater, is a conductor and has a low resistivity. The measured units are called ohm-meters. Resistivity logs are plotted on a logarithmic scale.
- 2. Corrections For Induction Log readings Hole size and mud resistivity corrections Example 15.1: - Using 6FF40 tool, Ra= 20 ohm-m, dh=14.6”, Rm=0.35 ohm-m, stand-off =1.5 in, find Rt. Sol.: - By using Chart 15.1, Hole signal = 5.5 mmhos/m C = 1000 R = 1000 20 = 50 m − mho/m Ct corr. = Ct- hole signal Ct corr.= 50-5.5=44.5 m − mho/m RILcorr.=Rt = 1000 44.5 = 22.4 ohm − m