This project presentation summarizes the work of two projects. Project 1 generalizes the standard theory of small reflections to analyze multi-section transformers composed of cascaded transmission lines with small discontinuities. Project 2 derives a formula for the coupling coefficient between a dielectric resonator and microstrip line through transmission line analysis. The projects are reviewed, their objectives and methods are analyzed, results are discussed including MATLAB simulations, and thanks are given at the end.

1. PROJECT PRESENTATION
Presented by:
Arshwin Kumar (22104021)
Kaustav Bhattacharya (22104141)
Indian Institute ofTechnology, Kanpur

2. OBJECTIVE
 Project 1: The standard theory of small reflections (TSR) is generalized for the case
of multi-section transformers, composed of conjugately characteristic-impedance
transmission lines (CCITLs) connected in cascade, with small discontinuities. Using
the assumption of small reflections, the total voltage reflection coefficient looking into
the input of the transformer can be approximated, resulting in the TSR for multi-
section CCITL transformers with small discontinuities.
 Project 2: A formula of the coupling coefficient between a dielectric resonator and a
microstrip line is derived from an analysis of the transmission characteristics of the
microstrip line coupled to the dielectric resonator. A practical method of calculation is
developed using Fourier analysis. The calculated values show good agreement with
the experimental values.

3. PROJECT-I REVIEW
 Impedance matching is often a part of the design process for a microwave system to achieve
a maximum power delivered to the load, and to avoid reflections from mismatched loads
Standard simple matching circuits; e.g., a single quarter-wave transformer, and single-stub
and double-stub matching networks, normally have rather narrow bandwidth.
 The theory is based on the principle of small reflections, which states that small mismatches in
impedance cause only small reflections in the transmission line. This principle allows for the
approximation of transmission lines with conjugate characteristic impedances as a cascade of
small sections, each with its own characteristic impedance
 The theory of small reflections for conjugately characteristic-impedance transmission lines
provides a framework for analyzing the behavior of electromagnetic waves in transmission
lines with conjugate characteristic impedances. This theory is particularly useful in the design
of broadband matching networks, which are essential for efficient and reliable communication
systems.
 The theory of small reflections for conjugately characteristic-impedance transmission lines
does have some limitations. One limitation is that the theory assumes that the transmission
line is lossless, which may not be true in practical applications. Additionally, the theory is
based on the assumption of small reflections, which may not hold true for high-power
applications.

4. PROJECT-I ANALYSIS

5. PROJECT-I ANALYSIS

6. PROJECT-II REVIEW

7. PROJECT-II ANALYSIS

8. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 MATLAB Code to plot magnitude of total input voltage reflection coefficient vs electrical
length(degree) with given values of various impedances and its output.

9. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

10. THANK YOU