Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas with a pungent odor. It is widely used to produce resins and plastics and as a disinfectant and preservative. It occurs naturally in the environment and human body in small amounts. Several methods are used to produce formaldehyde industrially, most commonly the catalytic oxidation of methanol. Its material safety data sheet indicates handling precautions due to its flammability and health effects like irritation. Formaldehyde undergoes various reactions and has applications including disinfection, drug testing, industrial resins, textile finishing, and automotive and medical products manufacturing. Major global and Indian producers of formaldehyde are listed.
The three step chemical refining process of crude palm oil removes different compounds at each stage. In degumming, phosphatide gums are removed. Alkali neutralization removes soapstock and splits free fatty acids from soapstock. Bleaching and filtration then removes residual color using bleaching agents. Finally, deodorization removes odor compounds and peroxides to produce a bland, refined palm oil.
Narrow Range Ethoxylates - Highly targeted performance for more effective cle...Sorel Muresan
A narrow range ethoxylated alcohol, also called “a peaked ethoxylate”, has a distribution curve that is narrower than the equivalent standard alcohol ethoxylate with a considerably lower content of unreacted alcohol and lower foam than standard ethoxylates. Narrow range ethoxylates have targeted properties to improve degreasing performance at lower use concentration, while eliminating the need for hazardous solvents. At the same time they are compatible with most commonly used surfactants and builders. They also have very low odor, even if based on a short chain alcohol. This opens up many applications where short chain alcohol ethoxylates have previously been excluded and enables the formulator to prepare highly effective low VOC cleaners. The lower free alcohol content and higher proportion of the target ethoxylate make formulating easier and more cost effective than with standard alcohol ethoxylates. This offers the possibility to optimize raw material purchase, reduce inventories, and simplify production.
Safrole is a phenylpropene compound extracted from sassafras plants. It is a colorless or slightly yellow liquid with a sassafras odor. Safrole is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. While it has been used in perfumes, foods, and medicines historically, safrole is now tightly regulated and restricted due to its carcinogenic properties and use as an illicit precursor in synthesizing ecstasy and other drugs.
The document discusses the degumming process in oil refining. It aims to remove undesirable components like phosphatides and gums from crude oil. There are three main types of degumming processes:
1) Water degumming involves adding water to crude oil to hydrate gums and phosphatides, which are then separated.
2) Acid degumming uses acid to convert non-hydratable phosphatides into hydratable forms that can be removed. It is done dry or wet with added water.
3) Enzymatic degumming uses enzymes like phospholipase to convert non-hydratable phosphatides into hydratable ones that can then be mechanically separated from the
The document discusses alkyd resin, which is a condensation polymer formed from the reaction of polybasic acids, polyhydric alcohols, and triglyceride oils or fatty acids. Alkyd resin was one of the first synthetic polymers used in surface coatings, as it chemically combines oils into a polyester polymer structure, enhancing the mechanical properties, drying speed, and durability of coatings. The document outlines the different raw materials, processes like alcoholysis and acidolysis, classifications based on oil length, and applications of alkyd resins in various paints, varnishes and coatings.
This document summarizes the key steps in refining crude vegetable oils. It discusses (1) degumming to remove gums and phosphorus through water degumming, (2) bleaching to reduce coloring pigments using bleaching earth, and (3) deodorization to remove odors and free fatty acids through vacuum distillation. The overall goal of the refining process is to produce an edible oil that is light in color and free of impurities, odors, and contaminants with an extended shelf life.
Formaldehyde is a colorless, flammable gas with a pungent odor. It is widely used to produce resins and plastics and as a disinfectant and preservative. It occurs naturally in the environment and human body in small amounts. Several methods are used to produce formaldehyde industrially, most commonly the catalytic oxidation of methanol. Its material safety data sheet indicates handling precautions due to its flammability and health effects like irritation. Formaldehyde undergoes various reactions and has applications including disinfection, drug testing, industrial resins, textile finishing, and automotive and medical products manufacturing. Major global and Indian producers of formaldehyde are listed.
The three step chemical refining process of crude palm oil removes different compounds at each stage. In degumming, phosphatide gums are removed. Alkali neutralization removes soapstock and splits free fatty acids from soapstock. Bleaching and filtration then removes residual color using bleaching agents. Finally, deodorization removes odor compounds and peroxides to produce a bland, refined palm oil.
Narrow Range Ethoxylates - Highly targeted performance for more effective cle...Sorel Muresan
A narrow range ethoxylated alcohol, also called “a peaked ethoxylate”, has a distribution curve that is narrower than the equivalent standard alcohol ethoxylate with a considerably lower content of unreacted alcohol and lower foam than standard ethoxylates. Narrow range ethoxylates have targeted properties to improve degreasing performance at lower use concentration, while eliminating the need for hazardous solvents. At the same time they are compatible with most commonly used surfactants and builders. They also have very low odor, even if based on a short chain alcohol. This opens up many applications where short chain alcohol ethoxylates have previously been excluded and enables the formulator to prepare highly effective low VOC cleaners. The lower free alcohol content and higher proportion of the target ethoxylate make formulating easier and more cost effective than with standard alcohol ethoxylates. This offers the possibility to optimize raw material purchase, reduce inventories, and simplify production.
Safrole is a phenylpropene compound extracted from sassafras plants. It is a colorless or slightly yellow liquid with a sassafras odor. Safrole is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents. While it has been used in perfumes, foods, and medicines historically, safrole is now tightly regulated and restricted due to its carcinogenic properties and use as an illicit precursor in synthesizing ecstasy and other drugs.
The document discusses the degumming process in oil refining. It aims to remove undesirable components like phosphatides and gums from crude oil. There are three main types of degumming processes:
1) Water degumming involves adding water to crude oil to hydrate gums and phosphatides, which are then separated.
2) Acid degumming uses acid to convert non-hydratable phosphatides into hydratable forms that can be removed. It is done dry or wet with added water.
3) Enzymatic degumming uses enzymes like phospholipase to convert non-hydratable phosphatides into hydratable ones that can then be mechanically separated from the
The document discusses alkyd resin, which is a condensation polymer formed from the reaction of polybasic acids, polyhydric alcohols, and triglyceride oils or fatty acids. Alkyd resin was one of the first synthetic polymers used in surface coatings, as it chemically combines oils into a polyester polymer structure, enhancing the mechanical properties, drying speed, and durability of coatings. The document outlines the different raw materials, processes like alcoholysis and acidolysis, classifications based on oil length, and applications of alkyd resins in various paints, varnishes and coatings.
This document summarizes the key steps in refining crude vegetable oils. It discusses (1) degumming to remove gums and phosphorus through water degumming, (2) bleaching to reduce coloring pigments using bleaching earth, and (3) deodorization to remove odors and free fatty acids through vacuum distillation. The overall goal of the refining process is to produce an edible oil that is light in color and free of impurities, odors, and contaminants with an extended shelf life.
Chemistry of paint: Where does paint come from?Joshua Eckert
Chemistry of paint: Where does paint come from?
Adaptable for High School or University level.
Deliver this short lecture midway through an "Intro to Painting" lesson.
A presentation on Petroleum for the
Course: B.Tech. Polymer Science in DU FYUP
Subject: Raw Materials,
Year - For Ist Year Students.
You may download this ppt to get a better idea about the contents and animation!
The document describes the market potential of quaternary ammonium compounds. Its application as disinfectant for various types of virus, bacteria, fungus and algae. It explains the preparation of benzalkonium chloride, cetyl pyridinium chloride, tallow alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride,etc. It also explains the formulations as home care,hand wash, wipes, etc..
The document discusses various classes of terpene alcohols found in essential oils including monoterpene, sesquiterpene, and aromatic alcohols. It describes their isolation, identification, properties, and uses. Key alcohols mentioned include citronellol, geraniol, linalool, menthol, borneol, santalol, thymol, and eugenol. Methods for preparing and separating derivatives of these alcohols are also summarized.
Deodorization in vegetable oil production Muhammad waqas
This document discusses deodorization techniques used in the edible oil refining industry. Deodorization is a vacuum stripping process that removes malodorous compounds from neutral oil to produce fully refined oil. It involves heating the oil to high temperatures under vacuum to strip volatile compounds. There are several commercial deodorizer systems including batch, semi-continuous, continuous, and dual-temperature systems. Continuous deodorizers are best for high-capacity plants running a single feedstock as they allow for low utilities costs, easy maintenance, short residence times, and excellent process control.
LABSA / LAS Production By Rhymer Chemical Industries LtdSaad Bin Hasan
Rhymer Chemical Industries Ltd produces LABSA (Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid) and oleum through a process involving drying air, melting sulfur, producing sulfur trioxide, reacting the sulfur trioxide with LAB in a reactor, aging and hydrolyzing the product, separating gases, scrubbing gases, precipitating remaining particles electrostatically, packaging the LABSA, and analyzing samples. The plant is located in Kashore, Bangladesh and has a production capacity of 50 metric tons.
In this video the viewers will come to know about Hydnocarpus oil that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the plant sources Chaulmoogra oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression from ripe seeds of Taraktogenos kurzii King, (syn. Hydnocarpus kurzii (King) Warb.), Hydnocarpus wightiana Blume, H. anthelminticta Pierre, H. heterophylla, and other species of Hydnocarpus, belonging to family Flacourtiaceae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from seed source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
The document discusses flooring solutions for the food and drinks industry. It notes various challenges facilities face including abrasion from acids in wineries and meat processing plants and slippery surfaces in oil production facilities. An effective flooring system needs to be seamless with no cracks, have a non-absorbing surface to repel substances, be easy to clean including rounded edges, and withstand operational demands like traffic and chemical attacks. The document introduces Ktisis flooring systems like Ktisofloor epoxy and Ktisopur polyurethane that meet these requirements and have been used in projects like wine bottling plants and olive oil packaging facilities.
Cold pressed oils are extracted from seeds and nuts through mechanical pressing without heat, which preserves nutrients. Conventional extraction applies heat over 230°C, altering oil composition and removing nutrients. Cold pressing involves grinding seeds and pressing out oil manually or mechanically under 27°C to avoid heat impacts. Popular cold pressed oils in India include coconut, sesame, groundnut and their benefits like heart health and anti-inflammatory properties. Business concerns for cold pressed oils include short shelf life, sourcing, costs and distribution challenges.
This document discusses natural products and their classification. It begins by defining natural products as organic compounds found in animals, plants, and microbes. Natural products are then classified as either primary or secondary metabolites. The main classes of secondary metabolites discussed are terpenoids and steroids, fatty acids, alkaloids, non-ribosomal polypeptides, and enzyme cofactors. Specific examples of natural products used in medicine like atropine, cocaine, and digoxin are also provided. Finally, the document outlines the process for isolating and developing natural products into drugs, including extraction, fractionation, structure determination, and clinical testing.
Oleochemicals are chemicals produced from natural vegetable and animal fats, providing sustainable and renewable replacement products for petrochemicals. Oleochemicals are used in a variety of consumer products, including soaps and detergents, cosmetics, flavors and fragrance products, foods, household cleaning products, candles, waxes, pharmaceuticals, tires and more. Additionally, oleochemicals play a big part in industrial markets, including chemical derivatives, coatings and inks, lubricants, adhesives and sealants, agricultural chemicals, paper chemicals, polymers, oilfield chemicals, metalworking and more.
Chemical Associates (www.chemical associates.com) has been a U.S. manufacturer, marketer and distributor of oleochemicals for more than 30 years.
Microwave assisted extraction of spice oleoresins and oilsKamalesh Sakthi Cvf
This document discusses microwave assisted extraction of spice oleoresins and oils. It begins by providing background on India's spice production and exports. It then describes oleoresins and oils, explaining that oleoresins contain non-volatile compounds that provide flavor and antioxidants, while oils are volatile and extracted via steam distillation. The document outlines the microwave extraction process and parameters that affect it, such as solvent, temperature, and time. It compares microwave extraction to conventional solvent extraction and distillation, noting microwave extraction's advantages of reduced time and solvent usage.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It notes that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise has also been shown to enhance self-esteem and quality of life.
This document discusses different types of waxes including plant wax, bees wax, animal wax, candelilla wax, cosmetic waxes, paraffin waxes, and polyethylene wax. It notes that the appropriate type of wax used in a dispersion depends on what properties the formulator wants to achieve for a particular application. The document was written by Dr. Amal Elgyar of Mansoura University Faculty of Pharmacy and sent to five students.
The physical refining process consists of two main stages - pre-treatment and distillation. In pre-treatment, crude palm oil undergoes degumming using phosphoric acid and bleaching using bleaching earth to remove impurities. In distillation, the oil is deodorized and deacidified through steam distillation which removes free fatty acids and other volatile components, resulting in refined bleached and deodorized palm oil with reduced impurities and oxidation products.
The document discusses strategies for reducing plastic pollution by utilizing more sustainable packaging concepts. It proposes replacing single-use plastics with recyclable or biodegradable alternatives like cardboard and bioplastics. The main strategies discussed are implementing a circular economy approach for packaging materials, increasing reuse and recycling while reducing disposal, and designing packaging to support sustainability through longer lifespan and recyclability.
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Paints, Pigments, Varnishes and Enam...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Paints, Pigments, Varnishes and Enamels (Paint Testing, Wood Coatings, Oxygenated Solvents, Plasticizers, Pigment Dispersion, Colored Pigments, Varnishes, Lacquers and Floor Finishes, Exterior White Enamels, Floor Paints and Enamels, Enamel Paints, Marine Paints)
Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colors—and in many different types, such as watercolor, synthetic, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid.
See more
https://goo.gl/2fleHr
https://goo.gl/4nJkSw
https://goo.gl/Mz3xNa
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Starting Paint Production Business, How to Start Paint Manufacturing Industry, Business Plan for Paint Industry, How to Start Successful Manufacturing Business, Paint Manufacturing Business Plan, Paint Production Process, Paint Business Plan, Paint Production, Paint Production Business Plan, How to Start Paint Production Business, Paint Manufacturing, Planning in Paint Manufacturing Industry, Process Plants for Paint Industry, Paint Making Process, Paint Manufacturing Process, Process of Paint Production, How to Manufacture Paint, Paint Manufacturing Machines, Resin Manufacture, Resin Manufacturing, Resin Manufacturing Plant, Manufacturing Process of Resins, How to Start Resin Manufacturing Business, Resin Manufacturing Process, Process of Making Resin, Powder Coatings Manufacturing, Powder Coatings Manufacture, Manufacturing Process for Powder Coatings, Powder Coating Manufacturing Process, Powder Coating Production Equipment, Powder Coating Plant, Manufacture of Natural Copal Varnishes, Method of Heating, Manufacture of Black Varnishes, Black Varnish Manufacture, Manufacture of Spirit Varnishes, Floor Paints and Enamels, Interior Concrete Paints and Enamels, Exterior White Enamels, Exterior or Interior Enamels, Varnishes, Lacquers and Floor Finishes, Furniture Rubbing Varnish, Epoxy-Amine Clear Coating, White Pigment Evaluation Methods, Colored Pigments, Mill Base Formulation, Plasticizers, Oxygenated Solvents, Wood Coatings, Paint and Varnish Removers, Solvent Paint and Varnish Removers, Formulation of Varnish Removers, Chemical Removers, Non Chlorinated Solvent Paint Removers, Removal of Epoxies, Mechanism of Paint Removal, Methods of Paint Removal, Manufacturing Process of Paint Remover Paint, Paint Removers Production, How to Remove Paint With Chemical, Powder Coating & Paint Remover, Paint Remover Industry
This document summarizes different techniques for extracting bioactive components from plants, including conventional methods like Soxhlet extraction and maceration as well as modern green techniques. Some key modern techniques discussed are microwave assisted extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide, and deep eutectic solvent extraction. These green techniques have advantages over conventional methods like faster extraction rates, more effective energy use, reduced equipment needs, and preservation of bioactive compounds. The document provides details on how each technique works and its advantages.
This document summarizes the hydrodealkylation process for converting toluene to benzene using hydrogen gas. It discusses the raw materials of toluene and hydrogen, the chemical reaction where toluene and hydrogen produce benzene and methane, properties of benzene, a flow chart of the process, descriptions of process steps including reactor design and hydrogen issues, alternative processes, uses of benzene, and health hazards of benzene exposure.
Chemistry of paint: Where does paint come from?Joshua Eckert
Chemistry of paint: Where does paint come from?
Adaptable for High School or University level.
Deliver this short lecture midway through an "Intro to Painting" lesson.
A presentation on Petroleum for the
Course: B.Tech. Polymer Science in DU FYUP
Subject: Raw Materials,
Year - For Ist Year Students.
You may download this ppt to get a better idea about the contents and animation!
The document describes the market potential of quaternary ammonium compounds. Its application as disinfectant for various types of virus, bacteria, fungus and algae. It explains the preparation of benzalkonium chloride, cetyl pyridinium chloride, tallow alkyl dimethyl ammonium chloride,etc. It also explains the formulations as home care,hand wash, wipes, etc..
The document discusses various classes of terpene alcohols found in essential oils including monoterpene, sesquiterpene, and aromatic alcohols. It describes their isolation, identification, properties, and uses. Key alcohols mentioned include citronellol, geraniol, linalool, menthol, borneol, santalol, thymol, and eugenol. Methods for preparing and separating derivatives of these alcohols are also summarized.
Deodorization in vegetable oil production Muhammad waqas
This document discusses deodorization techniques used in the edible oil refining industry. Deodorization is a vacuum stripping process that removes malodorous compounds from neutral oil to produce fully refined oil. It involves heating the oil to high temperatures under vacuum to strip volatile compounds. There are several commercial deodorizer systems including batch, semi-continuous, continuous, and dual-temperature systems. Continuous deodorizers are best for high-capacity plants running a single feedstock as they allow for low utilities costs, easy maintenance, short residence times, and excellent process control.
LABSA / LAS Production By Rhymer Chemical Industries LtdSaad Bin Hasan
Rhymer Chemical Industries Ltd produces LABSA (Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulphonic Acid) and oleum through a process involving drying air, melting sulfur, producing sulfur trioxide, reacting the sulfur trioxide with LAB in a reactor, aging and hydrolyzing the product, separating gases, scrubbing gases, precipitating remaining particles electrostatically, packaging the LABSA, and analyzing samples. The plant is located in Kashore, Bangladesh and has a production capacity of 50 metric tons.
In this video the viewers will come to know about Hydnocarpus oil that is one of the Lipid containing crude drugs obtained from the plant sources Chaulmoogra oil is the fixed oil obtained by cold expression from ripe seeds of Taraktogenos kurzii King, (syn. Hydnocarpus kurzii (King) Warb.), Hydnocarpus wightiana Blume, H. anthelminticta Pierre, H. heterophylla, and other species of Hydnocarpus, belonging to family Flacourtiaceae. This drug becomes important since it is obtained from seed source. Here the synonyms, biological sources (scientific names & Family), geographical sources (what are the countries where it can be collected), chemical constituents, identification tests and uses has been discussed in brief.
The document discusses flooring solutions for the food and drinks industry. It notes various challenges facilities face including abrasion from acids in wineries and meat processing plants and slippery surfaces in oil production facilities. An effective flooring system needs to be seamless with no cracks, have a non-absorbing surface to repel substances, be easy to clean including rounded edges, and withstand operational demands like traffic and chemical attacks. The document introduces Ktisis flooring systems like Ktisofloor epoxy and Ktisopur polyurethane that meet these requirements and have been used in projects like wine bottling plants and olive oil packaging facilities.
Cold pressed oils are extracted from seeds and nuts through mechanical pressing without heat, which preserves nutrients. Conventional extraction applies heat over 230°C, altering oil composition and removing nutrients. Cold pressing involves grinding seeds and pressing out oil manually or mechanically under 27°C to avoid heat impacts. Popular cold pressed oils in India include coconut, sesame, groundnut and their benefits like heart health and anti-inflammatory properties. Business concerns for cold pressed oils include short shelf life, sourcing, costs and distribution challenges.
This document discusses natural products and their classification. It begins by defining natural products as organic compounds found in animals, plants, and microbes. Natural products are then classified as either primary or secondary metabolites. The main classes of secondary metabolites discussed are terpenoids and steroids, fatty acids, alkaloids, non-ribosomal polypeptides, and enzyme cofactors. Specific examples of natural products used in medicine like atropine, cocaine, and digoxin are also provided. Finally, the document outlines the process for isolating and developing natural products into drugs, including extraction, fractionation, structure determination, and clinical testing.
Oleochemicals are chemicals produced from natural vegetable and animal fats, providing sustainable and renewable replacement products for petrochemicals. Oleochemicals are used in a variety of consumer products, including soaps and detergents, cosmetics, flavors and fragrance products, foods, household cleaning products, candles, waxes, pharmaceuticals, tires and more. Additionally, oleochemicals play a big part in industrial markets, including chemical derivatives, coatings and inks, lubricants, adhesives and sealants, agricultural chemicals, paper chemicals, polymers, oilfield chemicals, metalworking and more.
Chemical Associates (www.chemical associates.com) has been a U.S. manufacturer, marketer and distributor of oleochemicals for more than 30 years.
Microwave assisted extraction of spice oleoresins and oilsKamalesh Sakthi Cvf
This document discusses microwave assisted extraction of spice oleoresins and oils. It begins by providing background on India's spice production and exports. It then describes oleoresins and oils, explaining that oleoresins contain non-volatile compounds that provide flavor and antioxidants, while oils are volatile and extracted via steam distillation. The document outlines the microwave extraction process and parameters that affect it, such as solvent, temperature, and time. It compares microwave extraction to conventional solvent extraction and distillation, noting microwave extraction's advantages of reduced time and solvent usage.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. It notes that regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise has also been shown to enhance self-esteem and quality of life.
This document discusses different types of waxes including plant wax, bees wax, animal wax, candelilla wax, cosmetic waxes, paraffin waxes, and polyethylene wax. It notes that the appropriate type of wax used in a dispersion depends on what properties the formulator wants to achieve for a particular application. The document was written by Dr. Amal Elgyar of Mansoura University Faculty of Pharmacy and sent to five students.
The physical refining process consists of two main stages - pre-treatment and distillation. In pre-treatment, crude palm oil undergoes degumming using phosphoric acid and bleaching using bleaching earth to remove impurities. In distillation, the oil is deodorized and deacidified through steam distillation which removes free fatty acids and other volatile components, resulting in refined bleached and deodorized palm oil with reduced impurities and oxidation products.
The document discusses strategies for reducing plastic pollution by utilizing more sustainable packaging concepts. It proposes replacing single-use plastics with recyclable or biodegradable alternatives like cardboard and bioplastics. The main strategies discussed are implementing a circular economy approach for packaging materials, increasing reuse and recycling while reducing disposal, and designing packaging to support sustainability through longer lifespan and recyclability.
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Paints, Pigments, Varnishes and Enam...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Formulation and Manufacturing Process of Paints, Pigments, Varnishes and Enamels (Paint Testing, Wood Coatings, Oxygenated Solvents, Plasticizers, Pigment Dispersion, Colored Pigments, Varnishes, Lacquers and Floor Finishes, Exterior White Enamels, Floor Paints and Enamels, Enamel Paints, Marine Paints)
Paint is any liquid, liquefiable, or mastic composition that, after application to a substrate in a thin layer, converts to a solid film. It is most commonly used to protect, color, or provide texture to objects. Paint can be made or purchased in many colors—and in many different types, such as watercolor, synthetic, etc. Paint is typically stored, sold, and applied as a liquid, but most types dry into a solid.
See more
https://goo.gl/2fleHr
https://goo.gl/4nJkSw
https://goo.gl/Mz3xNa
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
Starting Paint Production Business, How to Start Paint Manufacturing Industry, Business Plan for Paint Industry, How to Start Successful Manufacturing Business, Paint Manufacturing Business Plan, Paint Production Process, Paint Business Plan, Paint Production, Paint Production Business Plan, How to Start Paint Production Business, Paint Manufacturing, Planning in Paint Manufacturing Industry, Process Plants for Paint Industry, Paint Making Process, Paint Manufacturing Process, Process of Paint Production, How to Manufacture Paint, Paint Manufacturing Machines, Resin Manufacture, Resin Manufacturing, Resin Manufacturing Plant, Manufacturing Process of Resins, How to Start Resin Manufacturing Business, Resin Manufacturing Process, Process of Making Resin, Powder Coatings Manufacturing, Powder Coatings Manufacture, Manufacturing Process for Powder Coatings, Powder Coating Manufacturing Process, Powder Coating Production Equipment, Powder Coating Plant, Manufacture of Natural Copal Varnishes, Method of Heating, Manufacture of Black Varnishes, Black Varnish Manufacture, Manufacture of Spirit Varnishes, Floor Paints and Enamels, Interior Concrete Paints and Enamels, Exterior White Enamels, Exterior or Interior Enamels, Varnishes, Lacquers and Floor Finishes, Furniture Rubbing Varnish, Epoxy-Amine Clear Coating, White Pigment Evaluation Methods, Colored Pigments, Mill Base Formulation, Plasticizers, Oxygenated Solvents, Wood Coatings, Paint and Varnish Removers, Solvent Paint and Varnish Removers, Formulation of Varnish Removers, Chemical Removers, Non Chlorinated Solvent Paint Removers, Removal of Epoxies, Mechanism of Paint Removal, Methods of Paint Removal, Manufacturing Process of Paint Remover Paint, Paint Removers Production, How to Remove Paint With Chemical, Powder Coating & Paint Remover, Paint Remover Industry
This document summarizes different techniques for extracting bioactive components from plants, including conventional methods like Soxhlet extraction and maceration as well as modern green techniques. Some key modern techniques discussed are microwave assisted extraction, ultrasound assisted extraction, supercritical fluid extraction using carbon dioxide, and deep eutectic solvent extraction. These green techniques have advantages over conventional methods like faster extraction rates, more effective energy use, reduced equipment needs, and preservation of bioactive compounds. The document provides details on how each technique works and its advantages.
This document summarizes the hydrodealkylation process for converting toluene to benzene using hydrogen gas. It discusses the raw materials of toluene and hydrogen, the chemical reaction where toluene and hydrogen produce benzene and methane, properties of benzene, a flow chart of the process, descriptions of process steps including reactor design and hydrogen issues, alternative processes, uses of benzene, and health hazards of benzene exposure.
Biyolojik lipidler bir çok farkli kimyasal yapıda bulunabilirler. Ancak, lipidlerin en yaygın bilinen özellikleri sudaki erimezlikleridir. Bu hidrofobik (suda erimeyen) özelliklerinden dolayı diğer biyolojik moleküllerden hem yapı ve hem de fonksiyonel farklar gösterirler. Lipidlerin fonksiyonları da, kimyasal yapıları gibi farklılıklar gösterir.
1. LİPİTLER
Doç. Dr. Hüsniye KAYALAR
husniyekayalar@gmail.com
E.Ü. Eczacılık Fakültesi Farmakognozi Anabilim Dalı
2011
2.
3.
4.
5. Lipit: Suda, dilüe etanolde erimeyen, petrol
eteri, eter, benzen gibi polar olmayan organik
solvanlarda eriyen maddelerdir.
*Yağ asitleri adı verilen monokarboksilli
alifatik asitlerin bir alkol ile meydana
getirdiği esterlerdir.
-Alkali hidroksitlerle sabunlaşma
-sabunlaşmayan lipit
-C,H, O den oluşan lipitler: basit lipitler
-başka atom da taşıyanlar: bileşik lipitler
Alkolü gliserol olanlara: Gliserit; sabit yağalr
1 değerli yüksek alkolü olanlara: Serit; mumlar
Alkolü sterol olanlara: Stearit; mumlar
6. -Coniferaae’da bazı bitkilerde lipitlerin alkolü,
birden fazla molekülden oluşmuş asit-alkoldür.
Asit-alkolün asit veya alkol grubu başka asit-alkol ile
birleşmiştir.
Etolit veya estolit
Gliseritler, Sabit yağların, serit ve stearitler
mumların başlıca kısımlarını oluştururlar.
Fosfatidler: gliserolün iki Oh grubu yağ asitleriyle,
üçüncüsü fosforik asitle esterleşmiştir.
Genel olarak: LİPİTLER
1-Yağ asidi türevleri
2-Bileşik lipitler
3-İzopren lipitler
7. Yağ asidi türevleri:
1-Doymuş yağ asitleri
2-Doymamışş yağ asitleri
3-Yağ asidi türevleri
Basit Lipitler:
1- nötral yağlar (triaçil gliserol, trigliserit)
2-mumlar
3-kolesterol esterleri
4-Vitamin A ve D esterleri
Bileşik Lipitler:
1- Fosfolipitler (Serebrosit, gangliosit)
1.1. Serebrosit
1.2. Gangliosit
2-Glikolipit
2.1. gliserofosfolipitler 2.2. sfingofosfolipitler)
3- Lipoproteinler
4- Proteolipitler
8.
9.
10. Lipitlerin sınıflandırılması
• Yağ asitleri
• Nötral yağlar (yağ asitlerinin gliserolle
yaptıkları mono, di ve triaçilgliseroller)
• Mumlar (yağ asitlerinin gliserolden başka
alkollerle yaptıkları esterler)
• Fosfolipitler (yağ asitlerinin fosforik asit
bileşikleri)
• Sfingolipitler ve glikolipitler (yağ asitlerinin
sfingozin ile yaptığı bileşikler)
• Steroidler, kolesterol, safra asitleri ve
diğer maddeler
• Terpenler, β- karoten, skualen ve benzeri
maddeler
11. • Yağ asitleri adı verilen monokarboksilli
asitlerin bir alkolle meydana getirdiği
esterlerdir.
• Alkali hidroksit ile ısıtma sonucu sabun
oluşur ve alkol serbest hale geçer.
12. • Uzun zincirli hidrokarbonlar, alkoller,
ketonlar, floroglusinol türevleri, kinonoik yapılı
maddeler
“sabunlaşmayan lipitler”
• Lipitler, özellikle C, H, O atomlarından
yapılmış olup organizmanın yapı maddelerinin
önemli bir kısmını teşkil ederler.
• Bazı lipitlerde P, N ve S atomu da bulunur.
• Organizmanın başlıca besin kaynağını
oluştururlar, enerji verme ve depolama
yönünden karbonhidratlardan daha üstün
özelliklere sahiptirler.
13. • En önemli görevleri :
• metabolizma için gerekli yakıtın deposunu
oluşturmak,
• membranlarda yapıtaşı olarak görev yapmak,
• bakterilerin hücre duvarları, bazı bitkilerin
yaprakları ve cilt için koruyucu madde
• Lipitlerin önemli kısmı organizmaya dışarıdan
alınır, bir kısmı ise doğrudan doğruya
organizmada yapılırlar.
14. • Yağ asitleri bitki ve hayvan organizmasında gerek
serbest gerekse bileşikler halinde bulunur.
• Doymuş ve doymamış yağ asitleri diye iki sınıfa
ayrılırlar.
• Doymuş yağ asitleri kimyasal olarak, yapısında çift bağ
bulundurmayan yağ asitleridir. Doğada bulunan doymuş
yağ asitlerinin çoğunun karbon sayısı çifttir.
• Moleküllerindeki karbon sayıları 2'den 26'ya kadar
olan doymuş yağ asitleri hem hayvansal hem bitkisel
yağlarda, karbon sayıları 43'e kadar olan uzun zincirli
yağ
• asitleri ise mumlarda bulunur. 8 karbon atomluya
kadar olan doymuş yağ asitleri sıvı halde bulunurlar.
• Yağ asitlerinin genel formülü CH3(CH2)n COOH olarak
gösterilebilir.
15.
16.
17. • Yağ asidi ve gliserole parçalanan yağlar vücutta
birkaç değişik yol izleyerek okside olur.
• Birinci oksidasyon metabolizması glikozun
oksidasyonuna benzer. Fosfatla birleşen gliserol
fosfogliserik asite dönüşür. Fosfogliserik asid
piruvik asite dönüşerek kreps döngüsüne katılır.
CO2 , H2O ve ATP ye dönüşür.
•
• Yağ asitlerinin karnitin ile mitekondriye taşınır ve 1
ATP harcanarak aktive edilir. Yağ asidi iki karbonlu
asetil gruplarına ayrılır. Yağ asidi-karnitin CoA ile
reaksiyona girer ve karnitin açil transferans II
enzimiyle Asetil-CoA ya dönüşür. CoA pantotenik
asidin yardımcı enzimidir. Asetil CoA kreps
döngüsüne katılır.
28. • Bazı doymamış yağ asitleri:
• omega-3 yağ asitleri
• Alfa-linolenik asit: CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
• Dokosaheksaenoik asit
• Eikosapentaenoik asit
• omega-6 yağ asitleri
• Linoleik asit: CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
• Araşidonik asit
CH3(CH2)4CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CHCH2CH=CH(CH2)3COOH
• omega-9 yağ asitleri
• Oleik asit: CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH
• Erüsik asit: CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)11COOH
29.
30.
31.
32.
33. OMEGA 6 FAMILY
Common Name Numeric Name
Linoleic acid 18:2n-6
Gamma linolenic acid 18:3n-6
-- 20:2n-6
Dihomo gamma linolenic acid (DHGLA) 20:3n-6
Arachidonic acid 20:4n-6
Docosatetraenoic acid 22:4n-6
34. OMEGA 3 FAMILY
Common Name Numeric Name
Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) 18:3n-3
Parinaric acid 18:4n-3
20:3n-3
Eicosatetraenoic acid 20:4n-3
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) 20:5n-3
Docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) 22:5n3
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) 22:6n-3
35.
36.
37. • CnH2nO2
• Doymuş yağ asidi genel formülü
• CnH2(n-a)O2
Doymamış yağ asidi genel formülü
38. • Linoleik asit
• F vitamini
• Araşidonik asit, linolenik asit
• Siklopentenik yağ asitleri (hidnokarpik
ve şolmogrik asit, lepraya etkili)
• Doymamış hidroksi yağ asitleri,pürgatif
etkili
• Risinoleik asit (12-hidroksi oleik asit)
39. • Süberin: Hidroksi yağ
asitlerinin polimerleşmesi
ile oluşur. Bitkilerde
mantarlaşmış dokuları
meydana getirir.
40. Bazı bitkilerin gövde ve dallarındaki
kalın mantar tabakası sanayide ve
eczacılıkta ambalaj tekniğinde
kullanılır
41. • Makrolit: Bazı hidroksi yağ asidi
laktonları özel ozlarla birleşir ve
makrolitleri oluşturur (örn: eritromisin,
oleandomisin)
42. •Bazı asetilenik yağ asitleri ve türevleri
de antibiyotik etkilidir (örn: mitomisin,
fumagillin)
43. • Sabit Yağlar
• Gliseritler, serbest yağ asitleri ve
sabunlaşmayan kısımlar
• Sabunlaşmayan kısımlar: steroller, A,
D, E, vitaminleri, uçucu yağlar,
reçineler, hidrokarbürler ve acı
maddeler
49. • Katı ve sıvı yağlar
• Bitkisel yağlar, tropik bitkilerin yağı
• Balık yağı
• Organik solvanlarda erime
• Margarin
• Doymamışlık derecesi/ Acılaşma
50. • F avitaminozu
• Deri kabuklanması, akne, egzema,
saçların dökülmesi
• F vitamini
• Bitkisel yağlar, buğday tohumu, keten
tohumu, yalancı safran, soya fasulyesi,
fındık, ay çiçeği, ceviz, badem, avokado
• Kolesterol taşıyıcı
• Ateroskleroz
• Cilt, x ışınları
• Kalsiyum
51. • Balık yağı polimerleştirilmesi
• Sabit yağların teşhisi ve saflık kontrolü
• Yoğunluk
• Erime noktası /katılaşma noktası
• Refraksiyon indisi
• Polarize ışığı çevirme değeri
• Viskozite
• Çözünürlük
53. • Laksatif
• Pürgatif
• Doymamış yağ asitlerince zengin diyet
aterosklerozda kullanılır
• A, D, E vitaminleri
• Emoliyen
• Egzema tedavisi
• Farmasötik endüstride, eritici, eksipiyan
54.
55.
56.
57. Zeytinin Fiziksel Özellikleri
Tane Ağırlığı 2-12 gr
Çekirdek Oranı % 13-30
Et (pulp) Oranı % 66-85
Meyve Kabuğu % 1.5-3.5
Zeytinin Kimyasal Bileşimi
Su %50-70
Toplam KM %48,1
Toplam Şeker %2-6
Yağ %15-30
Şeker % 2-6
Selüloz % 5.8
Protein %1-2
Lif %1 - 3
Kül % 1-5
Na (mg/100g) 3,2
K (mg/100g) 457,19
Ca (mg/100g) 33,15
Mg (mg/100g) 12,49
Mn (mg/100g) 0,13
Fe (mg/100g) 1,73
Zn (mg/100g) 0, 71
Cu (mg/100g) 0,01
P (mg/100g) 51,13
Karoten (mg/100g) 0,15 - 0,2
Vit C (mg/100g) 12,9 – 19,1
58. Yaprakta 60-90mg/gr oranında oleuropein
bileşiği bulunmaktadır. Oleuropein
yaprağın en etken fenolik bileşiğidir. Bu
bileşik aynı zamanda terapötik etkiye sahip
sekoiridoit bir glikozitdir. Zeytin yaprağı
çay ya da ekstrakt formunda alındığında
oleuropein insan vücudunda bulunan iki
enzim tarafından(esteraz ve beta –
glukozidaz) elenoik aside dönüştürülür.Bu
bileşik güçlü bir antibakteriyal etkiye
sahiptir, özellikle patojen bakteriler
üzerinde öldürücü bir etki yapar.
Hücre Yenileyici
Bağışıklık sistemini güçlendirme
Kan şekeri seviyesini düzenleme
kolesterol seviyesini düzenleme
Kan basıncını dengeleme(yüksek
tansiyonu olanlar için)
Kuvvetli antioksidan etki
Kuvvetli antimikrobiyal etki
Hücre yenileyici özelliği sayesinde cilt
yaşlanmalarına karşı koruyucu
Cildi sıkılaştırma ve esnekliğini
arttırma
İnce çizgileri yok etme
Selülit giderici
Cildi güneş ışınları ve çeşitli dış
faktörlere karşı koruyucu
Cildin nemini dengeleme
61. • Olea europea var sativa
• Oleaceae
• Akdeniz ülkeleri, Kaliforniya’da kültür
• Olea oleaster , yabani zeytin ağacı
• Batı Anadolu, Marmara, Gaziantep kültürü
yapılan ve yağ ede edilen yerler
62.
63. • Drupa meyva
• Pirina
• Hayvan yemi, Trikloretilen veya karbon
sülfür ile eritilerek sanayide kullanılır
• Meyvada % 28-32 yağ
• Oleik, linoleik, stearik ve palmitik asit
trigliseritleri
• Olein
• E vitamini
64. • Laksatif
• Kolagog
• Enjektabl çözeltilerin hazırlanmasında
• Halk arasında: müshil ve safra söktürücü
• Diş hekimliği
• Liniment yapımı
• Emoliyen, demülsan
65. • Natürel zeytin yağı (Virgin oil)
• 1- Natürel sızma zeytin yağı
extra virgin oil
• 2- Natürel zeytin yağı
virgine olive oil
• 3- Natürel 1. zeytin yağı
Ordinary olive oil
• 4- Lampant
• Tip Zeytin Yağı
73. • Batı Afrika ve Güney Asya’da yetişir
• A. hypogae var asiatica
• Karpapodium
• Meyva oblong şekilli ve ağsı damarlı, 1-3
boğumlu
• Presle yağ elde edilir
• %45-50 yağ
• Oleik, linoleik, araşidonik, lignoserik,
palmitik asit
• tiamin
79. • Prunus amygdalus var. amara
• Akdeniz ülkelerinde kültür
• Kotiledonlardan yağ elde edilir
• % 45-50
• Oleik,palmitik, miristik, linoleik asit
• Laksatif
• Demülsan
• Emoliyen
• Cold Cream
82. -İran, Hindistan, Yugoslavya
ve Anadolu da ekimi yapılır
-alkaloit
-perikarp
-Oleik ve linoleik asit
-yemeklik yağ
-galenik preparat
-sert beyaz iyi sabun
-çocuklarda bal ile müshil etkili
-yumuşatıcı yara iyi edici
85. -Hindistan,Afrika, Güney Amerika, Doğu Asya
ve Akdeniz bölgesinde yetişir
-ağaç şeklinde ve otsu
Meyvası 3 gözlü, dikenli kapsül
Her meyvada 3 tohum
10-15 mm uzun, 6-7 mm eninde
-endospermada yağ
%40-60 yağ
Su buharı geçirilen ve proteinleri çöktürülen,
rengi giderilen yağ kullanılır
Semen Ricini
91. Oleum Soja-Soya Yağı
• Tohumda: %15-35 karbonhidrat, % 30-50
protein, % 15-20 sabit yağ ve triterpenik
saponozitler ve üreaz enzimi içerir
• Soya fasulyesi
• Şeker hastaları için besin kaynağı
• Tohumlar preslenir ele geçen yağ rafine
ediir
92. • % 10 yağ
• Linoleik asit %50-57, oleik asit % 17-30,
linolenik asit %5-11, palmitik asit % 9-13,
steaarik asit %3-5, araşidik, gadolik,
behenikasit% 1 den az
• SOYA YAĞI
• Parenteral beslenme
• Lesitin kaynağı (kolin, fosfatidil kolin,
karaciğerde yağ metabolizması)
• Kolesterol ve lipit metabolizması
101. • Mısır tanesi
• %70 nişasta,% 10 protein, % 5 yağ % 2
şeker, % 2 kül
• Endosperm,embriyo,kabuk,sapçık
• Mısır tanesinin % 12 si embriyo (%30-35
yağ, % 18-20 protein, % 10 mineral
madde)
102. • Embriyolardan elde edilir
• Embriyolar nişasta eldesi sırasında ayrılıp,
yıkanır, ısıtılır ve basınçla sıkılarak yağ elde
edilir.
• Küspesi hayvan yemi ham yağ yağ asitleri
uzaklaştırılarak rafine edilir, çöken
kısımlardan temizlenir.
• Açık sarı, berrak, kendine özel kokulu
• Linoleik asit %45-62
• Oleik asit % 24-33
• Palmitik asit % 10
103. • Stearik asit % 3
• Linolenik asit %0.5-1.5
• Araşidik, gadolik,behenik, erusik asitler %
1den az
b-sitosterol, kampesterol, tokoferoller
• Yemeklik yağ,
• enjektabl preparatların hazırlanmasında
• %67 emülsiyon şeklinde diyet besinlerin
ayarlanmasında
• Hidrojenlenerek katı yağ eldesinde
104.
105. Oleum Chaulmoograe-
Oleum Hydnocarpi
Hindistan, güneydoğu Asya
Tohum
Sarı esmer renkli, tahriş edici lezzet
Özel kokulu, 20-25oC de erir
Hidnokarpik, şolmogrik,alepronik asit
Aleprik asit
Taraktogenes kurzii
Hydnocarpus sp
(Flacourtiaceae)
107. • Asitler hidrojenlendikten sonra
daha rahat kullanılır.
• Enjektabl formları için etil
esteri veya sodyum ya da
potasyum sabunları kullanılır.
• Yağın kendisi de oral olarak
etkilidir.
• Dihidroşolmogrik asit dietil
esteri deri altı ve im enj.
• İv enj için sodyum veya
• potasyum tuzları
• LEPRA tedavisi
110. • Hindistan, Mısır, Brezilya, Kanada, Avrupa,
Anadolu
• Meyvalar 5 gözlü septisit kapsül
• Haziran ayında kapsül sararır, toplanır, dövülür,
elenir.
• Tohumlar kavrulur, ezilir, su ile yoğurulur ve sıkılır
• Kırmızı esmer renkte yağ
• Bezir yağı
• tohumda % 35-45 yağ
116. Oleum Cacao- Kakao yağı
• Theobroma cacao
• Tohumlar % 50 yağ
• kakao tozu şekercilik ve sıcak içki hazırlamada
• Kakao tozu: % 10-15 yağ, alkaloitler, fenolik
maddeler, flavon-3ol, prosiyanidinler, B
vitaminleri
• Kako yağı sarımsı beyaz,oda ısısında katı
• Fermentasyon veya kavurma sırasında koku
oluşur
117. • Stearik, palmitik, oleik, linoleik, ve laurik asit
gliseritleri
• Suppozituvar, ovül sıvağı
• Stearik asit eldesi
Magnezyum stearat
Katı yağ asitleri+magnezyum
Magnezyum stearat ve palmitat
% 6.8-8 arasında MgO a karşılık gelecek
miktarda Mg içerir
118. Stearik asidin sodyum tuzunun sulu çözeltisine
sıcakta magnezyum klorür eklenir, magnezyum
stearat çöker.
Ya da stearik asit üstüne MgO veya magnezyum
karbonat ilave edilir.
Mg-stearat:kokulu, deriye yapışan, beyaz, hafif
bir toz
Tablet basımında kaydırıcı
Bebek pudrası
119. • Zinci stearas- Çinko stearat
• Çinko stearat + palmitat
• %12.5-14 çinko okside karşılık gelecek
miktarda çinko içerir
• Stearik asit ısıtılarak eritilir azar azar
sodyum karbonat eklenir
• Gaz çıkışı bitip tamamen nötralleşince ilave
edilen sodyum karbonata ekivalen çinko sülfat
eklenir.
• Çinko stearat çöker, su ile yıkanır kurutulur.
• Pomat, pudra yapımı
• Deri üstünde kurutucu ve koruyucu
122. Oleum Napi- Kolza yağı
• Tohumlar % 45 yağ
• 22 karbonlu erusik asit
• Myokardiyal toksisiteye sahip
• Palmitik asit, stearik asit, oleik asit (% 50-
60), linoleik asit, linolenik asit, gadolaik asit,
erusik asit
• Steroller 530-790 mg/100g
• Tokoferoller 90 mg/100g
123. • Erusik asit ve glikozinolat
içeriği azatılmış varyeteler
yemeklik yağ için
geliştirilmiştir.
• Plastik endüstrisi, deterjan
imalatı ve motor yağları imali
için erusik asit ve yağdan
yararlanılır.
• Crambe abyssinica
tohumlarından elde edilen
yağda % 55 erusik asit bulunur
124.
125. Helianthus annus
(Asteraceae)
Ayçiçek yağı
Palmitik, stearik asit, oleik
asit %14-35
Linoleik asit %55-75, linolenik
asit
Steroller % 60
Tokoferoller
Yemeklik yağ
Yağı alınmış tohumların
alöronca zengin unu diyet
ürünü
138. Adeps suillus-domuz yağı (axonge)
• Sus scrofa var. domestica
• (Suidae)
• Merhem sıvağı
• Yakı hazırlanması
• Civa merhemi, karakavak merhemi
139. Oleum Iecoris aselli
Oleum Morhuae
Morina Balık Yağı
• Gadus morrhua
• Gadidae
• Oleik,palmitik, zoomarinik,
terapik, araşidonik,
klupadonik asit
• A ve D vitaminleri
• Kemik hastalıkları
• Morruik asit sodyum tuzu
iv enj. varis tedavisinde
140. MUMLAR
• Asitlerin yüksek alkollerle yaptığı esterlerdir.
• Serit
• Stearit
• Pomatları sertleştirme
• Kozmetik krem hazırlama
• Sanayi
• Palmitik, stearik serotik ve melisik asitler