Literature review that explores the topic of gun violence from a family perspective. This paper demonstrates the importance of family life and how one’s emotional climate can greatly affect their development.
During the past century, social policies and programs for Nigerian children, youth, and families have undergone frequent shifts in philosophy and direction. Many policy frameworks, such as selective legibility universal prevention, rehabilitation, and punishment, have contributed to the conceptual bases for services, programs, and interventions designed for young people. However, the most consistent characteristic of Nigerian social policy for children and families may be the sheer inconsistency of efforts aimed at helping the nation’s most vulnerable populations. Recent advances in understanding the developmental processes associated with the onset and persistence of childhood and adolescent problems warrant new thinking about policies and programs., we have learned more about why some children and adolescents develop social and health problems, and in the case of such problems as sexually transmitted infections, drug use, and delinquency why some youths make choices that lead to poor outcomes at home and in school and the community. Unfortunately, this knowledge is not yet systematically applied to policy or program design, which results in poorly specified, inadequately integrated, and wastefully duplicated services for children and families. The motivation for this volume comes from the growing recognition that knowledge gained from understanding the developmental trajectories of children who experience social and health problems must be used to craft more effective policies and programs.
During the past century, social policies and programs for Nigerian children, youth, and families have undergone frequent shifts in philosophy and direction. Many policy frameworks, such as selective legibility universal prevention, rehabilitation, and punishment, have contributed to the conceptual bases for services, programs, and interventions designed for young people. However, the most consistent characteristic of Nigerian social policy for children and families may be the sheer inconsistency of efforts aimed at helping the nation’s most vulnerable populations. Recent advances in understanding the developmental processes associated with the onset and persistence of childhood and adolescent problems warrant new thinking about policies and programs., we have learned more about why some children and adolescents develop social and health problems, and in the case of such problems as sexually transmitted infections, drug use, and delinquency why some youths make choices that lead to poor outcomes at home and in school and the community. Unfortunately, this knowledge is not yet systematically applied to policy or program design, which results in poorly specified, inadequately integrated, and wastefully duplicated services for children and families. The motivation for this volume comes from the growing recognition that knowledge gained from understanding the developmental trajectories of children who experience social and health problems must be used to craft more effective policies and programs.
In its 13th annual Stress in AmericaTM survey, the American Psychological Association (APA) finds that while overall stress levels have not changed significantly over the past few years, the proportion of Americans who say they are experiencing stress about specific issues has risen over the past year. The Harris Poll conducted this year’s survey on behalf of APA from Aug. 1 to Sept. 3, 2019; the online survey included 3,617 adults ages 18 and older living in the U.S.
Attitudes towards spanking vary widely. Prior research indicates there are consistent ethnic, gender, and religious differences in attitudes towards spanking. African Americans, Asians, men, and religious people tend to have more positive attitudes towards spanking than Caucasians, women, and nonreligious people. We wanted to see if undergraduate students in an area with favorable attitudes towards spanking differed in their attitudes towards spanking by three key demographics: ethnicity, gender, religion, or their interaction (and if they indeed had favorable attitudes towards spanking). To accomplish this task, we developed a brief, 6-item Spanking Scale for use in future research and surveyed an online incidental sample of 115 college students from a small west Texas university. Reliability, validity, and factor analyses conducted in SPSS support the internal consistency reliability, factor structure, and validity (face, concurrent criterion-related, content, and construct) of the Spanking Scale. A three-way (3 x 2 x 2) factorial ANOVA found no significant ethnic or gender differences in spanking attitudes and no significant interaction effects but marginally significant religious differences, with Christians having more favorable attitudes towards spanking, and people in the current sample had slightly positive attitudes towards spanking. Through answering only four questions about spanking (plus an optional demographic question about spanking frequently and an optional qualitative question about spanking attitudes), people’s attitudes towards spanking can be quickly assessed in less than five minutes using a brief measure of spanking that is reliable, valid, and useful. We discuss implications for policy on spanking and corporal punishment.
Keywords: spanking; corporal punishment; attitudes; religion; ethnicity; gender
Adolescence is a key period for intervention among at-risk populations of youth, as this is when risk-taking behaviors tend to emerge. The Sustainable Development Goals for achieving 2030 youth health targets outline two issues central to reduce risks of gendered violence, sexual violence (SV) and adolescent sexual risk taking: (1) gender equity and (2) mental health promotion education. Only half of women reported having the autonomy to make their own decisions regarding sexual relations, usage of contraception and access to health care services. In developing countries women and children are extremely vulnerable to sexual violence which thereby places them at increased risk for contracting STIs from the perpetrator, as well as pregnancy as a result of SV. Undocumented minors; unaccompanied minors; refugees; child soldiers; youth post natural disasters; orphans; street-involved youth; and youth without parental care or financial means who are exposed to dangerous people or places are most vulnerable to sexual violence. UNICEF states that ending cases of new HIV infections by 2030 is unlikely, due to large concentrations of new infections occurring in areas where transactional sex, child sexual exploitation, drug use, street involved youth and SV are prevalent. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), which include forms of childhood maltreatment, increase the risk of contracting STIs. In particular, sexual abuse is linked with increased likelihood for risky sexual behavior, making victims vulnerable to poor sexual health outcomes.7 Protecting youth from exposure to SV and providing adolescents with sexual and mental health education are central to promoting resilience in youth.
Professor Huw Williams, Associate Professor of Clinical Neuropsychology and Co-Director of the Centre for Clinical Neuropsychology Research. Professor William’s research includes the prevalence of traumatic brain injury in incarcerated youth.
Speaking at Beyond Youth Custody's conference: Childhood trauma and young people in the criminal justice system, 19 November 2013.
EFFECT OF PARENTS’ INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDAR...paperpublications3
Abstract:Increased sexual liberty and early initiation of adolescents into sexual activities have led to irresponsible and risky sexual behaviors among the adolescents. However, regardless of the availability of various sources of information about sexuality and reproduction, the adolescents are yet to adopt safe sexual behaviors. This has raised questions about the effects of parents on sexual behaviors among adolescent students. This study sought to investigate the effects parents' influence on the sexual behaviors among students in secondary schools in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia County. This study adopted an ex post facto research design. A random sample, of 338 respondents, was chosen from the seven randomly selected schools. Data was collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to the selected respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for Windows. The content validity of the research instrument was established by ascertaining that it contained information that answered the research objectives. The instrument was piloted to ensure reliability and it gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study finding indicated that most parents encouraged their adolescent children to have good sexual behaviors. They, however, lacked effective communication skills to pass their good intentions to their adolescent children and thus making their discussions on sexual matters boring and uninteresting. The study recommends the need for parents to adopt effective communication skills that could enable them pass their good sexual intentions to their adolescent children.
Keywords:Parental Influence, Sexual behaviors, Sexual problems, Adolescent, Sex related information, Parent.
In its 13th annual Stress in AmericaTM survey, the American Psychological Association (APA) finds that while overall stress levels have not changed significantly over the past few years, the proportion of Americans who say they are experiencing stress about specific issues has risen over the past year. The Harris Poll conducted this year’s survey on behalf of APA from Aug. 1 to Sept. 3, 2019; the online survey included 3,617 adults ages 18 and older living in the U.S.
Attitudes towards spanking vary widely. Prior research indicates there are consistent ethnic, gender, and religious differences in attitudes towards spanking. African Americans, Asians, men, and religious people tend to have more positive attitudes towards spanking than Caucasians, women, and nonreligious people. We wanted to see if undergraduate students in an area with favorable attitudes towards spanking differed in their attitudes towards spanking by three key demographics: ethnicity, gender, religion, or their interaction (and if they indeed had favorable attitudes towards spanking). To accomplish this task, we developed a brief, 6-item Spanking Scale for use in future research and surveyed an online incidental sample of 115 college students from a small west Texas university. Reliability, validity, and factor analyses conducted in SPSS support the internal consistency reliability, factor structure, and validity (face, concurrent criterion-related, content, and construct) of the Spanking Scale. A three-way (3 x 2 x 2) factorial ANOVA found no significant ethnic or gender differences in spanking attitudes and no significant interaction effects but marginally significant religious differences, with Christians having more favorable attitudes towards spanking, and people in the current sample had slightly positive attitudes towards spanking. Through answering only four questions about spanking (plus an optional demographic question about spanking frequently and an optional qualitative question about spanking attitudes), people’s attitudes towards spanking can be quickly assessed in less than five minutes using a brief measure of spanking that is reliable, valid, and useful. We discuss implications for policy on spanking and corporal punishment.
Keywords: spanking; corporal punishment; attitudes; religion; ethnicity; gender
Adolescence is a key period for intervention among at-risk populations of youth, as this is when risk-taking behaviors tend to emerge. The Sustainable Development Goals for achieving 2030 youth health targets outline two issues central to reduce risks of gendered violence, sexual violence (SV) and adolescent sexual risk taking: (1) gender equity and (2) mental health promotion education. Only half of women reported having the autonomy to make their own decisions regarding sexual relations, usage of contraception and access to health care services. In developing countries women and children are extremely vulnerable to sexual violence which thereby places them at increased risk for contracting STIs from the perpetrator, as well as pregnancy as a result of SV. Undocumented minors; unaccompanied minors; refugees; child soldiers; youth post natural disasters; orphans; street-involved youth; and youth without parental care or financial means who are exposed to dangerous people or places are most vulnerable to sexual violence. UNICEF states that ending cases of new HIV infections by 2030 is unlikely, due to large concentrations of new infections occurring in areas where transactional sex, child sexual exploitation, drug use, street involved youth and SV are prevalent. Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), which include forms of childhood maltreatment, increase the risk of contracting STIs. In particular, sexual abuse is linked with increased likelihood for risky sexual behavior, making victims vulnerable to poor sexual health outcomes.7 Protecting youth from exposure to SV and providing adolescents with sexual and mental health education are central to promoting resilience in youth.
Professor Huw Williams, Associate Professor of Clinical Neuropsychology and Co-Director of the Centre for Clinical Neuropsychology Research. Professor William’s research includes the prevalence of traumatic brain injury in incarcerated youth.
Speaking at Beyond Youth Custody's conference: Childhood trauma and young people in the criminal justice system, 19 November 2013.
EFFECT OF PARENTS’ INFLUENCE ON SEXUAL BEHAVIOUR AMONG STUDENTS IN SECONDAR...paperpublications3
Abstract:Increased sexual liberty and early initiation of adolescents into sexual activities have led to irresponsible and risky sexual behaviors among the adolescents. However, regardless of the availability of various sources of information about sexuality and reproduction, the adolescents are yet to adopt safe sexual behaviors. This has raised questions about the effects of parents on sexual behaviors among adolescent students. This study sought to investigate the effects parents' influence on the sexual behaviors among students in secondary schools in Nyahururu Division, Laikipia County. This study adopted an ex post facto research design. A random sample, of 338 respondents, was chosen from the seven randomly selected schools. Data was collected through administration of a structured questionnaire to the selected respondents. The collected data was then processed and analyzed descriptively using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 17 for Windows. The content validity of the research instrument was established by ascertaining that it contained information that answered the research objectives. The instrument was piloted to ensure reliability and it gave a reliability coefficient of 0.82. The study finding indicated that most parents encouraged their adolescent children to have good sexual behaviors. They, however, lacked effective communication skills to pass their good intentions to their adolescent children and thus making their discussions on sexual matters boring and uninteresting. The study recommends the need for parents to adopt effective communication skills that could enable them pass their good sexual intentions to their adolescent children.
Keywords:Parental Influence, Sexual behaviors, Sexual problems, Adolescent, Sex related information, Parent.
Running head CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND PARENTING 1CORPORAL PUN.docxtodd271
Running head: CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND PARENTING 1
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND PARENTING 5
Corporal Punishment and Parenting
Student’s Name
Course
Due Date
Faculty Name
Corporal Punishment and Parenting
Parenting refers to the rearing of a child all the way from the time of birth to adulthood. It implies promoting and provision of support in regards to physical, social, emotional and also the intellectual aspect of the child as he or she transgresses through the processes of development. During this period, a number of interactions between the child and the parents always deems important. Both physical and emotional interface is necessary(Lomanowska, Boivin, Hertzman, & Fleming, 2017). The two and many others in the environment interlock in seeing the child through the developmental stages. The parents thus provide grounds in which the child develops, especially in terms of behavior patterns. Molding the behavior to correct the channel for the child is central in parenting.
‘Talk is cheap’, a phrase which majority is familiarized as action is louder than words, but is this the case when it comes to parenting, especially corporal punishment(the act of punishing an individual through physical pain). Corporal punishment doesn’t have a standard which control the severity or duration of the punishment. While corporal punishment may seems like it works, there are long-term side effects we could consider beforehand. With childhood experience in corporal punishment, it can develop acceptance to pursue this parenting strategy as acceptable disciplinary action on their offspring, which the long-term effects cause depression symptoms to develop in young adults and a behavior problems in early childhood.
Corporal punishment is defined as the deliberate use of force on a child with the purpose not to harm the child but rather to inflict pain with the intention of molding his or her behavior pattern as required by the parent(Kitano, Yoshimasu, Yamamoto, & Nakamura, 2018). The intention of this force thus is not to cause injury to the child. It entails spanking, slapping, pinching of the subject. However, contrary to the intention, corporal punishment regardless of where it is applied, may lead to adverse negative effects on the child. Hence, therefore should be avoided.
Corporal is a form of violence against children. In most cases, the pain is inflicted on the child who is defenseless. He or she cannot be able to resist pain as they view themselves inferior to the person forcing the pain. Sometimes, the pain might end up overwhelming the child resulting in injury. This might further form a ground for secondary and tertiary complications. The child, viewing this as oppression of its kind may develop some behaviors contrary to the expectations(Laible, Davis, Karahuta, & Van Norden, 2019), such as violence on others, feeling of withdrawal and sometimes may lead to suicidal acts. Children are human and hence should be protected from abuse of an.
Running head CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND PARENTING 1CORPORAL PUN.docxhealdkathaleen
Running head: CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND PARENTING 1
CORPORAL PUNISHMENT AND PARENTING 5
Corporal Punishment and Parenting
Student’s Name
Course
Due Date
Faculty Name
Corporal Punishment and Parenting
Parenting refers to the rearing of a child all the way from the time of birth to adulthood. It implies promoting and provision of support in regards to physical, social, emotional and also the intellectual aspect of the child as he or she transgresses through the processes of development. During this period, a number of interactions between the child and the parents always deems important. Both physical and emotional interface is necessary(Lomanowska, Boivin, Hertzman, & Fleming, 2017). The two and many others in the environment interlock in seeing the child through the developmental stages. The parents thus provide grounds in which the child develops, especially in terms of behavior patterns. Molding the behavior to correct the channel for the child is central in parenting.
‘Talk is cheap’, a phrase which majority is familiarized as action is louder than words, but is this the case when it comes to parenting, especially corporal punishment(the act of punishing an individual through physical pain). Corporal punishment doesn’t have a standard which control the severity or duration of the punishment. While corporal punishment may seems like it works, there are long-term side effects we could consider beforehand. With childhood experience in corporal punishment, it can develop acceptance to pursue this parenting strategy as acceptable disciplinary action on their offspring, which the long-term effects cause depression symptoms to develop in young adults and a behavior problems in early childhood.
Corporal punishment is defined as the deliberate use of force on a child with the purpose not to harm the child but rather to inflict pain with the intention of molding his or her behavior pattern as required by the parent(Kitano, Yoshimasu, Yamamoto, & Nakamura, 2018). The intention of this force thus is not to cause injury to the child. It entails spanking, slapping, pinching of the subject. However, contrary to the intention, corporal punishment regardless of where it is applied, may lead to adverse negative effects on the child. Hence, therefore should be avoided.
Corporal is a form of violence against children. In most cases, the pain is inflicted on the child who is defenseless. He or she cannot be able to resist pain as they view themselves inferior to the person forcing the pain. Sometimes, the pain might end up overwhelming the child resulting in injury. This might further form a ground for secondary and tertiary complications. The child, viewing this as oppression of its kind may develop some behaviors contrary to the expectations(Laible, Davis, Karahuta, & Van Norden, 2019), such as violence on others, feeling of withdrawal and sometimes may lead to suicidal acts. Children are human and hence should be protected from abuse of an ...
Impact of Suicide on People Exposed to a FatalityFranklin Cook
"Impact of Suicide on People Exposed to a Fatality" is excerpted and adapted from Responding to Grief, Trauma, and Distress After a Suicide: U.S. National Guidelines (2015), by the Survivors of Suicide Loss Task Force (bit.ly/sosl-taskforce) of the National Action Alliance for Suicide Prevention. The original document is available free for download at bit.ly/respondingsuicide.
This summary report concludes that:
The research delineated above represents the solid and growing body of evidence that, for a significant number of people exposed to the suicide fatality or attempt of another person, there are long-term, harmful mental health consequences. Shneidman’s declaration (1972) that postvention is prevention for the next generation is unquestionably supported by clear and overwhelming evidence that exposure to the suicide of another person, particularly of a close intimate, elevates the risk of suicidal behavior and of death by suicide in the population of people exposed.
The Grief After Suicide blog post related to this essay is http://bit.ly/impactessay.
Running head: ILLICIT DRUGS 1
ILLICIT DRUGS 5
Illicit Drugs Abuse
Constance Lingard
Global University of Arizona
Illicit Drugs Abuse
Introduction
Abuse of harmful substances by parents has far-reaching and devastating effects on the children of those parents. These young people are exposed to various risks, including an uncertain housing situation. Substance abuse among parents is a significant threat to the health and safety of a child who does not share a home with either of their biological parents. Although studies show that these young people have a higher risk of experiencing housing insecurity, very little is known about their actual lived experiences in housing. The parent's involvement in illicit drug use affects their daily operations, including their engagement in their day-to-day jobs that would make it possible for them to meet the needs of their children (Lloyd, 2018). There is a high possibility that engagement in illicit drugs by the parents can result in them committing a crime and even failing in their duties, leading to their children becoming homeless and also seeking child protective services.
Problem Statement
The engagement of the parents in illicit drugs has a detrimental impact on their children because they are likely to be addicted in the process, making it challenging for them to address the needs of their children. The gap that the parents that engage in illicit drugs pushes the children to suffer and struggle, resulting in some failing to get their daily meals and housing challenges. Scenarios of extreme neglect of parents to their children result in some being homeless. This is where the child protective services have to take the responsibility of housing and providing food and healthcare for them (Rogers & Parkinson, 2017). Children staying with their parents who are addicts of illicit drugs put their lives in danger, especially their behavior being influenced to taking drugs at an early age or emotionally affected based on the fights and disagreements that come with drug-addicted parents. Choosing child protective services is vital in protecting the children's interests and securing them from a bad environment in them to grow.
Progression
The research proposal has highlighted the research question more detailed, which is progress that guides getting a detailed outcome. The annotated literature about the research question has been obtained that showcases the impact of illicit drugs taken by the parents. The literature highlights the challenge and how the children result in being hosted in protective services and the failure of the parents to play their roles.
Scholarly sources
According to Hardy et al. (2018), it found that women with ...
The Effect of General and Drug-Specific Family Environments on.docxtodd701
The Effect of General and Drug-Specific Family Environments on
Comorbid and Drug-Specific Problem Behavior:
A Longitudinal Examination
Marina Epstein, Karl G. Hill, Jennifer A. Bailey, and J. David Hawkins
University of Washington
Previous research has shown that the development of alcohol and tobacco dependence is linked and that
both are influenced by environmental and intrapersonal factors, many of which likely interact over the
life course. The present study examines the effects of general and alcohol- and tobacco-specific
environmental influences in the family of origin (ages 10 –18) and family of cohabitation (ages 27–30)
on problem behavior and alcohol- and tobacco-specific outcomes at age 33. General environmental
factors include family management, conflict, bonding, and involvement. Alcohol environment includes
parental alcohol use, parents’ attitudes toward alcohol, and children’s involvement in family drinking.
Tobacco-specific environment is assessed analogously. Additionally, analyses include the effects of
childhood behavioral disinhibition, initial behavior problems, and age 18 substance use. Analyses were
based on 469 participants drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project (SSDP) sample. Results
indicated that (a) environmental factors within the family of origin and the family of cohabitation are both
important predictors of problem behavior at age 33; (b) family of cohabitation influences partially
mediate the effects of family of origin environments; (c) considerable continuity exists between
adolescent and adult general and tobacco (but not alcohol) environments; age 18 alcohol and tobacco use
partially mediates these relationships; and (d) childhood behavioral disinhibition contributed to age 33
outcomes, over and above the effects of family of cohabitation mediators. Implications for preventive
interventions are discussed.
Keywords: family environment, behavioral disinhibition, romantic partner, adolescent alcohol and
tobacco use, comorbid problem behavior
Supplemental materials: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0029309.supp
Along with other risk-taking behaviors, alcohol and tobacco use
increases and peaks during adolescence and young adulthood, with
50% of all young adults reporting binge drinking in the past month
and over two thirds reporting lifetime smoking (Bachman et al.,
2002; Johnston, O’Malley, Bachman, & Schulenberg, 2011; Sub-
stance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAM-
HSA], 2010). The majority of adolescents reduce the frequency of
their alcohol use, and many quit smoking by their mid-20s when
they begin to take on adult roles (Chassin, Pitts, & Prost, 2002;
Maggs & Schulenberg, 2004). Consequently, by their 30s, only
40% of Americans report past-year tobacco use, and one third
report past-month binge drinking (SAMHSA, 2010). However, the
group of young adults who are chronic or persistent users are of
significance in addiction research because this group may have
already developed.
Examining the role of parental factors on depression amongUrBetseyCalderon89
Examining the role of parental factors on depression among
Urban African American youth living in public housing
Anthony T. Estreet a,b, Dawn Thurmana, Sapphire Goodmana,b, M. Taqi Tirmazia,b,
Takisha J. Cartera, and Von Nebbittc
aSchool of Social Work, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; bHealth & Addiction Research
Training Lab, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; cGeorge Warren Brown School of Social
Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
ABSTRACT
This study examined the potential risk and protective parental factors
associated with depression among African American youth living in
public housing. Utilizing a community-based participatory research
approach, 239 African-American youth surveys were collected during
2013–2014 in two urban public housing developments with low
socioeconomic profiles. Over half (52.3%) of the sample was in high
school and female (58%). 65.3% reported living with their mother
while 38% reported being employed. Bivariate analysis revealed sig-
nificant correlations between depression and maternal substance
abuse, paternal monitoring, parent-child relationship, and family
time. Results from the regression analyses indicated that higher
depression scores were significantly associated with youth who
reported poor parent-child relationships, low levels of paternal super-
vision and high levels of maternal drug abuse. These findings provide
support for claims about the importance of parent-child relationship
and paternal monitoring as a protective factor for depressive symp-
toms, particularly during adolescence. Moreover, findings suggest
that interventions which are targeted towards urban African
American youth should address parental factors as a pathway to
decrease depression among this population.
KEYWORDS
Depression; risk factors;
protective factors; African
American; youth
Introduction
Depression among African Americans youth is a major public health concern that has
been linked to substance use, heightened sex-risk and suicidal behaviors (i.e., ideation and
attempts) (Breland-Noble, Burriss, & Poole, 2010; Okwumabua, Okwumabua, & Wong,
2014). Although there has been a slight increase in focus on depression among African
American youth over the last decade, this group remains understudied in mental health
research (Matlin, Molock, & Tebes, 2011). Evidence suggests that parents and family play
a critical role in the lives of their adolescent and emerging adult children (Lindsey, Joe, &
Nebbitt, 2010). It is reasonable to postulate, therefore, that parental factors are related to
the emotional well-being of urban African American youth. Using a sample of 239 African
American youth living in urban public housing, this paper contributes to the gap in
CONTACT Anthony T. Estreet [email protected] School of Social Work, Morgan State University, 1700
East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.
JOURNAL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
2018, ...
Assessing low-income African-American pre-schoolers’
behaviour problems in relationship to community violence,
inter-partner conflict, parenting, informal social support
and social skillscfs_742 310..324
Linda M. Oravecz*, Philip J. Osteen†, Tanya L. Sharpe† and Suzanne M. Randolph‡
*Towson University, Department of Family Studies and Community Development, Towson, †University of Maryland,
School of Social Work, Baltimore, and ‡The MayaTech Corporation, Silver Spring, MD, USA
A B S T R AC T
This study examined the relations among community violence expo-
sure, inter-partner conflict and informal social support and the behav-
iour problems of pre-schoolers, and explored how mothers’ parenting
skills and children’s social skills may mediate the child outcomes
associated with such exposure. Participants were 185 African-
American mothers and female caregivers of Head Start children who
completed study measures in a structured interview. Path analyses
revealed that greater inter-partner conflict was associated with more
internalizing and externalizing child behaviour problems. Positive
parenting was associated with fewer internalizing and externalizing
behaviours. Higher levels of child social skills were associated with
fewer internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems. Child
social skills fully mediated the relationship between community vio-
lence and externalizing behaviours as well as between informal
support and externalizing behaviours. Social skills partially mediated
the relationships between positive parenting and externalizing behav-
iours. No mediating effect was found on the relationships between
inter-partner conflict and child behaviour problems. Implications of
the findings for intervention and future research are discussed.
Correspondence:
Linda M. Oravecz,
Department of Family Studies and
Community Development,
Towson University,
8000 York Road, Towson, MD 21252,
USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: African-American,
behaviour problems, community
violence
Accepted for publication: October
2010
I N T R O D U C T I O N
In the USA, nearly one in three African-American
children live in poverty (Annie E. Casey Foundation
2008), with many living in urban neighbourhoods
characterized by deteriorating housing, crime, drug
activity and community violence (e.g. Sampson et al.
1997; DeNavas-Walt et al. 2004; Elliott et al. 2006).
Additionally, adult inter-partner conflict has been
found to be more prevalent among families coping
with poverty and its related stressors than among
more affluent families (Browne & Bassuk 1997; Scott
et al. 2002). While data relative to childhood exposure
to violence worldwide are scarce, it is estimated that
4400 people die daily from inter-personal, collective
or self-directed violence (Krug et al. 2002). Previous
research examining the impact of exposure to com-
munity violence and inter-partner conflict on child
development has found a number of socio-emotional
and adjustment problems in .
MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON AGGRESSION1MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON AGGRESSIO.docxandreecapon
MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON AGGRESSION 1
MEDIA’S INFLUENCE ON AGGRESSION 6
Media’s influence on aggression
Research Methods | PSY302 A01
Dr. Yvonne Bustamante
Argosy University
Tony Williams
9 May 2015
Media’s influence on aggression
Aggressiveness can be caused by media. Anderson et al (2003: p4), explain that the effects of violent media have much been consecutively demonstrated. On the other hand, other scholars (Freedman, 2002; Olson, 2004: p28) explain that media violence research field has been mismanaged, and that they show weak and inconsistent results. Besides, they exhibit poor measures of aggression. H1: The media influences the violence or aggression of adolescents and young adults due to ignorance of the measures that should be taken to avoid the same. Research shows that fictional television and film violence contribute to increase in aggression and violence in young viewers.
Aggressiveness may be measured as short term or long term.an example of a short term behavior is mimicry. On the other hand, a person that does behavior out of their conscious awareness experiences a long term effect of aggressiveness since the long term one is linked to the brain.
In this essay, I shall look at how media influences aggression of the youth and children. Some notable changes in the recent are the advent and saturation of mass media. In this century media like radio, television, and internet and others like movies, videos, video games, and computer networks have assumed central roles in our daily lives. Exposure to violence on media increases the risk of violent behavior on the viewer’s part. The highest percent of youths who are aggressive and exhibit antisocial behavior do not grow up to become violent. Still, research has shown that aggressive children may grow up to be aggressive adults and aggressive adults were as aggressive while young.
First, television and films is the threshold of aggressiveness and violence in youths and children. Violent content is more prominent to these prominent media in our modern life.George and Helm (1991) came up to a conclusion after research that children in the United States spend an average of between three and four hours per day viewing television. This is a high percentage compared to the time they would use in other useful activities. Josephson assigned 396 kids to watch either a violent or a nonviolent film before they played a game of floor hockey in school to create an example of violent behavior in young children. The outcome was that they were aggressive while playing hockey (Josephson, 1987: p53). This example shows that exposing violent material to young people increases their chances of behaving violently afterwards.
Similar effects of aggressiveness are observed among older adolescents and young adults. Violent clips make them more aggressive compared to the nonviolent clips (Jones, 1995: p69). An experiment testing the agg ...
ENGL 1302Due Friday, November 18McCourtLab Six As.docxgreg1eden90113
ENGL 1302 Due: Friday, November 18
McCourt
Lab Six Assignment – Annotated Bibliography
Using 3 of the sources gathered for your Proposal Argument essay (you could use the research gathered for the Ethical Argument instead, if you’d like), prepare an annotated bibliography.
· Include the proper 4 line heading
· Title should be: Lab 6 – Annotated Bibliography
· Be sure to list the bibliographic citations for the sources in proper alphabetical order and provide the complete bibliographic citation with double spacing throughout and a hanging indent
· Include a concise annotated paragraph under each of the source citations. Remember that an annotation includes summary as well as evaluation
2
Child Day Care and Aftercare Program
Student’s name
Instructor
Course
Date
Introduction
'First generation' research on child day care and aftercare programs mostly looked at the child's impairment in isolation, while’s second generation' research tries to look at the kid's functioning within context (Baker et al., 2019). The family-centered approach emphasizes this setting by recognizing the importance of the home as the first and most influential environment for a child's development of the skills and knowledge valued in their society (Hotz & Wiswall, 2019). An essential tenet of this strengths-based strategy is that family values and customs provide the foundation for effective and long-lasting intervention.
The family-centered criteria have not been met by conventional methods, which have been criticized for not being in line with family objectives and aspirations. Rather of recognizing what families and communities already know and do, a deficit model emphasizes what they do not (Baker et al., 2019). This method results in "professionally prescribed" treatments based mostly on the assumptions of experts without the requisite comprehension of the kid within context. Thus, families are frequently given activities or programs that are not tailored to their specific needs, which might increase their already heavy workload (Hotz & Wiswall, 2019). Families of young children experience events beyond those provided by early intervention programmes that can and do influence child development and family functioning, and this deficit-based approach to intervention has been criticized for not leaving enough time for families to engage in these activities (Baker et al., 2019).
It has been suggested that studying children's activity contexts would help us better comprehend them in that environment (Hotz & Wiswall, 2019). What we call a kid's "activity settings" are the places and situations in which the youngster regularly engages in activities with others and the world around them (Baker et al., 2019). Due to a lack of studies, it is imperative that immediate steps be taken to enhance the indigenous knowledge-base of child day care and afterschool activity settings. Understanding children in their home environments will be aide.
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Literature Review - Gun Violence from a Family Perspective
1. Running head: GUN VIOLENCE FROM A FAMILY PERSPECTIVE 1
Gun Violence from a Family Perspective
Parissa S. Shedd
HDFS 2300
Dr. Jennifer George, Ph.D.
December 6, 2019
2. GUN VIOLENCE FROM A FAMILY PERSPECTIVE 2
Introduction
This project will study gun violence from a family perspective. The goal of this project is
to find out what role, if any, families play when it comes to gun violence. Gun violence can
affect everyone, no matter their social status. This project is seeking to understand what causes
high gun violence rates in some children and youth. The topic of gun violence can be a
controversial topic with differing views on gun control. The goal of this project is to view gun
violence strictly from the family perspective. This paper is seeking to answer the question,
“What role do families play on the topic of gun violence?”
This project is important because it seeks to understand gun violence in children and
families. Gun violence is an issue that has affected many families in the United States. It is
important to understand why this has become an issue and what can be done to help lower the
prevalence of gun violence. Most of the time, the topic of gun violence is discussed from a
political perspective. However, this paper is looking at the issue of gun violence from a family
perspective. By viewing this issue from a family perspective, it can help to change the way that
society views this issue. A change in viewpoint could help facilitate a change in the programs
that are currently in place to reduce gun violence.
Literature Review
The main data will be coming from ten empirical articles and the data that was gathered
from the researchers. Qualitative research was one of the main ways that the researchers gathered
data. Qualitative research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of
underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. Qualitative research provides insights into the
problem, which in this case is gun violence in children and youth. Researchers were seeking to
3. GUN VIOLENCE FROM A FAMILY PERSPECTIVE 3
understand why gun violence in children was increasing, while recognizing the increasing deaths
related to gun violence, and seeking to find more insight into the issue of gun violence.
Children and Families Exposed to Gun Violence
Numerous children are exposed to gun violence each year—at home, at school, in their
communities, and throughout the media (Garbarino, Bradshaw, & Vorrasi, 2002). Researchers
found that these youth exposed to gun violence reported significantly more anger, disassociation,
post-traumatic stress, and total trauma (Slovak & Singer, 2001). Youth that are exposed to this
type of violence also reported to have lower levels of parental monitoring (Slovak & Singer,
2001). Slovak (2002) reiterated the importance of one’s family environment and how it can
greatly affect their development. Decreased levels of parental monitoring can lead to an
increased exposure to violent content, which in return can lead to an increase in violent behaviors
(Slovak & Singer, 2001).
Gun violence imposes notable costs on children, families, and the American society as a
whole. These costs can be difficult to quantify, since much of the weight of gun violence results
from intangible concerns about injury and death (Cook & Ludwig, 2002). Children and a
family’s quality of life can be greatly reduced because of threats of gun violence (Cook &
Ludwig, 2002). Children being exposed to gun violence at home, at school, in the community, or
through the media can cause psychological harm to the child and decrease their quality of life
(Reich, Culross, & Behrman, 2002). A stable family environment can play a huge role in helping
youth avoid behaviors that may lead to an increase in gun violence (Blumstein & Cork, 1996).
There are substantial psychological costs to children who are exposed to gun violence.
Children who are exposed to gun violence, no matter their role, can experience negative
psychological effects over the course of their life (Reich, Culross, & Behrman, 2002). Some
4. GUN VIOLENCE FROM A FAMILY PERSPECTIVE 4
common effects associated with the exposure to gun violence include sleep disturbance, anger,
withdrawal, postromantic stress disorder, decreased school performance, lower career
aspirations, increased delinquency, risky sexual behaviors, substance abuse, and a desensitization
to violence (Reich, Culross, & Behrman, 2002).
Gun Related Deaths and the Family
The availability of guns has exacerbated youth violence in the United States (Reich,
Culross, & Behrman, 2002). The number of deaths in children and youth due to gun violence
such as homicide, suicide, and unintentional shooting are far higher in the United States
compared to other industrialized countries (Fingerhut & Christoffel, 2002; Reich, Culross, &
Behrman, 2002). Gun violence affects children and youth in many ways: psychologically,
emotionally, financially, and legally (Fingerhut & Christoffel, 2002). Most of all, gun violence
affects children’s physical safety.
The rate of firearm deaths affecting children and adolescents in the United States is too
high, compared both with rates in other developed countries and with historical rates in this
country (Fingerhut & Christoffel, 2002). Each year, more than 20,000 children and teenagers
under the age of 20 were killed or injured by firearms in the United States (Fingerhut &
Christoffel, 2002; Reich, Culross, & Behrman, 2002). Countless children are exposed to gun
violence. Regardless if they are injured or killed, they are still scarred by the effects of violence
in their homes, schools, or communities (Reich, Culross, & Behrman, 2002). After being
exposed to gun violence, they can grow up to become perpetrators using guns to kill or harm
others (Reich, Culross, & Behrman, 2002). These children that are exposed to gun violence are
also at an increased risk for psychological trauma (Reich, Culross, & Behrman, 2002). Gun
violence is a vicious cycle that starts in the home and, if it is not stopped, can lead to continued
5. GUN VIOLENCE FROM A FAMILY PERSPECTIVE 5
violent behavior (Reich, Culross, & Behrman, 2002). Each of these effects can make children
more prone to violence themselves, feeding a continuous cycle within some families (Reich,
Culross, & Behrman, 2002).
Approaches Within the Family to Reduce Gun Violence
Evidence shows that ways to reduce children’s unsupervised exposure to guns in the
home is to have close parental supervision, safe storage of weapons, and to initiate parent
education and awareness (Reich, Culross, & Behrman, 2002). Parents play a key role in
supervising their child and making sure their child does not have access to firearms (Hardy 2002;
Reich, Culross, & Behrman, 2002). A stable family environment can play a huge role in helping
youth become aware and helping to decrease gun violence rates (Blumstein & Cork, 1996). It is
important to initiate change in the personal behavior of both parents and children (Hardy 2002).
To reduce firearm deaths among children, it will be necessary to develop a broad range of
approaches—in public health, criminal justice, and educational spheres (Fingerhut & Christoffel,
2002). Fingerhut and Christoffel (2002) found that these deaths and injuries are preventable and
unnecessary with the right policies put into place. One aspect of this is gun storage in the home.
A big way to prevent gun violence is to keep children away from unsecured firearms
(Hemenway, 2013). About one-third of homes with children have guns, with many guns stored
unsafely (Hemenway, 2013). Safe gun storage practices have the potential to decrease
unintentional shootings by making guns less accessible to children and youth (Reich, Culross, &
Behrman, 2002). This echoes the large role that parents play in controlling children’s access to
guns.
Close parental supervision can help keep children away from dangerous environments
and situations. This is especially effective in neighborhoods where violence is more common
6. GUN VIOLENCE FROM A FAMILY PERSPECTIVE 6
(Reich, Culross, & Behrman, 2002). Parents who monitor their children may also be able to more
easily spot signs of violent behavior in their children, compared to those parents who are less
involved (Reich, Culross, & Behrman, 2002). In addition to this, it is important that parents also
monitor their child’s media use and limit their exposure to violent forms of media (Reich,
Culross, & Behrman, 2002). An overall increase in parental monitoring can help to decrease a
child’s exposure to guns and gun violence. Children who grow up with access to firearms can
have negative impacts on the community, such as shootings in the school or other public places
(Redding & Shalf, 2002). Mass shootings have been an issue for years in the United States and
other countries (Redding & Shalf, 2002). Many of these violent acts could have been prevented
if the children had grown up in an environment where their exposure to violence was limited
(Redding & Shalf, 2002). However, much of this is hard to control because people cannot choose
into what family they are born. I think that an increase in parental education and gun safety could
help to decrease gun violence.
Conclusion
This paper is seeking to understand gun violence from a family perspective and what can
be done to decrease the high rates of gun violence in children. This paper demonstrates the
importance of family life and how one’s emotional climate can greatly affect their development.
Just like with many other things, the way a child grows up impacts them for the rest of their
lives. Many of the important stages of development are happening when we are younger, so our
parents’ beliefs and actions can shape what we believe and how we act. Our parent’s views on
guns can shape our view on guns. No family wants to suffer through the agonizing pain of losing
a loved one due to gun violence. Something has to be done to remedy this issue. The gun
violence dilemma is not something that will be solved overnight. However, with increased
7. GUN VIOLENCE FROM A FAMILY PERSPECTIVE 7
parental education and gun safety education, I think that we could begin to see a gradual
decrease in gun violence.
8. GUN VIOLENCE FROM A FAMILY PERSPECTIVE 8
References
Blumstein, A., Cork, D. (1996). Linking gun availability to youth gun violence. Law and
Contemporary Problems, 59(1), 5-24. doi:10.2307/1192207
Cook, P. J., Ludwig, J. (2002). The costs of gun violence against children. The Future of
Children, 12(1), 87-99. Retrieved from
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ns_and_Violent_Crime/links/00463529f8fbe1b4be000000/Youth-Guns-and-Violent-
Crime.pdf#page=89
Fingerhut, L. A., Christoffel, K. K. (2002). Firearm-related death and injury among children and
adolescents. The Future of Children, 12(2), 25-34. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alfred_Blumstein/publication/11192889_Youth_Gu
ns_and_Violent_Crime/links/00463529f8fbe1b4be000000/Youth-Guns-and-Violent-
Crime.pdf#page=103
Garbarino, J., Bradshaw, C. P., & Vorrasi, J. A. (2002). Mitigating the effects of gun violence on
children and youth. The Future of Children, 12(2), 72-85. doi:10.2307/1602739
Hardy, H. S. (2002). Behavior-oriented approaches to reducing youth gun violence. The Future
of Children, 12(2), 101-110. Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alfred_Blumstein/publication/11192889_Youth_Gu
ns_and_Violent_Crime/links/00463529f8fbe1b4be000000/Youth-Guns-and-Violent-
Crime.pdf#page=103
9. GUN VIOLENCE FROM A FAMILY PERSPECTIVE 9
Hemenway, D. (2013). Preventing gun violence by changing social norms. JAMA Internal
Medicine, 173(13), 1167-1168. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.6949
Redding, R. E., Shalf, S. M. (2002). The legal context of school violence: the effectiveness of
federal, state, and local law enforcement efforts to reduce gun violence in schools. Law &
Policy, 23(3), 298-343. doi:10.1111/1467-9930.00115
Reich, K., Culross, P. L., Behrman, R. E. (2002). Children, youth, and gun violence: analysis and
recommendations. Future of Children, 12(2), 5-23. Retrieved from https://proxy-
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Slovak, K. (2002). Gun violence and children: factors related to exposure and trauma. Health &
Social Work, 27(2), 104-112. doi:10.1093/hsw/27.2.104
Slovak, K., Singer, M. (2001). Gun violence exposure and trauma among rural youth. Violence
and Victims, 16(4), 389-400. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.16.4.389