1) Several studies examined how parental support affects the well-being of children who are victims of bullying. Victims who reported lower levels of parental support had higher levels of depression and suicidal ideation.
2) One study found that all children, regardless of bully/victim status, had lower depression when they received more parental support, indicating parental support benefits all children. However, victims and bully-victims benefited the most due to experiencing high stress.
3) Another study found victims with low perceived parental support had the highest risk of suicidal ideation. Parental support acted as a stronger buffer than peer support between victimization and suicidal thoughts.
Media Violence Desensitization of Ages 5 - 10 Children to Real Life Violence Nica Vanissa Bitang
Children are not spared from the spreading issues of violence around the world, more so through the media. They get exposed to violence without realizing its effects on their lives. It is believed that the exposure to media violence desensitizes children to real life violence. This brought the researchers to study about media violence which can lead to desensitization to ages 5-10 years old by conducting surveys to the students in Infant Jesus Academy Marikina, their parents, and the teachers in Miriam College from the College of Education as experts. The study showed that the student respondents are not desensitized by their exposure to media violence, however majority of the teacher respondents from Miriam College thinks that media exposure influences change in children’s emotions and the tendencies to imitate what they see from media.
Media Violence Desensitization of Ages 5 - 10 Children to Real Life Violence Nica Vanissa Bitang
Children are not spared from the spreading issues of violence around the world, more so through the media. They get exposed to violence without realizing its effects on their lives. It is believed that the exposure to media violence desensitizes children to real life violence. This brought the researchers to study about media violence which can lead to desensitization to ages 5-10 years old by conducting surveys to the students in Infant Jesus Academy Marikina, their parents, and the teachers in Miriam College from the College of Education as experts. The study showed that the student respondents are not desensitized by their exposure to media violence, however majority of the teacher respondents from Miriam College thinks that media exposure influences change in children’s emotions and the tendencies to imitate what they see from media.
Brianna is a 12 year old, African-American child. Client was sexually and physically abused by her father beginning at age 8 until 11. She has been locked in the closet multiple times and sometimes without food and water. This client has also witnessed her father physically abuse her mother and her younger brother on numerous occasions. Brianna has been diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Depression. Client often has negative feelings about herself, isolates herself from others, does not trust many people, has flashbacks of her attacks, refuses to leave her room, barely and eats.
An Overview on Children Exposure to Interparental Violence: Definition, Impac...BASPCAN
Ms. See Lok Man, Mary
Assistant Lecturer
School of Nursing
The University of Hong Kong
Dr. Anna Choi
Assistant Professor
Department of Social Work and Social Administration
The University of Hong Kong
Perception of Child Abuse 2COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIO.docxherbertwilson5999
Perception of Child Abuse 2
COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIONALS’ PERCEPTION OF CHILD ABUSE IN CORRELATION TO STRESS
Introduction
Throughout the growth and development of society, child abuse and maltreatment has expanded into many different aspects; it occurs within socioeconomic levels, ethnic and cultural lines, all religions and all levels of education. Within the United States children are suffering from a hidden epidemic of child abuse and neglect. Every year 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children (a report can include multiple children). The United States has the worst record in the industrialized nation – losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths (U.S. Department of HHS, 2011). The estimated cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008 is $124 billion (Fang, 2012). The Department of Children and Families (DCF) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb, Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, & Arias, 2008). There are four major categories of childhood abuse and maltreatment: physical abuse, psychological and emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott, & Kennedy, 2003).
According to Brian H. Bornstein, Debra L. Kaplan, and Andrea R. Perry (2007), people have stereotypes about the circumstances and consequences of child abuse, and these expectancies can influence their judgments about individuals involved in abuse cases. Heim (2000) reported that participants with a history of abuse experience greater levels of perceived stress than participants without a history of abuse. They often perceive daily stressors more severely and longer in duration than their counterparts. It is also suggested that their history of abuse compromises these participants’ abilities to cope with stress, but the researchers noted that the data from their study is inconclusive, making it difficult for them to either support or refute this claim.
The perception of child abuse is very influential to students and upcoming professionals. Society’s definition and perception will guide current social work students into practice, which is a very important factor within the professional realm of social work.
Research Question
The purpose of this study is to examine college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and how it relates to stress. The independent variable is the college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and the dependent variable is how it relates to stress. The operational definition of perception remains closely allied to the continually developing behavioral theory of discrimination (Schoenfeld, 1962). The operational definition of child abuse is as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results.
Abuse and mistreatment in the adolescent period - by Dr. Bozzi Domenico (Mast...dott. Domenico Bozzi
UNICEF has highlighted how children suffer violence throughout all stages of childhood and adolescence, in different contexts, and often at the hands of people they trust and interact with on a daily basis.
Violent corporal punishment, 300 million children between 2 and 4 years old in the world regularly suffer violence from their family/guardians (about 3 out of 4), 250 million of these are punished physically (about 6 out of 10).
Sexual violence, Sexual violence occurs against children of all ages: 15 million girls aged 15 to 19 have experienced incidents of sexual violence in their lives, and 2.5 million young women in 28 European countries report having suffered episodes of sexual violence before the age of 15.
Brianna is a 12 year old, African-American child. Client was sexually and physically abused by her father beginning at age 8 until 11. She has been locked in the closet multiple times and sometimes without food and water. This client has also witnessed her father physically abuse her mother and her younger brother on numerous occasions. Brianna has been diagnosed with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Depression. Client often has negative feelings about herself, isolates herself from others, does not trust many people, has flashbacks of her attacks, refuses to leave her room, barely and eats.
An Overview on Children Exposure to Interparental Violence: Definition, Impac...BASPCAN
Ms. See Lok Man, Mary
Assistant Lecturer
School of Nursing
The University of Hong Kong
Dr. Anna Choi
Assistant Professor
Department of Social Work and Social Administration
The University of Hong Kong
Perception of Child Abuse 2COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIO.docxherbertwilson5999
Perception of Child Abuse 2
COLLEGE STUDENTS’ AND PROFESSIONALS’ PERCEPTION OF CHILD ABUSE IN CORRELATION TO STRESS
Introduction
Throughout the growth and development of society, child abuse and maltreatment has expanded into many different aspects; it occurs within socioeconomic levels, ethnic and cultural lines, all religions and all levels of education. Within the United States children are suffering from a hidden epidemic of child abuse and neglect. Every year 3.3 million reports of child abuse are made in the United States involving nearly 6 million children (a report can include multiple children). The United States has the worst record in the industrialized nation – losing five children every day due to abuse-related deaths (U.S. Department of HHS, 2011). The estimated cost of child abuse and neglect in the United States for 2008 is $124 billion (Fang, 2012). The Department of Children and Families (DCF) defines child maltreatment as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results in harm, potential for harm, or threat of harm to a child (Leeb, Paulozzi, Melanson, Simon, & Arias, 2008). There are four major categories of childhood abuse and maltreatment: physical abuse, psychological and emotional abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect (Goldman, Salus, Wolcott, & Kennedy, 2003).
According to Brian H. Bornstein, Debra L. Kaplan, and Andrea R. Perry (2007), people have stereotypes about the circumstances and consequences of child abuse, and these expectancies can influence their judgments about individuals involved in abuse cases. Heim (2000) reported that participants with a history of abuse experience greater levels of perceived stress than participants without a history of abuse. They often perceive daily stressors more severely and longer in duration than their counterparts. It is also suggested that their history of abuse compromises these participants’ abilities to cope with stress, but the researchers noted that the data from their study is inconclusive, making it difficult for them to either support or refute this claim.
The perception of child abuse is very influential to students and upcoming professionals. Society’s definition and perception will guide current social work students into practice, which is a very important factor within the professional realm of social work.
Research Question
The purpose of this study is to examine college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and how it relates to stress. The independent variable is the college students and professionals’ perception of child abuse and the dependent variable is how it relates to stress. The operational definition of perception remains closely allied to the continually developing behavioral theory of discrimination (Schoenfeld, 1962). The operational definition of child abuse is as any act or series of acts of commission or omission by a parent, guardian, or other caregiver that results.
Abuse and mistreatment in the adolescent period - by Dr. Bozzi Domenico (Mast...dott. Domenico Bozzi
UNICEF has highlighted how children suffer violence throughout all stages of childhood and adolescence, in different contexts, and often at the hands of people they trust and interact with on a daily basis.
Violent corporal punishment, 300 million children between 2 and 4 years old in the world regularly suffer violence from their family/guardians (about 3 out of 4), 250 million of these are punished physically (about 6 out of 10).
Sexual violence, Sexual violence occurs against children of all ages: 15 million girls aged 15 to 19 have experienced incidents of sexual violence in their lives, and 2.5 million young women in 28 European countries report having suffered episodes of sexual violence before the age of 15.
Running head THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE .docxagnesdcarey33086
Running head: THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 1
The Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence
Janet Goris
GEN499: General Education Capstone (GSV1514B)
Instructor: Lance Bernard
April 20, 2015
- 1 -
[no notes on this page]
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 2
The Psychological Effects of Domestic Violence
Children who have witnessed violence between their parents have become visibly the
center of public attention. Domestic violence is a continuing experience of psychological,
physical, and sexual abuse in some homes. It is used to establish control and power over one
another. Major research has focused on the implications of domestic violence on some key
victims. Witnessing domestic violence has major effects on “secondary victims including
children who live in houses where the partners fight. In America, for instance, 3.2 million
children witness incidents of violence annually.” (Bowland, 2012) It is important to understand
that there are secondary impacts of domestic violence. Witnessing violence can cause children to
develop negative including psychological ones. Women whose rights were violated may also be
affected by these events. They are at a risk of internalized behavior including depression and
anxiety, while children are at a risk of externalized behavior, including bullying, fighting, lying,
and cheating. The results of these are disobedience in school and at home and social competence
problems including difficulty in relationships with others and poor school performance. This
paper reviews literature on the primary and secondary psychological impacts of domestic
violence, and how it changes the victims.
Bowland, S., Edmond, T., & Fallot, R. D. (2012). Evaluation of a spiritually focused
intervention with older trauma survivors. Social Work, 57(1), 73-82.
The study by Bowland et al. (2012) was used to evaluate the efficiency of an eleven-
session focus group involving older women who had endured domestic violence. It sought
information from women aged fifty-five and above and who survived personal trauma including
sexual assault, child abuse or domestic violence. The intention was to help reduce trauma-related
- 2 -
1
1. victims.
the thesis statement isn't
quite clear here [Lance
Bernard]
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE 3
depression symptoms ranging from anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and trauma-related depressive
symptoms. Forty three women were randomly picked for treatment. They discussed spiritual
struggles that come as a result of abuse and the spiritual resources the group developed for
handling. The group had low depressive symptoms and anxiety than the control group. In
another analysis, the symptoms of post-traumatic stress also dropped considerably. The results
were supported with a three month.
Student Name Annotated Bibliography Bares, D.S., T.docxemelyvalg9
Student Name
Annotated Bibliography
Bares, D.S., Toro, P.A. (1999). Developing measures to assess social support among homeless and poor
people. Journal of Community Psychology, 27 (2), 137-156.
Baras and Toro (1999) sought to assess the social support of homeless populations by using two
commonly used instruments: The Interpersonal Support Evaluation (ISEL) and the Social Network
Interview (SNL). In comparing the instruments, the ISEL was found to be useful in indicating a
participant’s psychological well-being, while the SNL helped to assess stress-buffering effects.
More details regarding the instrument items would have been more helpful for the use of this
paper. However, the study’s results substantiate the concept that the presence of social support
for the homeless should support physical and psychological health in the way that it cushions the
effects of stressful events. These instruments yielded results indicating that larger nonfamily
social networks are a predictor for recurring homelessness, as well as mental illness.
Galaif, E.R., Nyamathi, A.M., Stein, J.A. (1999). Psychosocial predictors of current drug use, drug
problems, and physical drug dependencies in homeless women. Addictive Behaviors, 24 (6), 801-
814.
This study was designed to show relationships between psychosocial elements and use of the top
three most frequently used drugs among homeless women. The impact of social networks on
adaptive and maladaptive coping mechanisms that influence drug use were measured through a
version of the Jalowiec Coping Scale, part of a multi-item instrument. Depression, current drug
use, drug problems and physical drug dependence were assessed, in other parts of the
instrument. Current drug use was found to predict negative social support, depression and less
use of positive coping strategies. Homelessness may diminish a woman’s capability to establish
and maintain positive social support. This article was very informative in that it gives clearly
identified stressors for homeless women and reasons for maladaptation. Use in paper?
Hill, R. P., (1992). Homeless children: coping with material losses. The Journal of Consumer Affairs, 26
(2), 274-287.
This one-year study investigated how various possessions and fantasies serve as coping
mechanisms for homeless children. Many of the child participants were resilient despite
homelessness because of positive role models. In addition, though they had little material
possessions, these children often engaged in fantastical play that portrayed one particular
“special” toy overcoming evil and other obstacles, then moving on to a better place. The
methods used in this study are primarily interviewing and observation, and were part of an
ethnography at a suburban homeless shelter; no psychometric instruments were used. Though
the researcher’s background primarily involves an interest in consumerism, this study is valuable.
Emotional Display Rules and EmotionSelf-Regulation Associat.docxjack60216
Emotional Display Rules and Emotion
Self-Regulation: Associations with Bullying and
Victimization in Community-Based After School
Programs
PAMELA W. GARNER
1* and TIFFANY STOWE HINTON
2
1
George Mason University, USA
2
Virginia Commonwealth University, USA
ABSTRACT
We explored linkages among different components of emotional competence and bullying and
victimization in children enrolled in community after school programs. Seventy-seven children were
recruited from after school programs and their display rule knowledge for sadness and anger was
evaluated. Their emotion self-regulation skills and bullying experiences were also assessed. Knowl-
edge of display rules for sadness was a negative predictor of physical victimization whereas
emotional lability/negativity was positively related to bullying. Boys bullied more than girls and
family income was negatively related to bullying and emotional lability/negativity and positively
associated with emotion self-regulation. Emotion self-regulation mediated the relation between
family income and bullying. Analyses also suggested that bullies and bully-victims had poorer
emotion self-regulation skills than non-bullies/victims or victims. Copyright # 2010 John Wiley &
Sons, Ltd.
Key words: emotions; bullying; victimization; after school programs
INTRODUCTION
In the US, between 10 and 29% of school children have been involved in bullying,
either as a bully, a victim, or both (National Center for Education Statistics, 1995;
Olweus, 1978). These experiences come in the form of physical violence or as relational
behaviours such as gossip, teasing, or social exclusion (Crick & Grotpeter, 1996). Bullying
declines across the elementary school years, but the bullying that occurs during this time
may be especially damaging (Eslea & Rees, 2001). Moreover, stable identification as a
bully or victim may be already established by the later school years (Kochenderfer-Ladd,
Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology
J. Community Appl. Soc. Psychol., 20: 480–496 (2010)
Published online 29 July 2010 in Wiley InterScience
(www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI: 10.1002/casp.1057
* Correspondence to: Pamela W. Garner, New Century College, George Mason University, 4400 University Drive,
MSN 5D3, Fairfax, VA 22030. E-mail: [email protected]
Copyright # 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Accepted 1 July 2010
2003). Consequently, identifying the early correlates of bullying and victimization may
provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying the development of
problematic peer behaviour. Current formulations of bullying, and increasingly of
victimization, have focused on the view that problematic peer relationships may result
from maladaptive processing of social and emotional cues (Lemerise & Arsenio, 2000).
For example, despite the fact that bullies and victims are at risk for long-term behavioural
problems (Prinstein, Boergers, & Vernberg, 2001; Sourander, Helstela, Helenius, & Pih ...
Examining the role of parental factors on depression amongUrBetseyCalderon89
Examining the role of parental factors on depression among
Urban African American youth living in public housing
Anthony T. Estreet a,b, Dawn Thurmana, Sapphire Goodmana,b, M. Taqi Tirmazia,b,
Takisha J. Cartera, and Von Nebbittc
aSchool of Social Work, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; bHealth & Addiction Research
Training Lab, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; cGeorge Warren Brown School of Social
Work, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
ABSTRACT
This study examined the potential risk and protective parental factors
associated with depression among African American youth living in
public housing. Utilizing a community-based participatory research
approach, 239 African-American youth surveys were collected during
2013–2014 in two urban public housing developments with low
socioeconomic profiles. Over half (52.3%) of the sample was in high
school and female (58%). 65.3% reported living with their mother
while 38% reported being employed. Bivariate analysis revealed sig-
nificant correlations between depression and maternal substance
abuse, paternal monitoring, parent-child relationship, and family
time. Results from the regression analyses indicated that higher
depression scores were significantly associated with youth who
reported poor parent-child relationships, low levels of paternal super-
vision and high levels of maternal drug abuse. These findings provide
support for claims about the importance of parent-child relationship
and paternal monitoring as a protective factor for depressive symp-
toms, particularly during adolescence. Moreover, findings suggest
that interventions which are targeted towards urban African
American youth should address parental factors as a pathway to
decrease depression among this population.
KEYWORDS
Depression; risk factors;
protective factors; African
American; youth
Introduction
Depression among African Americans youth is a major public health concern that has
been linked to substance use, heightened sex-risk and suicidal behaviors (i.e., ideation and
attempts) (Breland-Noble, Burriss, & Poole, 2010; Okwumabua, Okwumabua, & Wong,
2014). Although there has been a slight increase in focus on depression among African
American youth over the last decade, this group remains understudied in mental health
research (Matlin, Molock, & Tebes, 2011). Evidence suggests that parents and family play
a critical role in the lives of their adolescent and emerging adult children (Lindsey, Joe, &
Nebbitt, 2010). It is reasonable to postulate, therefore, that parental factors are related to
the emotional well-being of urban African American youth. Using a sample of 239 African
American youth living in urban public housing, this paper contributes to the gap in
CONTACT Anthony T. Estreet [email protected] School of Social Work, Morgan State University, 1700
East Cold Spring Lane, Baltimore, MD 21251, USA.
JOURNAL OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR IN THE SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
2018, ...
1Running Head CONSEQUENCES OF BULLYING .docxaulasnilda
1
Running Head: CONSEQUENCES OF BULLYING
Running Head: CONSEQUENCES OF BULLYING 1
Name
What Are the Consequences of Bullying in Young Children?
Course
Institute
Professor
What Are the Consequences of Bullying in Young Children?
Bullying refers to aggressive and unwanted behavior among young children that shows presence of a perceived or a real power imbalance. Bullying has effects on the bully, the one being bullied, as well as witnesses. There are several negative outcomes of bullying with are both physical and mental. It is important to look at the effects of bullying on young children.
The kids who are bullied suffer the worst outcomes both in their lives physically, socially, and mentally. The first effect of the bullying is anxiety and depression. The child will experience feelings of loneliness and sadness. At the same time, the child will have a change in the eating and sleeping patterns (Fullchange & Furlong, 2016). The depression and anxiety also lead to loss of interest in the activities which they previously enjoyed. The issues in younger children will extend to their adulthood.
When young children are bullied, they experience a decline in their academic achievement. The child will lose interest in schoolwork and get less marks because they are distracted. The young children also avoid things like school activities such as sports. The children might end up skipping, missing, or dropping out of school altogether (Fullchange & Furlong, 2016).
Bullying also ends up affecting the bully in one way or another. The first effect on the bully is that they engage in fights, vandalism, and eventually drop out of the school (Cho & Lee, 2018). The young children who are bullies will get into other activities such as the vandalism if their truant behaviors go uncontrolled. The young children will end up with other criminal convictions as well as traffic citations.
The bully when he continues the behavior will end up making an abusive partner and parent when they develop into adults. It is important to control such behaviors as the aggressiveness ends up going into the personal lives. The bully is unable to form normal human relationships based on values such as love and care (Cho & Lee, 2018).
Literature Review
Bullying in young children is considered a consistent pattern of abuse as well as mistreatment from colleagues, parents or even other unknown people which leads to either emotional or even physical harm. It can entail such techniques like verbal along with non-verbal, humiliation and psychological torture. Bullying during infancy is usually considered to be challenging since it operates within the child’s established laws and regulations. In most cases, bullying in young children is carried out by a ...
1Running Head CONSEQUENCES OF BULLYING .docxRAJU852744
1
Running Head: CONSEQUENCES OF BULLYING
Running Head: CONSEQUENCES OF BULLYING 1
Name
What Are the Consequences of Bullying in Young Children?
Course
Institute
Professor
What Are the Consequences of Bullying in Young Children?
Bullying refers to aggressive and unwanted behavior among young children that shows presence of a perceived or a real power imbalance. Bullying has effects on the bully, the one being bullied, as well as witnesses. There are several negative outcomes of bullying with are both physical and mental. It is important to look at the effects of bullying on young children.
The kids who are bullied suffer the worst outcomes both in their lives physically, socially, and mentally. The first effect of the bullying is anxiety and depression. The child will experience feelings of loneliness and sadness. At the same time, the child will have a change in the eating and sleeping patterns (Fullchange & Furlong, 2016). The depression and anxiety also lead to loss of interest in the activities which they previously enjoyed. The issues in younger children will extend to their adulthood.
When young children are bullied, they experience a decline in their academic achievement. The child will lose interest in schoolwork and get less marks because they are distracted. The young children also avoid things like school activities such as sports. The children might end up skipping, missing, or dropping out of school altogether (Fullchange & Furlong, 2016).
Bullying also ends up affecting the bully in one way or another. The first effect on the bully is that they engage in fights, vandalism, and eventually drop out of the school (Cho & Lee, 2018). The young children who are bullies will get into other activities such as the vandalism if their truant behaviors go uncontrolled. The young children will end up with other criminal convictions as well as traffic citations.
The bully when he continues the behavior will end up making an abusive partner and parent when they develop into adults. It is important to control such behaviors as the aggressiveness ends up going into the personal lives. The bully is unable to form normal human relationships based on values such as love and care (Cho & Lee, 2018).
Literature Review
Bullying in young children is considered a consistent pattern of abuse as well as mistreatment from colleagues, parents or even other unknown people which leads to either emotional or even physical harm. It can entail such techniques like verbal along with non-verbal, humiliation and psychological torture. Bullying during infancy is usually considered to be challenging since it operates within the child’s established laws and regulations. In most cases, bullying in young children is carried out by a.
Running head: CHILDHOOD BULLYING 1
CHILDHOOD BULLYING 5
Childhood Bullying
GEN 499 General Education
Introduction
As crime rates increase and violence against humanity continues to permeate society, it seems nearly impossible to escape both the short-term and long-lasting effects of aggressive and violent behavior. With more money being spent on the building of prisons and less on the education, it is not surprising that violence and aggression are not only prevalent problems in adulthood but also significant problems in childhood (Cheryl, 2004). For instance, when looking at many school systems throughout the world, violence and aggression between students has commonly been regard as one of the most concerning problems for teachers for teachers, administrators and policy makers.
Thesis
The aforesaid research is aimed at evaluating how bullying behaviors are influenced by a variety of environmental and genetic factors. However, so as to understand the relations between bullying and various factors, it is important to also review literature examining relationship between aggression and these factors since bullying is a subtype of assault and there is much already known regarding aggression. Therefore, the research is meant to bring out the relationships between aggression and a variety of factors followed by relations between intimidation and these factors.
One particular type of aggression that has received increased attention in school systems over the past few decided is bullying. Frequently identified as a subtype of proactive aggression, bullying has often been defined as repeated, negative actions to deliberately harm individuals who are weaker than oneself. When comparing the defining components of bullying to aggression, reviews of the bullying literature suggest that there are five characteristics that differentiate bullying behaviors from aggressive behaviors. As per Green (2000), bullying occurs when the bully intends to inflict harm upon his victim, when aggression occurs repeatedly, when the victim does not provoke bullying behavior, when the attack occurs within a familiar social group, and when the bully is more powerful than the victim. Thus, bullying behaviors are different than aggressive behaviors in that bullying specifically focuses on roles of power, frequency and duration of aggression, and the setting in which the aggressive acts occur.
Many individuals encounter acts of violence and aggression throughout their daily lives. From the high number of violent television shows on national networks to the increased rates of school violence and school shootings, it is not surprisingly that even though we appear to be growing and evolving in our knowledge and human behavi ...
Discussion Question PHL 1010 150 WORDS1. Describe an example of.docxelinoraudley582231
Discussion Question PHL 1010 150 WORDS
1. Describe an example of a time when you pointed out another person’s mistake. How can you tell whether another person is merely making a mistake or purposely trying to deceive you? What happened in this case? Your explanations should have reasons that support them that use information you learned in this course that apply to this event in your life.
Information Systems Management
Question 6
1. Describe any four rights of users of information systems.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
Question 7
1. Explain what is meant by outsourcing. Explain the management advantages of outsourcing.
Your response should be at least 200 words in length.
Discussion Question -150 WORDS
Identify an assignment in this course that had a positive impact on you. How will you be able to apply the skills you learned from it to gain life and/or career success?
Week 3 –Article – Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence
Posttraumatic stress in children and adolescents exposed to family violence: I. Overview and issues.
Authors:
Margolin, Gayla, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, US, [email protected]
Vickerman, Katrina A., University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, US
Address:
Margolin, Gayla, Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, SGM 930, Los Angeles, CA, US, 90089-1061, [email protected]
Source:
Couple and Family Psychology: Research and Practice, Vol 1(S), Aug, 2011. pp. 63-73.
Publisher:
US : Educational Publishing Foundation
ISSN:
2160-4096 (Print)
2160-410X (Electronic)
Language:
English
Keywords:
child physical abuse, complex trauma, developmental trauma disorder (DTD), domestic violence, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Abstract:
Exposure to child physical abuse and parents' domestic violence can subject youth to pervasive traumatic stress and can lead to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This article presents evolving conceptualizations in the burgeoning field of trauma related to family violence exposure and describes how the often repeating and ongoing nature of family violence exposure can complicate a PTSD diagnosis. In addition, recent literature indicates that children exposed to family violence may experience problems in multiple domains of functioning and may meet criteria for multiple disorders in addition to PTSD. Considerations salient to the recognition of traumatic stress in this population and that inform assessment and treatment planning are presented. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved) (journal abstract)
Subjects:
*Child Abuse; *Disorders; *Domestic Violence; *Physical Abuse; *Posttraumatic Stress Disorder; Childhood Development; Emotional Trauma
PsycINFO Classification:
Neuroses & Anxiety Disorders (3215)
Population:
Human
Age Group:
Childhood (birth-12 yrs)
Adolescence (13-17 yrs)
Grant Sponsorship:
Sponsor: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of .
Assessing low-income African-American pre-schoolers’
behaviour problems in relationship to community violence,
inter-partner conflict, parenting, informal social support
and social skillscfs_742 310..324
Linda M. Oravecz*, Philip J. Osteen†, Tanya L. Sharpe† and Suzanne M. Randolph‡
*Towson University, Department of Family Studies and Community Development, Towson, †University of Maryland,
School of Social Work, Baltimore, and ‡The MayaTech Corporation, Silver Spring, MD, USA
A B S T R AC T
This study examined the relations among community violence expo-
sure, inter-partner conflict and informal social support and the behav-
iour problems of pre-schoolers, and explored how mothers’ parenting
skills and children’s social skills may mediate the child outcomes
associated with such exposure. Participants were 185 African-
American mothers and female caregivers of Head Start children who
completed study measures in a structured interview. Path analyses
revealed that greater inter-partner conflict was associated with more
internalizing and externalizing child behaviour problems. Positive
parenting was associated with fewer internalizing and externalizing
behaviours. Higher levels of child social skills were associated with
fewer internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems. Child
social skills fully mediated the relationship between community vio-
lence and externalizing behaviours as well as between informal
support and externalizing behaviours. Social skills partially mediated
the relationships between positive parenting and externalizing behav-
iours. No mediating effect was found on the relationships between
inter-partner conflict and child behaviour problems. Implications of
the findings for intervention and future research are discussed.
Correspondence:
Linda M. Oravecz,
Department of Family Studies and
Community Development,
Towson University,
8000 York Road, Towson, MD 21252,
USA
E-mail: [email protected]
Keywords: African-American,
behaviour problems, community
violence
Accepted for publication: October
2010
I N T R O D U C T I O N
In the USA, nearly one in three African-American
children live in poverty (Annie E. Casey Foundation
2008), with many living in urban neighbourhoods
characterized by deteriorating housing, crime, drug
activity and community violence (e.g. Sampson et al.
1997; DeNavas-Walt et al. 2004; Elliott et al. 2006).
Additionally, adult inter-partner conflict has been
found to be more prevalent among families coping
with poverty and its related stressors than among
more affluent families (Browne & Bassuk 1997; Scott
et al. 2002). While data relative to childhood exposure
to violence worldwide are scarce, it is estimated that
4400 people die daily from inter-personal, collective
or self-directed violence (Krug et al. 2002). Previous
research examining the impact of exposure to com-
munity violence and inter-partner conflict on child
development has found a number of socio-emotional
and adjustment problems in .
Running head CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6.docxsusanschei
Running head: CHILDREN OF THE SUBSTANCE ABUSE WARS 6
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Tiffany Seace, Veronica Webb, Julia Krueger, Rachel Losey, Emelda Isaac, Angel Reid
BSHS/435
October 3, 2016
Dr. Vanessa Byrd
Children of the Substance Abuse Wars
Approximately 12% of children in the United States have one or both parents with substance abuse issues. According to David Sack (2013), more than 28 million American children have one parent who is addicted to alcohol but this addiction is not being discussed at home (Sack, 2013) and of those 11 million are under the age of 18 (Rodriquez, 2004). These children are at a higher risk of developing complex behavioral, academic, and emotional difficulties than other children. Children of addicts are four times more likely to marry an addict and are at risk of becoming a victim of abuse, neglect, or violence. Children of addicted parents are fiercely loyal to the parent. Adolescents are hesitant to open up and are vulnerable. They are reluctant to reveal parental confidences, even if they urgently need the help (Sack, 2013).
Statistics of Children from Parental Substance Abuse Backgrounds
It is important to analyze the severity of the problem before analyzing the effectiveness of counseling as a corrective measure. It is estimated that nearly 8.3 million children under the age of 18 live with at least one substance abusing/ dependent parent. Also, approximately more than half of child maltreatment cases in the United States were because of parental substance abuse in one way or another.
Kirisci et al. (2002) stated that recent research has found that children of substance-addicted parents are more likely to suffer neglect or abuse than those children who do not have an addicted parent. Additionally, comparable to inattentive mothers and fathers, numerous substance-addicted parents were also mistreated and/or neglected as children (Dunn et al., 2001; Connors et al., 2004; Cash & Wilke, 2003), and describe other disturbing incidents as adults and children (Cohen et al., 2008).
Wulczyn, Ernst & Fisher (2011) hypothesize that nearly 61% of infants and 41% of older children in the welfare system stem from families with active parental alcohol abuse issues. Children who enter the system as infants are more likely to spend a longer duration in care. Infants, especially those aged three months or younger, are more apt to be adopted and spend less or no time in group home placement. All children who enter out-of-home care are vulnerable to delays in social, emotional and cognitive development, which increases the risk of school failure, drug and alcohol abuse and criminality. The toxic stress levels that some infants endure links with developmental delays and poor outcomes for children who are the victims of abuse and neglect. Up to 80% of parents who are involved in the child welfare system are substance abusers, and many have had prior involvement with the system, either as chi ...
Similar to Does parental support affect the well-being of children victimized by bullying? (20)
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
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Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...
Does parental support affect the well-being of children victimized by bullying?
1. Does Parental Support Affect the Well-Being of a Child Victimized By Bullying?<br />Denae J. Carafa<br />California State University Chico<br />Does Parental Involvement and Quality of Parent/Child Interactions Affect the Well-Being of a Child Victimized By Bullying?<br />Bullying is a worldwide phenomenon that has affected youth for countless years (Connor-Burrows, N., et al, 2009). It is defined as a physical, verbal or psychological attack or intimidation that is intended to cause fear, harm, or distress to the victim (Georgiou, S., 2008). Though much research has been conducted on numerous variations of victim characteristics, the relationship victims’ share with their families is rarely taken into consideration. In order to understand why some victimized children are more negatively impacted than others it is important to investigate a possible relationship victim’s share with their parents that may affect their chances of exhibiting more drastic consequences. Some consequences may include depression, anxiety, psychosomatic symptoms, and in severe cases suicidal ideation (Herba, C., et al., 2008). In saying this, does the presence of parental support lead to less feelings of suicidal ideation, for instance, in victims? When considering the well being of a child it is important to identify depressive symptoms. In regards to victimization, children might be less likely to associate with depressive symptoms if they are receiving support from parents. It is possible that the presence of family support eases the pain and stress that comes about in bullying situations. On the contrary, bullying might more negatively impact victimized children that do not receive parental support. Without such support, it might be more difficult to cope with the consequences victims display. This indicates the importance of researching possible family structures that positively correlate with the well being of a child victimized by bullying.<br />Herba et al. (2008) examined whether parental psychopathology (mental illness) and feelings of rejection at home intensified vulnerability to suicidal ideation in victims of bullying. It was hypothesized that the association between victimization and suicidal ideation would be moderated by vulnerability, such as parental psychopathology and feelings of rejection. Data was collected from the TRAILS study, a longitudinal study following Dutch children every two to three years until at least 21 years of age. Herba et al. focused on the first two assessment waves in the TRAILS study; the mean age for the first assessment wave (T1) was 11.09 years and the mean age in the second assessment (T2) was 13.56 years. Peer nominations were used to determine bully and victim status, which subsequently determined the amount of children available for each assessment wave; 1,526 children were available for the total sample. Children were given a list of their classmates and asked to indicate who had bullied them and whom they had bullied. It is important to note their use of peer nominations to determine bully/victim status as opposed to the predominant research technique of self-reporting questionnaires. Suicidal ideation was measured with two scales from a self report questionnaire and to assess feelings of rejection at home, the EMBU-C was used to determine children’s perceptions of their upbringing and their parent’s rearing practices. Furthermore, parental psychopathology was determined during parent interviews conducted at T1 in order to collect their own history and the child’s other biological parent. Five dimensions of parental psychopathology were used: depression, anxiety, substance abuse, persistent anti social behavior, and psychosis (Herba et al., 2008). <br />Herba et al. (2008) hypothesized that that victims of bullying would report higher levels of suicidal ideation. They also speculated that victims of bullying would be more vulnerable to the effects of bullying, more so than children uninvolved in bullying and victims that do not feel rejected at home. Bully/victims (bullies that are victims; victims that are bullies) in particular, should be more highly affected by parental psychopathology and feelings of rejection at home because of their already elevated levels of internalizing and externalizing behaviors. The results partially supported the hypothesis through elevated levels of suicide in victims compared to uninvolved children, but not so in bully/victims compared with uninvolved children. This association was moderated by parental internalizing disorder and feelings of rejection at home; parental externalizing disorder did not moderate the affects of victimization. It was found that children are more likely to indicate higher levels of suicidal ideation when accompanied with feelings of rejection at home. These results show a strong moderation between victimization, parental internalizing disorder, and feelings of rejection at home. Therefore, parental support in regards to this study is highly important for the well being of victims as they report lower levels of suicidal ideation when they have lower feelings of rejection at home and the absence of parental psychopathology (Herba et al, 2008). <br />The following study examined the degree to which support from parents buffers the level of depression displayed by four groups of children involved in bullying: bullies, victims, bully-victims, and uninvolved (Connor-Burrows, N. et al, 2009). Previous research suggests that there are two broad theories to explain the importance of social support and a child’s functioning (Cohen, Gottlieb, & Underwood, 2000). The first is the main effect model and it suggests that social support has a positive benefit for all children. The second, stress buffering model proposes that social support predominately benefits children at risk or under stress and acts as a buffer for the likelihood of negative outcomes as a result of certain stressors. According to the stress buffering model, victims of bullying should benefit most from social support because of the high levels of stress they endure. On the other hand, in terms of the main effect model all children should benefit equally from social support. In the present study 997 fifth, ninth and eleventh graders in the rural south completed self-report questionnaires regarding bullying, social support, and depression. Surveys were administered to all students on a certain day correlating with their grade group. The participants were predominantly White, as well as smaller numbers of Hispanic and African American students. Connor-Burrows et al. (2009) hypothesized that children with higher involved parents were less likely to be depressed in all categories of bullying similar to that of the main effect model theory.<br />The results from this study suggest that the more parental support children receive the less likely they are to be depressed, regardless of victim, bully or uninvolved status (Connor-Burrows, N., et al, 2009). Additionally, children in the bully – victim category reported higher levels of depression than the other groups and lower levels of parental support than uninvolved children and victims. Also, uninvolved children showed lower levels of depression and higher parental support than those involved in all aspects of bullying. This suggests that victims show more symptoms of depression because they don’t receive the support from parents needed to alleviate the pain left over from bullying incidents. Despite few limitations, the present study had significant strengths that deem its importance (Connor-Burrows, N. et al, 2008). <br />Bonanno and Hymel (2010) examined why some adolescents were more negatively impacted through peer bully victimization than others. Two theoretically derived models were investigated: hopelessness as a risk factor and social support as a protective factor. Social support has been shown to directly and indirectly relate to suicidality among diverse groups. There were 399 eighth to tenth grade students from an urban community high school in British Colombia, Canada used as participants of the study. The majority of the participants were Asian – Canadian, followed by white, and then mixed. Students first completed a single-session self – report questionnaire. Victimization was assessed with the Bullying Questionnaire that included questions such as ‘How often are you bullied?’ and answered on a scale ranging from ‘not at all’ to ‘many times a week’. Suicidal ideation, hopelessness, and social support were also determined with the use of individual self – report questionnaires (Bonnano R., Hymel S., 2010). <br />Bonnano and Hymel (2010) hypothesized that victims would report higher levels of suicidal ideation, especially when perceived social support from parents is low. The results supported this as they found that victims who report lower levels of perceived social support from their parents were at the greatest risk for suicidal ideation. Victimization was positively correlated to suicidal ideation and negatively related to perceived social support from parents. It is important to note that victims were at the highest risk; this signifies a strong relationship between victimization and suicidal ideation without parental support. Also, parental support was perceived as a stronger buffer between victimization and suicidal ideation than peer support. It is clear in the results of this study that parental involvement is highly important to the well being of victimized children. <br />The final study examined by Mohr (2006) addressed the affects of family experiences (family violence, family conflict, parental support, and rejection) on peer victimization and to explore possible links between internalizing problems and reactions to peer conflict. Data was collected from 733 students between fifth and tenth grade with a mean of 13.3 years of age from six different schools in Germany. The participants completed a self-report questionnaire to assess the broad occurrence of victimization in school. This particular survey addresses physical as well as psychological forms of bullying. Hypothetical situations were given to the students to assess their reaction to peer aggression. Similar questionnaires were used to measure internalizing problem behaviors and family variables. It was hypothesized that a high degree of parental support and affection reduces the probability of developing internalizing problem behavior thus reducing the risk of peer victimization. They also expected that family violence and conflict enhances a child’s risk of developing internalizing problem behavior. Furthermore, aggressive and non-aggressive victims and non-victimized aggressors sould experience more conflict and less support from family (Mohr, A., 2006).<br />The results of the study support the aforementioned hypothesis. It was found that internalizing behavior problems, aggressive behavior toward peers, and family violence have the strongest affect on peer victimization. In regards to aggressive behavior victims reported higher levels of negative experience at home than others. Aggressive and non-aggressive victims reported fewer feelings of support and affection from both mothers and fathers. This supports the assumption that child abuse and violence in the home may lead to peer victimization for aggressive and non-aggressive victims. Further results indicated that problems within the peer group and problems at home are correlated and can be evidence that negative experiences at home foster similar experiences with peers. Different results were found in terms of family conflict as opposed to family violence. The presence of family violence was most associated with victimization in children. Parental affection and support was found to negatively correlate with peer victimization. Mother’s affection and support tend to lessen the chances of children reacting in an aggressive manner toward peer conflict more than a father’s; this may be due to the nurturing nature of a mother. All in all, the assumptions that negative family experiences foster problems in peer altercations and favor the involvement in peer victimization were correctly hypothesized (Mohr, A., 2006).<br /> It is accurate to assume that parental support has visible impacts on the well being of victimized children; significant results were found to support this. Though each study revealed significant results, it is worth mentioning that similar limitations were found in each. The most prevalent limitation was the cross-sectional nature of each study; a causal relationship cannot be identified because of this. Also, self-reporting data was used in all four studies and future research should focus on measuring data differently to enhance results. Despite the slight areas of limitations, the results that were found continue to reveal significant results. In saying this, parental support in most cases acts as a buffer for victimized children. When parents are more actively engaged in their child’s life, victimized children are less likely to associate with suicidal ideations (Connor-Burrows N. et al, 2008). On the other hand, perceived feelings of rejection at home were positively correlated with suicidal ideation (Bonnano R., Hymel S., 2010). This suggests that suicidal ideation is higher for victimized children if there is an absence of parental support. Not only was support from parents found to be an important aspect of victimization, parental internalizing disorders showed to positively correlate with victimized children (Herba et al, 2008). This shows that parental psychopathology indeed plays a role in the lives of victimized children, especially because of the nonsignificant effects of parental externalizing disorders. Although family violence was addressed in only one study, it is important to mention that the presence of family violence is positively correlated with victimization (Mohr, A., 2006). With more positive support and less feelings of rejection from parents, victims of bullying are less likely to associate with suicidal ideations; this was evident in at least three of the four studies. All in all, the well being of a child is indefinitely affected to a certain degree by the parental support they receive. <br />References<br />Bonanno, R., & Hymel, S. (2010). Investigating why some victims of bullying are at greater risk for suicidal ideation, Merril-Palmer Quarterly 56 (3), retrieved from http://content.ebscohost.com/pdf23_24/pdf/2010/MPQ/01Jul10/52258055.pdf?T=P&P=AN&K=52258055&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40Sep7c4v&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtFCvrbNMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA<br />Cohen, S., Gottlieb, B. H., & Underwood, L. G. (2000). Social relationships and health. In S. Cohen, L. G. Underwood & B. H. Gottlieb (Eds.), Social support measurement and intervention: A guide for health and social scientists (pp. 3-25). New York: Oxford University Press.<br />Connors – Burrow, N, Johnson, D, Whiteside-Mansell, L, McKelvey, L, & Gargus, R. (2009). Adults matter: protecting children from negative impacts of bullying. Psychology in the Schools, 46(7), Retrieved from http://content.ebscohost.com/pdf23_24/pdf/2009/PIS/01Aug09/43296602.pdf?T=P&P=AN&K=43296602&S=R&D=aph&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40SeprE4y9f3OLCmr0mepq5Ssqu4SrCWxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtFCvrbNMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA<br />Connolly, I., & O’Moore, M. (2003). Personality and family relations of children who bully. Personality and Individual Differences (35), Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V9F-479TDCT-4&_user=521371&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2003&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1746497181&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000059555&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=521371&md5=712b4330e44442ba7cc21a936d40b95a&searchtype=<br />Herba, C, Ferdinand, R, Stiknen, T, Veenstra, R, Oldehinkel, A, Ormel, J, Verhulst, F. (2008). Victimization and suicide ideation and the trails study: specific vulnerabilities of victims. Journal of Childhood Psychology and Psychiatry (49) 8, retrieved from<br />http://content.ebscohost.com/pdf9/pdf/2008/1VJR/<br />Mohr, A. (2006). Family variables associated with peer victimization: does family violence enhance the probability of being victimized by peers? Swiss Journal of Psychology (65) 2, retrieved from http://content.ebscohost.com.mantis.csuchico.edu/pdf19_22/pdf/ddd/pdh/sjp/sjp-65-2-107.pdf?T=P&P=AN&K=sjp-65-2-107&S=L&D=pdh&EbscoContent=dGJyMNLr40Sep644y9f3OLCmr0mep69Ss6%2B4TK6WxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGrtFCvrbNMuePfgeyx44Dt6fIA <br />