This summary provides an overview of a study examining the effects of calorie restriction on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity:
1) The study aims to determine if calorie restriction can reduce cardiotoxicity caused by the chemotherapy drug doxorubicin, which could increase cancer survival rates.
2) Rats were divided into groups of ad libitum feeding or calorie restriction and administered doxorubicin. Heart tissue was analyzed for malondialdehyde content to measure oxidative damage.
3) Preliminary results found no significant difference between the calorie restriction and ad libitum groups that received doxorubicin, but the small sample size means further research is needed to fully understand if
Cancer is caused by rapid growth of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries and can invade other parts of the body. Cancer is characterized by mutated genes called oncogenes that cause uncontrolled cell growth. Tumors can be benign if they remain confined or malignant if they invade other tissues and metastasize to spread to other organs through the bloodstream and lymph nodes. Cancer treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy to damage DNA, and chemotherapy to impair cell division using cytotoxic drugs. Pharmacogenomics aims to tailor treatments based on individual genetic profiles to increase drug effectiveness and reduce side effects.
The document discusses cancer prevention through chemoprevention using phytochemicals. It provides examples of studies showing associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and reduced cancer risk. It also summarizes several large clinical trials investigating the efficacy of potential chemopreventive agents like antioxidants, vitamins, and drugs in reducing cancer incidence or progression. The mechanisms of action of various phytochemicals are discussed, including their effects on phases of carcinogenesis and cellular defense pathways.
Natural Compounds as Adjuncts for Treating Colon Cancer through Apoptotic Pat...ijtsrd
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases which is caused when abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue. Colorectal cancer CRC , also known as colon cancer, is one of the most common type of cancers in humans is closely linked to the global cancer – related mortalities worldwide. The ongoing clinical treatment for colorectal cancer or colon cancer largely engages surgery and chemotherapy. But as there are many side effects and due to emergence of drug resistance, it has become very necessary to find novel and more effectual drugs for colon cancer treatment. Chemo prevention, a novel method for controlling cancer encompasses the use of specific natural products or synthetic chemical agents to reverse, suppress or prevent premalignancy before the development of invasive cancer. Many studies have signified that various natural products have efficacious anti CRC effects and may be used as substitutional chemotherapy agents for CRC therapy. Various natural compounds have been shown to be promising on the basis of their anti cancerous effects and low toxicity. In this review we summarise the natural compounds having anti CRC effects from distinct sources. This review suggest that they provide a novel opportunity for treatment of colon cancer. Sarita Negi | Nikita Kaushik | Runjhun Mathur | Abhimanyu Kumar Jha "Natural Compounds as Adjuncts for Treating Colon Cancer through Apoptotic Pathway" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42387.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compharmacy/biotechnology-/42387/natural-compounds-as-adjuncts-for-treating-colon-cancer-through-apoptotic-pathway/sarita-negi
Herbal and Synthetic Drug Combinations in Cancer Therapy A Reviewijtsrd
Cancer is one of the leading and most serious diseases in the current decade, every year millions of people die because of various kinds of cancers. Many aspects relate to the cause of disease besides heredity, food habits, smoking, nutritional behaviors, radiation etc. Cancer is a high mortality disease and the therapeutics for cancer, especially for cancer metastasis is still imperfect. The successful cancer treatment till now has been under study, only chemotherapy and radiation treatments are at times successful. Alternative and less toxic medication is very much in need towards the disease, the use of concepts of herbal medicine with synthetic drug could present better drug leads towards the inhibitory treatment of Cancer. Nature shows plethora of medicinal plants with anticancer and antioxidant activities which may suppress the disease completely. By applying combination therapy instead of monotherapy can lead to improved efficacy and reduced toxicity of the conventional method of treatments of cancer. Anusree S | Dr. Silvia Navis A | Dr. Prashob G R "Herbal and Synthetic Drug Combinations in Cancer Therapy- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25222.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/25222/herbal-and-synthetic-drug-combinations-in-cancer-therapy--a-review/anusree-s
Cancer is describes as the disease that results due to cellular changes and these changes cause the uncontrolled growth and division of cells. A cell receives instructions to die so that the body can replace it with a newer cell that functions better. Cancerous cells lack the components that instruct them to stop dividing and to die. Chemotherapeutic drugs CDs are the most widespread worldwide modality used in cancer treatment, and other autoimmune diseases. However, their non selective mechanism of action affects both cancerous and non cancerous cells, that resulting in well documented side effects. Nurses are at risk of suffering side effects. Little negligence or mistake may lead to adverse unpleasant effects for patients, staff and environment. Miss. Madhu Rajput | Mr. Raghavendran M "Chemotherapeutic Drugs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43941.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/43941/chemotherapeutic-drugs/miss-madhu-rajput
A review on cancer therapy immunotherapy perspectivePushkar Sathe
This is a presentation on a review on present available cancer treatments. This presentation covers all the line of treatment in short. Emphasis is given on present immunotherapy and recent advances to cure cancers.
Determination the Levels of Zinc and Copper in Patients with LeukemiaHussein Alkufi
Leukemia is the most common type of blood cancer in which both of zinc and copper levels are altered resulting in many metabolic and physiological disorders.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has always been a difficult medical problem for the increasing mortality rate. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth-leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide [1] and is considered as a highly refractory cancer. Surgery is the most effective treatment to HCC, but HCC is resistant to conventional chemotherapy. In recent years, immunotherapy has been attracting growing attention as a promising therapeutic method to HCC. Immunotherapies to HCC including chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), immune checkpoint inhibitor and oncolytic virus have become research hotspots.
Cancer is caused by rapid growth of abnormal cells that grow beyond their usual boundaries and can invade other parts of the body. Cancer is characterized by mutated genes called oncogenes that cause uncontrolled cell growth. Tumors can be benign if they remain confined or malignant if they invade other tissues and metastasize to spread to other organs through the bloodstream and lymph nodes. Cancer treatment may include surgery, radiation therapy to damage DNA, and chemotherapy to impair cell division using cytotoxic drugs. Pharmacogenomics aims to tailor treatments based on individual genetic profiles to increase drug effectiveness and reduce side effects.
The document discusses cancer prevention through chemoprevention using phytochemicals. It provides examples of studies showing associations between fruit and vegetable consumption and reduced cancer risk. It also summarizes several large clinical trials investigating the efficacy of potential chemopreventive agents like antioxidants, vitamins, and drugs in reducing cancer incidence or progression. The mechanisms of action of various phytochemicals are discussed, including their effects on phases of carcinogenesis and cellular defense pathways.
Natural Compounds as Adjuncts for Treating Colon Cancer through Apoptotic Pat...ijtsrd
Cancer is one of the deadliest diseases which is caused when abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue. Colorectal cancer CRC , also known as colon cancer, is one of the most common type of cancers in humans is closely linked to the global cancer – related mortalities worldwide. The ongoing clinical treatment for colorectal cancer or colon cancer largely engages surgery and chemotherapy. But as there are many side effects and due to emergence of drug resistance, it has become very necessary to find novel and more effectual drugs for colon cancer treatment. Chemo prevention, a novel method for controlling cancer encompasses the use of specific natural products or synthetic chemical agents to reverse, suppress or prevent premalignancy before the development of invasive cancer. Many studies have signified that various natural products have efficacious anti CRC effects and may be used as substitutional chemotherapy agents for CRC therapy. Various natural compounds have been shown to be promising on the basis of their anti cancerous effects and low toxicity. In this review we summarise the natural compounds having anti CRC effects from distinct sources. This review suggest that they provide a novel opportunity for treatment of colon cancer. Sarita Negi | Nikita Kaushik | Runjhun Mathur | Abhimanyu Kumar Jha "Natural Compounds as Adjuncts for Treating Colon Cancer through Apoptotic Pathway" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42387.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compharmacy/biotechnology-/42387/natural-compounds-as-adjuncts-for-treating-colon-cancer-through-apoptotic-pathway/sarita-negi
Herbal and Synthetic Drug Combinations in Cancer Therapy A Reviewijtsrd
Cancer is one of the leading and most serious diseases in the current decade, every year millions of people die because of various kinds of cancers. Many aspects relate to the cause of disease besides heredity, food habits, smoking, nutritional behaviors, radiation etc. Cancer is a high mortality disease and the therapeutics for cancer, especially for cancer metastasis is still imperfect. The successful cancer treatment till now has been under study, only chemotherapy and radiation treatments are at times successful. Alternative and less toxic medication is very much in need towards the disease, the use of concepts of herbal medicine with synthetic drug could present better drug leads towards the inhibitory treatment of Cancer. Nature shows plethora of medicinal plants with anticancer and antioxidant activities which may suppress the disease completely. By applying combination therapy instead of monotherapy can lead to improved efficacy and reduced toxicity of the conventional method of treatments of cancer. Anusree S | Dr. Silvia Navis A | Dr. Prashob G R "Herbal and Synthetic Drug Combinations in Cancer Therapy- A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd25222.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/pharmacology-/25222/herbal-and-synthetic-drug-combinations-in-cancer-therapy--a-review/anusree-s
Cancer is describes as the disease that results due to cellular changes and these changes cause the uncontrolled growth and division of cells. A cell receives instructions to die so that the body can replace it with a newer cell that functions better. Cancerous cells lack the components that instruct them to stop dividing and to die. Chemotherapeutic drugs CDs are the most widespread worldwide modality used in cancer treatment, and other autoimmune diseases. However, their non selective mechanism of action affects both cancerous and non cancerous cells, that resulting in well documented side effects. Nurses are at risk of suffering side effects. Little negligence or mistake may lead to adverse unpleasant effects for patients, staff and environment. Miss. Madhu Rajput | Mr. Raghavendran M "Chemotherapeutic Drugs" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd43941.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/nursing/43941/chemotherapeutic-drugs/miss-madhu-rajput
A review on cancer therapy immunotherapy perspectivePushkar Sathe
This is a presentation on a review on present available cancer treatments. This presentation covers all the line of treatment in short. Emphasis is given on present immunotherapy and recent advances to cure cancers.
Determination the Levels of Zinc and Copper in Patients with LeukemiaHussein Alkufi
Leukemia is the most common type of blood cancer in which both of zinc and copper levels are altered resulting in many metabolic and physiological disorders.
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has always been a difficult medical problem for the increasing mortality rate. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth-leading cause of cancer related deaths worldwide [1] and is considered as a highly refractory cancer. Surgery is the most effective treatment to HCC, but HCC is resistant to conventional chemotherapy. In recent years, immunotherapy has been attracting growing attention as a promising therapeutic method to HCC. Immunotherapies to HCC including chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR-T), immune checkpoint inhibitor and oncolytic virus have become research hotspots.
This document provides an overview of general principles in cancer chemotherapy. It discusses that chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs to destroy malignant cells. Drugs can be cell cycle specific, killing dividing cells, or nonspecific, killing resting and dividing cells. Combination chemotherapy using multiple drugs with different mechanisms of action is now common to achieve total tumor cell kill. Careful scheduling of cell cycle specific and nonspecific drugs is important. Tumors can become resistant to repeated use of single drugs through selection of less responsive cells or mutations altering drug targets. The goal of chemotherapy is complete remission through use of maximum tolerated drug doses in combination regimens.
Cancer is defined as abnormal cell growth that can spread to other parts of the body. There are two main types of tumors - benign tumors which do not spread, and malignant tumors which can metastasize. The cell cycle is the series of events cells go through during cell division, including interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis. Mitosis involves the replication and separation of chromosomes, followed by cytokinesis where the cell cytoplasm divides forming two daughter cells. Metastasis occurs through a multi-step process where cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream to form secondary tumors elsewhere in the body.
Ana Ramírez de Molina-El impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, la nu...Fundación Ramón Areces
1. Cancer therapies are becoming more precise and personalized by taking into account a patient's unique genetic profile and molecular alterations in their tumor.
2. Lipid metabolism is altered in cancer to sustain tumor growth and progression. Certain gene expression patterns related to lipid metabolism are biomarkers for colon cancer prognosis and response to treatment.
3. Natural compounds like rosemary extracts show potential for targeting lipid metabolism genes and sensitizing chemoresistant cancer cells, representing personalized nutritional interventions for colon cancer prevention and treatment.
Sustained and targeted drug delivery for breast cancer therapy using biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles can:
1) Deliver anti-cancer drugs directly to the tumor site, achieving higher drug concentrations in tumors compared to free drug administration.
2) Provide lowered toxic side effects by reducing the necessary systemic drug dose.
3) Potentially deliver multiple anti-cancer drugs simultaneously or sequentially for improved therapeutic efficacy.
- The study evaluated the impact of molecular iodine (I2) supplementation in two doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy regimens for treating canine mammary cancer.
- The standard regimen (sDOX) involved 4 cycles of DOX every 21 days by 20-minute infusion, while the modified regimen (mDOX) used 4 cycles every 15 days by 60-minute infusion. Dogs received daily I2 or placebo throughout treatment.
- Results found the mDOX regimen attenuated adverse effects compared to sDOX. I2 supplementation in mDOX decreased tumor invasion markers, increased differentiation markers, and led to higher disease-free survival rates compared to other groups.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spread. Some key points:
- Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men and breast cancer is most common in women.
- Risk factors include tobacco use, obesity, viruses, chemicals, radiation, and genetic mutations.
- Prevention focuses on healthy behaviors like not smoking, diet, exercise and limiting sun exposure.
- Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and other approaches depending on cancer type and stage. Combined therapies are often used but all treatments can cause side effects.
This document provides an overview of anti-cancer treatments. It discusses the types of cancer and their causes. The goals of cancer treatment are outlined as curative, palliative, or adjuvant. Major treatment types include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, gene therapy, and recombinant DNA approaches. Each treatment has benefits but also side effects. The document emphasizes that cancer prevention through lifestyle choices like not smoking and a healthy diet can help reduce cancer risks.
Principles of cancer chemotherapy: a deep insight, by RxVichuZ!!RxVichuZ
This presentation deals with PRINCIPLES OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY.
The following headings are included:
A. PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY
B. CELL-CYCLE
C. PRINCIPLES OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
Precise details have been provided.
Do go through!!
This document discusses cancer, including types, causes, epidemiology, management, and prevention. It notes that lung, breast, colon, rectal, endometrial, pancreatic, kidney, prostate, thyroid, and leukemia are common cancer types. Environmental factors like tobacco, alcohol, diet, occupation, viruses, parasites, and lifestyle habits contribute to cancer risk. Genetic factors can also play a role. The global cancer burden is expected to increase, with more deaths in developing countries by 2020. Cancer rates vary between developed and developing economies and within India based on etiological factors like smoking, betel nut chewing, and air pollution. Lifestyle changes, physical activity, and healthy diets can help prevent cancer. Recent studies found
The document discusses the role of vitamin D in preventing cancer. It provides an overview of vitamin D, its functions, and how it may prevent cancer development. Studies show vitamin D supplementation reduces risks of cancers like breast, colon, and prostate by 30-50%. However, randomized controlled trials are still needed to confirm potential preventative effects suggested by observational studies. Future research on vitamin D's cancer prevention properties holds promise.
This document discusses antineoplastic agents (anticancer drugs) that are used to treat cancer. It defines antineoplastic agents as drugs that prevent or inhibit the growth and proliferation of tumors. It describes how some antineoplastic agents work by attaching alkyl groups to DNA, which preferentially damages cancer cells since they divide more rapidly than normal cells. It also lists and describes several classes of antineoplastic agents, including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, and hormones/antagonists.
Biochemical and cellular implications of drug resistant malariaGloria Okenze
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the biochemical and cellular perspectives of drug-resistant malaria. It discusses the malaria parasite lifecycle and invasion of red blood cells. It also describes the mechanisms of resistance to antimalarial drugs, including mutations in genes encoding drug transporters like pfcrt and pfmdr1. The presentation recommends supporting new drug development and reducing drug pressure to prevent further drug resistance, which poses a threat to eliminating malaria.
Importance of adaptive response in cancer prevention and therapyMohan Doss
This is a revised version of the Plenary Lecture given at:
109th Scientific Meeting of the Japan Society of Medical Physics in Yokohama, Japan, on April 17, 2015
Personalized Medicine in Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer Maryam Rafati
The document discusses next generation sequencing (NGS) and its applications in personalized medicine for cancer diagnosis and treatment. It provides examples of several families with hereditary cancer syndromes who were analyzed using NGS to identify pathogenic variants. The results demonstrated higher response rates and prolonged progression-free and overall survival for cancer patients receiving personalized treatments based on biomarkers identified by NGS, compared to non-personalized treatments. NGS can detect somatic and germline mutations to classify cancers at a molecular level and guide precision oncology.
This document summarizes several key molecular targets in cancer therapy and discusses how traditional Ayurvedic medicine may provide leads in developing treatments by modulating these targets. It describes major targets like the NF-κB, AP-1, and JAK-STAT pathways that are involved in processes like inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance. The document then discusses how phytochemicals from plants used in Ayurveda have been shown to suppress many of these same targets and molecular pathways. It suggests Ayurvedic medicine could provide insights on new therapeutic agents if rediscovered in light of modern knowledge of cancer biology.
This document discusses cancer and cancer chemotherapy. It begins by defining cancer and describing how cancers can progress from benign to metastatic. It then discusses various risk factors for cancer like genetics, lifestyle, environment, and viruses. The document outlines the cell cycle and how chemotherapy works to target rapidly dividing cancer cells. It categorizes and describes common chemotherapeutic agents like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant-derived products, and monoclonal antibodies. In particular, it focuses on how alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide and nitrosoureas function to cross-link and damage DNA.
Principles of cancer chemotherapy: a deep insight by RxVichuZ!RxVichuZ
This powerpoint deals with principles of cancer chemotherapy, that includes headings regarding cancer definition, its etiology, diagnostic measures and general considerations to be observed while initiating anti-cancer regimens in patients.
This document provides information about Swapnroop Drugs and Pharmaceuticals, an ISO 9001:2008 certified company based in India that specializes in sales and marketing of pharmaceutical products. It lists their vision as providing affordable, high quality products to benefit customers. Their mission is to increase their product portfolio and deliver more products to customers. They have a variety of pharmaceutical products available and offer courier delivery services worldwide. The document also includes an API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) product list of over 200 items.
Hudson Valley Swim offers premier swim instruction programs throughout the Hudson Valley region. Their lesson plans have been developed in collaboration with leading swimming organizations. They provide classes for infants/toddlers, elementary aged children, youth, teens, and competitive swimmers. Class sizes are small with a maximum of 8 students to ensure proper instruction and supervision in the water. They also provide information on class lengths, prices, and contact details.
The BLK ProjeK seeks to address issues related to underserved women of color through community programming like education, beautification projects, and urban gardening. The organization's goals are economic development, community development, and education. Key issues they aim to tackle are lack of community involvement, education, neighborhood beautification, racism, and safer public spaces. Their stakeholders include youth, women, other community programs, the neighborhood, and businesses. They are working on plans to unify the community through beautification and implement a reading program.
This document provides an overview of general principles in cancer chemotherapy. It discusses that chemotherapy uses cytotoxic drugs to destroy malignant cells. Drugs can be cell cycle specific, killing dividing cells, or nonspecific, killing resting and dividing cells. Combination chemotherapy using multiple drugs with different mechanisms of action is now common to achieve total tumor cell kill. Careful scheduling of cell cycle specific and nonspecific drugs is important. Tumors can become resistant to repeated use of single drugs through selection of less responsive cells or mutations altering drug targets. The goal of chemotherapy is complete remission through use of maximum tolerated drug doses in combination regimens.
Cancer is defined as abnormal cell growth that can spread to other parts of the body. There are two main types of tumors - benign tumors which do not spread, and malignant tumors which can metastasize. The cell cycle is the series of events cells go through during cell division, including interphase (G1, S, G2 phases) and mitosis. Mitosis involves the replication and separation of chromosomes, followed by cytokinesis where the cell cytoplasm divides forming two daughter cells. Metastasis occurs through a multi-step process where cancer cells break away from the primary tumor and travel through the bloodstream to form secondary tumors elsewhere in the body.
Ana Ramírez de Molina-El impacto de las ciencias ómicas en la medicina, la nu...Fundación Ramón Areces
1. Cancer therapies are becoming more precise and personalized by taking into account a patient's unique genetic profile and molecular alterations in their tumor.
2. Lipid metabolism is altered in cancer to sustain tumor growth and progression. Certain gene expression patterns related to lipid metabolism are biomarkers for colon cancer prognosis and response to treatment.
3. Natural compounds like rosemary extracts show potential for targeting lipid metabolism genes and sensitizing chemoresistant cancer cells, representing personalized nutritional interventions for colon cancer prevention and treatment.
Sustained and targeted drug delivery for breast cancer therapy using biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles can:
1) Deliver anti-cancer drugs directly to the tumor site, achieving higher drug concentrations in tumors compared to free drug administration.
2) Provide lowered toxic side effects by reducing the necessary systemic drug dose.
3) Potentially deliver multiple anti-cancer drugs simultaneously or sequentially for improved therapeutic efficacy.
- The study evaluated the impact of molecular iodine (I2) supplementation in two doxorubicin (DOX) chemotherapy regimens for treating canine mammary cancer.
- The standard regimen (sDOX) involved 4 cycles of DOX every 21 days by 20-minute infusion, while the modified regimen (mDOX) used 4 cycles every 15 days by 60-minute infusion. Dogs received daily I2 or placebo throughout treatment.
- Results found the mDOX regimen attenuated adverse effects compared to sDOX. I2 supplementation in mDOX decreased tumor invasion markers, increased differentiation markers, and led to higher disease-free survival rates compared to other groups.
Cancer is characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spread. Some key points:
- Lung cancer is the most common cancer in men and breast cancer is most common in women.
- Risk factors include tobacco use, obesity, viruses, chemicals, radiation, and genetic mutations.
- Prevention focuses on healthy behaviors like not smoking, diet, exercise and limiting sun exposure.
- Treatment involves surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and other approaches depending on cancer type and stage. Combined therapies are often used but all treatments can cause side effects.
This document provides an overview of anti-cancer treatments. It discusses the types of cancer and their causes. The goals of cancer treatment are outlined as curative, palliative, or adjuvant. Major treatment types include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, gene therapy, and recombinant DNA approaches. Each treatment has benefits but also side effects. The document emphasizes that cancer prevention through lifestyle choices like not smoking and a healthy diet can help reduce cancer risks.
Principles of cancer chemotherapy: a deep insight, by RxVichuZ!!RxVichuZ
This presentation deals with PRINCIPLES OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY.
The following headings are included:
A. PRINCIPLES OF ONCOLOGY
B. CELL-CYCLE
C. PRINCIPLES OF CANCER CHEMOTHERAPY
Precise details have been provided.
Do go through!!
This document discusses cancer, including types, causes, epidemiology, management, and prevention. It notes that lung, breast, colon, rectal, endometrial, pancreatic, kidney, prostate, thyroid, and leukemia are common cancer types. Environmental factors like tobacco, alcohol, diet, occupation, viruses, parasites, and lifestyle habits contribute to cancer risk. Genetic factors can also play a role. The global cancer burden is expected to increase, with more deaths in developing countries by 2020. Cancer rates vary between developed and developing economies and within India based on etiological factors like smoking, betel nut chewing, and air pollution. Lifestyle changes, physical activity, and healthy diets can help prevent cancer. Recent studies found
The document discusses the role of vitamin D in preventing cancer. It provides an overview of vitamin D, its functions, and how it may prevent cancer development. Studies show vitamin D supplementation reduces risks of cancers like breast, colon, and prostate by 30-50%. However, randomized controlled trials are still needed to confirm potential preventative effects suggested by observational studies. Future research on vitamin D's cancer prevention properties holds promise.
This document discusses antineoplastic agents (anticancer drugs) that are used to treat cancer. It defines antineoplastic agents as drugs that prevent or inhibit the growth and proliferation of tumors. It describes how some antineoplastic agents work by attaching alkyl groups to DNA, which preferentially damages cancer cells since they divide more rapidly than normal cells. It also lists and describes several classes of antineoplastic agents, including alkylating agents, antimetabolites, natural products, and hormones/antagonists.
Biochemical and cellular implications of drug resistant malariaGloria Okenze
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on the biochemical and cellular perspectives of drug-resistant malaria. It discusses the malaria parasite lifecycle and invasion of red blood cells. It also describes the mechanisms of resistance to antimalarial drugs, including mutations in genes encoding drug transporters like pfcrt and pfmdr1. The presentation recommends supporting new drug development and reducing drug pressure to prevent further drug resistance, which poses a threat to eliminating malaria.
Importance of adaptive response in cancer prevention and therapyMohan Doss
This is a revised version of the Plenary Lecture given at:
109th Scientific Meeting of the Japan Society of Medical Physics in Yokohama, Japan, on April 17, 2015
Personalized Medicine in Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer Maryam Rafati
The document discusses next generation sequencing (NGS) and its applications in personalized medicine for cancer diagnosis and treatment. It provides examples of several families with hereditary cancer syndromes who were analyzed using NGS to identify pathogenic variants. The results demonstrated higher response rates and prolonged progression-free and overall survival for cancer patients receiving personalized treatments based on biomarkers identified by NGS, compared to non-personalized treatments. NGS can detect somatic and germline mutations to classify cancers at a molecular level and guide precision oncology.
This document summarizes several key molecular targets in cancer therapy and discusses how traditional Ayurvedic medicine may provide leads in developing treatments by modulating these targets. It describes major targets like the NF-κB, AP-1, and JAK-STAT pathways that are involved in processes like inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis, and drug resistance. The document then discusses how phytochemicals from plants used in Ayurveda have been shown to suppress many of these same targets and molecular pathways. It suggests Ayurvedic medicine could provide insights on new therapeutic agents if rediscovered in light of modern knowledge of cancer biology.
This document discusses cancer and cancer chemotherapy. It begins by defining cancer and describing how cancers can progress from benign to metastatic. It then discusses various risk factors for cancer like genetics, lifestyle, environment, and viruses. The document outlines the cell cycle and how chemotherapy works to target rapidly dividing cancer cells. It categorizes and describes common chemotherapeutic agents like alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant-derived products, and monoclonal antibodies. In particular, it focuses on how alkylating agents like cyclophosphamide and nitrosoureas function to cross-link and damage DNA.
Principles of cancer chemotherapy: a deep insight by RxVichuZ!RxVichuZ
This powerpoint deals with principles of cancer chemotherapy, that includes headings regarding cancer definition, its etiology, diagnostic measures and general considerations to be observed while initiating anti-cancer regimens in patients.
This document provides information about Swapnroop Drugs and Pharmaceuticals, an ISO 9001:2008 certified company based in India that specializes in sales and marketing of pharmaceutical products. It lists their vision as providing affordable, high quality products to benefit customers. Their mission is to increase their product portfolio and deliver more products to customers. They have a variety of pharmaceutical products available and offer courier delivery services worldwide. The document also includes an API (Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient) product list of over 200 items.
Hudson Valley Swim offers premier swim instruction programs throughout the Hudson Valley region. Their lesson plans have been developed in collaboration with leading swimming organizations. They provide classes for infants/toddlers, elementary aged children, youth, teens, and competitive swimmers. Class sizes are small with a maximum of 8 students to ensure proper instruction and supervision in the water. They also provide information on class lengths, prices, and contact details.
The BLK ProjeK seeks to address issues related to underserved women of color through community programming like education, beautification projects, and urban gardening. The organization's goals are economic development, community development, and education. Key issues they aim to tackle are lack of community involvement, education, neighborhood beautification, racism, and safer public spaces. Their stakeholders include youth, women, other community programs, the neighborhood, and businesses. They are working on plans to unify the community through beautification and implement a reading program.
Milestone Associates is a reputed manufacturer and supplier Pre- Engineered Buildings and Civil Construction for the Industrial, Commercial and Residential Sectors..
Este documento presenta una serie de ejercicios sobre sistemas tecnológicos. Los ejercicios incluyen identificar los elementos de objetos tecnológicos como generadores y receptores, proporcionar ejemplos de sistemas simples y compuestos como telecomunicaciones y mecánicos, y describir los elementos de entrada y salida de una licuadora así como lugares donde se encuentran estos sistemas.
Ahon: A Hope in Restoring the Disappearing Philippine Natural Tourism Destina...Senator Loren Legarda
Speech by Senator Loren Legarda
Delivered on March 2, 2012
University of Sto. Tomas College of Tourism and Hospitality Management
Philippine International Convention Center
Groupon launched in 2008 and became the largest online coupon company and largest US internet IPO. While it grew rapidly, the company faced criticism over financial revisions and a challenging business model replicated by competitors. Groupon's revenues increased exponentially but costs remained high due to refunds not recovered from merchants. Its future depends on adapting to the needs of merchants and customers.
Energía solar diplomado Gestión ambientalLuis Martinez
El documento presenta información sobre la aplicación de un sistema de gestión ambiental en una empresa de energía solar fotovoltaica. Describe los componentes de una planta solar fotovoltaica, las ventajas ambientales de la energía solar, sus aplicaciones como la electrificación rural, y propone objetivos e implementación del sistema de gestión ambiental en la empresa con programas de seguridad y reciclaje.
This document discusses doxorubicin (Dox), a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent, and its ability to induce autophagy in tumor cells and cardiomyocytes. Recent research has identified several major biomarkers, such as AMPK, p53, and Bcl-2, that are important for Dox-induced apoptosis. In particular, it is Bcl-2's interaction with Beclin-1 that has refocused attention on Dox's ability to induce autophagy. The document suggests that further research into Dox's molecular signaling in neoplastic and normal cells may help redefine how Dox is clinically used and lead to improved cancer management by potentially exploiting autophagy.
Studies that examined the therapeutic potential of plants leaf extracts
Plant Scientific Name Common Name Type of extraction Proposed active material
1. Solanum viarum Tropical Soda Apple Ether Solasodine glycoalkaloid
2. Acanthus illicifolious Harkucha Kanta Methanol Triterpenoids,Flavonoids,
Alkaloids
3. Annona squamosa Custard Apple Ethyl acetate Acetogenins,Alkaloids,
Dofamine
4 Alstonia scholaris. Chatium Methanol Alkaloids,Flavonoids
5. Calotropis gigantea Akanda Ethanol Triterpenoids,Flavonol
Glycosides
This document summarizes the history and development of chemotherapy drugs for treating cancer. It begins by describing how mustard gas was accidentally discovered to suppress blood cell production and spur interest in using similar compounds to treat cancer. Early clinical trials in the 1940s showed temporary improvement in lymphoma patients treated with nitrogen mustards. Ongoing research since WWII has led to the development of many chemotherapy drugs from alkylating agents to anti-metabolites that work by damaging DNA and preventing cell division. The document discusses the mechanisms of several classes of chemotherapy drugs and provides examples of standard drug combinations used to treat various cancer types.
When cancer is localised, it can be removed by surgery. But in most of the cases, it is practically impossible to detect cancer in such an early stage. The cancerous cells do get killed by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but both of these therapies also destroy some vital cells in the body, leading to serious side effects. Other conventional techniques used in the treatment of cancer including bone marrow transplantation, peripheral stem cell transplantation, hormone therapy, photodynamic therapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy have their own limitations.
For more information: www.cancertame.com
This document summarizes recent advances in cancer treatment. It begins with an introduction discussing the prevalence of cancer worldwide and the integration of nanotechnology with medicine to provide new tumor therapy opportunities. It then discusses circulating tumor cells that can be identified in blood, chemodynamic therapy that uses CDT agents to inhibit immunity and cause cell death, and various oligonucleotide therapeutics including CpG oligonucleotides, miRNAs, aptamers, and DNAzymes. It also discusses combination immunotherapy using multiple therapeutic agents, and photoimmunotherapy which combines photodynamic therapy with immunotherapy. The document concludes by stating the goal is to cure cancer patients or prolong their lives while maintaining a good quality of life.
Chemotherapy uses drugs to treat cancer by interfering with rapidly dividing cells. There are four main classes of chemotherapeutic agents: alkylating agents, antimetabolites, plant derivatives, and anti-tumor antibiotics. Alkylating agents directly damage DNA to prevent cancer cell reproduction. Antimetabolites interfere with DNA and RNA growth. Plant derivatives stop mitosis or inhibit protein production needed for cell reproduction. Anti-tumor antibiotics interfere with enzymes involved in DNA replication. While chemotherapy can be effective, it also has side effects due to its effects on normal cells. Research continues to develop new drugs and improve treatment outcomes and side effect profiles.
_Role_of_free_radicals_in_cancer M pharmacy PharmacologyAyodhya Paradhe
Free radicals are reactive molecules that can damage cells and DNA. High levels of free radicals and oxidative stress can lead to mutations that cause cancer. Many cancer-causing factors like tobacco, UV light, and inflammation increase free radical production. Curcumin and vitamins C and E are antioxidants that can prevent cancer by reducing oxidative stress and blocking enzymes involved in cancer formation and growth. Intravenous vitamin C treatment for cancer works by increasing oxidative stress in cancer cells through hydrogen peroxide production, altering gene expression, and inhibiting tumor invasion and metastasis. Antioxidants and lifestyle changes may help prevent cancer by lowering free radical levels and reducing cancer risk from environmental exposures.
International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR)iosrphr_editor
The IOSR Journal of Pharmacy (IOSRPHR) is an open access online & offline peer reviewed international journal, which publishes innovative research papers, reviews, mini-reviews, short communications and notes dealing with Pharmaceutical Sciences( Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutics, Biopharmaceutics, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Computational Chemistry and Molecular Drug Design, Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Pharmacy Practice, Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, Cell Biology, Genomics and Proteomics, Pharmacogenomics, Bioinformatics and Biotechnology of Pharmaceutical Interest........more details on Aim & Scope).
All manuscripts are subject to rapid peer review. Those of high quality (not previously published and not under consideration for publication in another journal) will be published without delay.
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This document discusses a study investigating the anti-cancer effects of extracts from five medicinal plants - Solanum viarum, Acanthus illicifolious, Annona squamosa, Alstonia scholaris, and Calotropis gigantea. The study aims to determine the effect of leaf extracts from these plants on human breast cancer and blood cancer cell lines. Specifically, it will analyze the proliferation, viability, and morphological changes of each cancer cell line when treated with extracts from each plant. The introduction provides background on cancer and the need for alternative anti-cancer treatments due to the side effects of conventional therapies.
The document discusses enhancing quality of life as an important goal for cancer treatment. It notes that while treatments have increased survival rates, they can also cause chronic health issues for survivors that reduce quality of life. More research is needed to better understand and prevent these toxic side effects, through identifying biomarkers and mitigation strategies. The authors call for increased priority and resources for quality of life research to both improve existing treatments and enable more patients to benefit from new therapies.
Free radicals are unstable molecules that can damage cells. They are produced through normal cell processes and external factors like pollution and smoking. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a type of free radical involving oxygen. ROS can damage DNA and proteins, contributing to cancer development. ROS also cause oxidative stress, an imbalance that promotes carcinogenesis. Antioxidants may help prevent cancer by reducing oxidative stress, though some research indicates controlled oxidative stress through substances like vitamin C can also fight tumors. Curcumin in turmeric has shown anti-cancer effects by down-regulating inflammatory genes and enzymes linked to cancer.
This document reviews the evolution of cancer treatment therapies from chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation to more recent immunotherapies, gene therapies, and nanomedicines. It discusses the historical development of chemotherapy in the early 20th century and major advances in targeted therapies. Recent developments discussed include immunotherapy, gene therapy, and the use of nanotechnology for controlled drug delivery, hyperthermia, and targeted therapies. The review provides an overview of the arrival and promises of modern therapeutic approaches while acknowledging ongoing challenges.
Ultrasound Technology as a Novel Treatment Strategy in Pancreatic Cancer_Crim...CrimsonpublishersCancer
Adenocarcinoma of the pancreas (PDAC) accounts for 2.4% of all cancers diagnosed and is the fourth leading cause of cancer death, with almost equal rates of incidence and mortality [1]. By 2030, pancreatic cancer is projected to be the second leading cause of cancer-related death [2], surpassing breast, prostate and colorectal cancer. The overall survival at 5 years of around 7.2% as the majority of patients present with advanced disease at diagnosis. Patients with localized disease are treated with surgery, with or without neoadjuvant chemotherapy/ radiotherapy, followed by adjuvant chemotherapy. The majority (around 80%) of patients are treated only with chemotherapy as they have an advanced disease. Patients are treated in the first line with gemcitabine-abraxane or Folfirinox and with Naliri plus 5FU in the second line. There have been few clinical advances in PDAC treatment over the last 20 years and chemotherapy is the only treatment option available for the majority of patients. These tumours are also resistant to many targeted therapies such as anti-EGFR therapy like cetuximab [3] due to the presence of a KRAS mutation in the majority of primary tumors. Personalized medicine strategies have not yet been established in pancreatic cancer as in other more common tumour types. Thus, novel anti-tumour strategies are an important clinical need in order to improve survival rates.
Cancer is caused by abnormal cell growth and can be malignant or benign. Malignant tumors can spread throughout the body while benign tumors do not. The top causes of cancer deaths are tobacco use, obesity, poor diet, alcohol, certain infections, radiation, and pollution. Cancer prevention includes not smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol, and eating plenty of fruits and vegetables. Common cancer treatments involve surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Chemotherapy uses anti-cancer drugs to kill cancer cells throughout the body. The goals, dosages, schedules, and potential side effects of chemotherapy are considered based on the type and stage of a patient's cancer.
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SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC BURDEN OF CANCER ON 2020- REVIEW
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IRO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018, 1(1):24-30.
Role of ayurveda in the management of cancerDr Joban
this pdf contains a compilation of various presentations and papers to get an idea how Ayurved -Panchakarma- Herbal treatment can be helpful to combat Cancer, chemotherapy, Radio therapy hazards, antitumor activities of plants, role of Ayurveda diet in prevention of cancer
Cancer treatments cause many different side effects. These often limit dosing and adversely affect patients’ quality of life. In some cases, they are serious, require treatment, and can be life threatening. In most cases, the side effects of cancer therapy resolve over time, but in some cases, they are permanent.
An example of this is the permanent heart damage caused by a class of chemotherapeutic drugs known as the anthracyclines. These include drugs such as doxorubicin, daunorubicin, and Doxil®.
Anthracyclines inhibit the synthesis of genetic material and block the action of key DNA enzymes like topoisomerase II. They are the cornerstone drugs in treating various cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, and breast cancer.
Unfortunately, anthracyclines cause cardiac injury resulting in cardiomyopathy, the loss of heart function. The cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines is dose-dependent -- the degree of cardiac injury depends on the drug dose that the patient receives. Once doctors detect signs of cardiotoxicity, they adjust the dose of anthracyclines or find an alternative, often less effective, drug. Because the heart damage associated with the anthracyclines is permanent, even if cardiomyopathy is not detected during cancer treatment, patients are limited to a lifetime dose on the order of one gram for an average adult. And even at this limited dose, 25% of patients experience noticeable heart deficiency within 2 years of treatment.
Sometimes cardiotoxic side effects can go undetected for years following cancer treatment. Long-term cardiovascular complications may develop in cancer survivors. For example, according to the American Heart Association, breast cancer survivors in the US now have a higher risk of dying from heart disease than from cancer.
Over the years, researchers and physicians have attempted many approaches to reducing the cardiotoxicity of cancer therapy. Many have involved redesigning anthracycline drugs to engineer out the cardiotoxicity while preserving the chemotherapeutic benefit of the drugs. Others involve drug targeting using “magic bullets’ such as monoclonal antibodies and nanoparticles. Doxil encapsulates the anthracycline drug in lipid spheres known as liposomes to improve absorption of the drug in tumors. Unfortunately, to date, none of these has shown significant benefit in reducing the cardiotoxicity of therapy while maintaining the efficacy of the cancer treatment.
Other approaches involve developing entirely new drugs to treat the cancer. For example, scientists have developed targeted cancer therapies intended to boost therapeutic effectiveness while limiting side effects. Yet many targeted therapies, including HER2 inhibitors, still result in heart disease. Trastuzumab is an antibody targeting HER2 receptors in breast cancer. Many clinical trials reveal that trastuzumab also causes a significant decline in cardiac function in cancer patients.
Our bodies are made up of millions of cells, grouped together to form tissues and organs such as muscles and bones, the lungs and the liver. Genes inside each cell order it to grow, work, reproduce and die. Normally, our cells obey these orders and we remain healthy. But sometimes the instructions get mixed up, causing the cells to form lumps or tumors, or spread through the bloodstream and lymphatic system to other parts of the body.
The document summarizes the ongoing "war on cancer" and argues that it may be endless by design for several reasons. It notes that while over $1 trillion has been spent on the war on cancer since 1971, mortality rates have not declined. It questions whether the conventional definition of cancer and common treatments may actually be promoting and spreading the disease. Alternative approaches focusing on lifestyle and nutrition are presented as more effective with fewer side effects.
The War Against Cancer: Endless by Design with Sayer jJi
Literature review
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Effects of Calorie Restriction on Acute Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Katherine Remmerde
Research Mentor: Noah Gibson
Frontiers of Science Institute, 2011
University of Northern Colorado
Summer 2011
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Abstract
In the modern health care and medical systems, cancer is a widely researched
disease because it is one of the most difficult diseases to treat and is also one of the most
common diseases worldwide. Many times with cancer treatment, specifically with
chemotherapy, the drug used to treat the cancer can become more dangerous than the
cancer itself. Cardiotoxicity is a fatal side effect of anthracycline chemotherapy; attempts
to reduce cardiotoxicity in heart tissue are one of the many purposes of cancer research as
reducing cardiotoxicity can improve the chances of chemotherapy survivorship. It is
hypothesized that calorie restriction may be able to reduce cardiotoxicity in
chemotherapeutic treatments by reducing the amount ofdamage incurred to the heart tissue
and therefore increasing survival rates of cancer patients. The experiment consisted of
calorie restricting rats and then analyzing left ventricle tissue for malondialdehyde content
to determine if calorie restriction does reduce the amount of heart tissue damage. Results
showed no signigicant difference between the groups of interest, AL_DOX and CR_DOX.
However, this may be attributed to a small sample size, and future research may show that
CR does reduce cardiotoxicity.
Key Terms
Cardiotoxicity, Doxorubicin, calorie restriction, malondialdehyde, anthracyclines,
chemotherapy, cancer, cardiomyopathy, cardiomyocytes, ad libitum, lipid peroxidation.
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Introduction
As the human species progresses and advances, increasing amounts of problems,
solutions, and subsequent questions arise. Many diseases and ailments have been on Earth
for centuries but are just now being understood. One such ailment is cancer. Cancer was
thought to be first documented in Egypt, and first classified by a Greek physician by the
name of Hippocrates. (Fayed, Cancer History). As time progressed, more research was
conducted; the circulatory system and lymph system were discovered, and later, the cell
theory arose. Now, in the 21st century, new treatments and novel research are quickly
uncovering previously dark corners of the medical world.
Cancer is a highly analyzed and investigated topic as it affects people all over the
world and so often. Some types of cancer are actually curable depending on the type of
tumor, age at which detected and or treated, how it arose, where it is located, etc. Common
types of cancer include; Bladder, Breast, Colon and Rectal, Leukemia, Lung, Skin,
Prostate, Melanoma, and Thyroid Cancer. (A to Z List of Cancers, Common Cancer Types,
National Cancer Institute). By the same token, many are not curable, and still kill millions
of people across the globe, accounting for 7.6 million deaths (13% of total) in 2008 (World
Health Organization, 2011; GLOBOCAN: Country Fast Stat., 2008). However, just as
many people are working to prevent or treat cancer. Many new, ground-breaking
experiments (e.g. Wonders, Hydock, Hayward, 2011; Hursting, S., Lavigne, J., Berrigan,
D., Perkins, S., & Barrett, J. C., 2003; Cardinale, D., et al. 2006; Shelton, L., Huysentruyt,
L., Mukherjee, P., Seyfried, T., 2010) are being conducted in the medical field concerning
cancer, and often times with this type of research a treatment is known, but not the
mechanism by which it works (Helibronn, L, & Ravussin, E., 2003). By understanding the
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
mechanism and reasons that a certain process works, it can be replicated and/or effectively
used in other areas.
The purpose of this study is to explore and analyze interventions that may decrease
the deleterious side effects of cancer treatment. Types of treatment include chemotherapy,
radiation therapy, surgery, and other alternative methods of treatment. (Types of
Treatment, National Cancer Institute). A commonly used chemotherapeutic drug is
doxorubicin; while doxorubicin is a highly effective chemotherapeutic drug, its cardiotoxic
(heart damaging) side effects can be fatal. (Singal, P., & Iliskovic, N.,1998). Many
interventions have been investigated that may decrease the cardio toxicity caused by DOX
treatment. (Chicco, A., Hydock, D., Schneider, C., & Hayward, R. 2005; Chicco, A.,
Schneider, C., & Hayward, R. 2005; Oliveiraa, P., Bjorkb, J., Santosa, M., Leinoc, R.,
Frobergd, M., Morenoa, A., et al. 2004). The process of calorie restriction (CR) is being
evaluated in order to determine if it may or may not decrease the unwanted side effects of
DOX. (Hursting, S., et al, 2003; Shelton, L., et al, 2010). Calorie restriction is a process
that reduces the amount of caloric intake in a diet by simply eating less food and or foods
with less caloric content without the onset of malnutrition. This is thought to help body
health in general because CR produces free radicals, which damage cells and DNA.
(Koubova, J., & Guarente, L. 2003).
For the experiment, rats will be calorie restricted; it is theorized that less reactive
oxygen species (chemically reactive molecules due to unpaired valance electrons in outer
shell whichcan cause damage to cells, also called ROS) will be produced from degradation
of polyunsaturated lipids, also called lipid peroxidation. (Koubova, J., & Guarente, L.
2003; Marnett, L. 1999). Lipid peroxidation produces malondialdehyde (an organic
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
compound that is a marker for oxidative stress, also called MDA). (Marnett, L. 1999). The
levels of MDA will be assessed by using a spectrophotometer, which measures reflection
or transmission properties of a material as a function of wavelength. The different levels of
MDA in the 4 different experimental groups will be compared in order to determine
significant differences.
It was hypothesized that the reduced caloric intake will directly affect the amount
of ROS produced and will therefore reduce the amount of MDA in rat heart tissue. The
hypothesis should lead to reductions in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity due to an
overall decrease in oxidative stress (imbalance between production of ROS and
detoxification of such) during chemotherapy treatments. Predisposing and preventing
patients from developing cardiotoxicity during chemotheraputic treatments will
dramatically increase the rates of cancer survivorship and quality of life.
Literature Review
Cancer is an invasive and detrimental disease that is often hard to treat, especially
when it metastasizes (breaks off from original growth point). Of course, treatment for these
types of worldwide diseases is common. There are multiple types of cancer treatments in
the medical field (e.g. chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery, and other alternative
methods of treatment). (Types of Treatment, National Cancer Institute). Chemotherapy
specifically has been utilized since World War II in treating cancer, and is now effective
for many different types of cancer. Within chemotherapy, there are many classes of drugs
used according to their effectiveness, mechanisms, and types of cancer they treat.
(American Cancer Society, 2011).
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Cancer Treatments
Alkylating agents directly damage DNA to prevent the cancer cell from
reproducing. (American Cancer Society, 2011). Antimetabolites are a class of drugs that
interfere with DNA and RNA growth during the S phase of mitosis.(American Cancer
Society, 2011). Topoisomerase inhibitors interfere with topoisomerases that separate
strands of DNA, preventing them from being copied. (American Cancer Society, 2011).
Mitotic inhibitors can stop mitosis or inhibit enzymes from making proteins needed for cell
reproduction. (American Cancer Society, 2011). Corticosteroids are hormones that can kill
or slow growth of cancer cells.(American Cancer Society, 2011). Anthracyclines are
anti-tumor antibiotics that interfere with enzymes involved in DNA replication, and can
interfere in all phases of the cell cycle, making them very effective against a growing
tumor. (American Cancer Society, 2011).
The two compounds that became the first Anthracyclines were Doxorubicin and
Daunorubicin (first derived from second). (Daunorubicin: MedlinePlus Drug Information;
Doxorubicin: MedlinePlus Drug Information). Both daunorubicin and doxorubicin are
known for their often fatal cardiotoxic side effects. Cardiotoxicity is characterized by an
increase in ROS, inflammation and mitochondrial dysfuntion, which ultimately leads to
apoptosis and cell necrosis, causing heart failure (cardiomyopathy). However,
daunorubicin in comparison with doxorubicin is less effective but also less cardiotoxic.
Daunorubicin only treats a small range of cancers such as acute leukemias whereas
doxorubicin treats a wide range of cancers suchas hematological malignancies, carcinoma,
soft tissue sarcomas, breast and ovarian cancer, etc. (Daunorubicin: MedlinePlus Drug
Information; Doxorubicin: MedlinePlus Drug Information).
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Doxorubicin, also called Adriamycin, is a cancer chemotherapy drug within the
class of anthracyclines widely used for many types of cancers due of its effectiveness in a
large number of patients (Weiss, R., 1992). Doxorubicin is a cell-cycle specific drug which
means that it often targets cells that are rapidly dividing; however, doxorubicin also affects
DNA transcription (Šimùnek, T, et al, 2009; Szuławska, & Czyż, 2006). This drug is a type
of DNA intercalator, which inhibits DNA replication (specifically topoisomerase 2), a
good strategy to stop growing cancer cells. It does this by binding to base pairs and
preventing the topoisomerase from resealing itself after initially being cut. (Szuławska,
Czyż, 2006; Šimùnek, T, et al, 2009). This process is very effective, but the specific
bonding to base pairs is likely not a major mechanism of the stop of cancer growth while
the topoisomerase 2 inhibitor is (Szuławska, Czyż, 2006). Often, these processes induce
apoptosis.
Doxorubicin reacts with iron in the blood to create reactive oxygen species and
MDA. The doxorubicin enters the body and is changed into a semiquinone by the addition
of an electron to its outer ring. (Singal, P., & Iliskovic, N. 1998; Marnet, L., 1999). In
normal oxygen levels the semiquinone gives its extra electron to oxygen creating a
superoxideradical. (Marnet, L., 1999). The semiquinones then keep receiving electrons
from flavoproteins, a certain type of protein that takes electrons from NADH and NADPH
and gives them to the semiquinones. (Singal, P., & Iliskovic, N. 1998; Marnet, L., 1999).
These superoxide radicals circulate around the body and steal electrons from these lipids in
the cell membrane (Singal, P., & Iliskovic, N. 1998; Marnet, L., 1999). This damages the
cell’s membrane and it also creates MDA, which then causes damage to surrounding
cardiomyocytes (cardiac cells) and their DNA, ending in cardiotoxicity and or
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
cardiomyopathy (heart failure) (Singal, P., & Iliskovic, N. 1998; Marnet, L., 1999).
Mitochondria in individual cells have an increasingly hard time producing ATP via
oxidative phosphorylation due to the unwanted inhibition of enzymes that carry out this
process (Gredilla, R, Sanz, A., Lopez-Torres, M., Gustavo, B., 2001). This produces less
energy for the body and therefore less opportunity to repair itself, reduce cardiotoxicity, or
fight cancer.
Toxic Effects of Cancer Treatment
Because cancer is such an invasive and hard to treat disease, many times, the drugs
used to combat it have to be just as deadly, and may end in death. In some cases, the better
the drug works against cancer, the more fatal side effects it has. Some of the drugs used in
chemotherapy, specifically the anthracyclines, often cause cardiotoxicity in the heart
(Šimùnek, T, et al, 2009; Singal, P., & Iliskovic, N. 1998; Szuławska, A, & Czyż, M.,
2006). There are four different types of cardiotoxicity caused by anthracyclines. Acute
cardio toxicity occurs during or immediately after treatment is made involves
vasodilatation, hypotension and transient cardiac rhythm disturbances. (Šimùnek, et al,
2009). Subchronic cardio toxicity is uncommon and was mostly only observed where
larger doses of anthracyclines were used (Šimùnek, et al, 2009). This occurs 1-3 days
after treatment. Early chronic cardio toxicity occurs anywhere from a few days to weeks
after treatment. (Šimùnek, et al, 2009). It is characterized by “dilated cardiomyopathy,
with subsequent development of left ventricular contractile dysfunction and congestive
heart failure (CHF)”. (Šimùnek, et al, 2009, p. 156). Delayed cardio toxicity can occur
months, years, or even decades after treatment and usually, those with this type of
cardiotoxicity have a bad prognosis. (Šimùnek, et al, 2009). However, within these
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
types of cardiotoxicities there are ways to combat the side effects and reduce the
cardiotoxicity itself. One such way is by using dexrazoxane.
Dexrazoxane is a drug that can reduce the amount of cardiotoxicity buildup in the
heart while preserving anthracyclines’ antitumor abilities (Hasinoff, B, & Herman, E.
2007). It works by binding to free iron in the heart, which is thought to reduce the amount
of reactive oxygen species that would be able to cause damage, therefore reducing overall
cardiotoxicity in the heart for the drug Doxorubicin specifically (Hasinoff, B, & Herman,
E., 2007). However, dexrazoxane is also a topoisomerase 2 inhibitor, which can cut
cancerous DNA and inhibit the process of it binding back together, effectively inducing
apoptosis in many cancer cells (Hasinoff, B, & Herman, E. 2007). Due to these
conflicting abilities, it is not fully understood how the two mechanisms work together
(Hasinoff, B, & Herman, E. 2007).
Fig. 2. Schematic overview of the pathways proposed to explain chronic anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity. ANT –
anthracycline, FADD –Fas-associated death domain protein, iNOS – inducible nitric oxide synthase, MMP – matrix
metalloproteinase, MnSOD – manganese (mitochondrial) superoxide dismutase, mPTP – mitochondrial permeability transition
pore, PS – phosphatidylserine, ROS – reactive oxygen species, RNS – reactive nitrogen species, NO – nitric oxide, RyR
– ryanodine receptor, SR – sarcoplasmic reticulum, TnT/I – troponin T/I
Picture taken from pg 158; Šimùnek,T, Štìrba,M., Popelová,O., Adamcová, M., Hrdina, R., Geršl, V.
Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity:Overview of studies examining the roles of oxidative stress and free
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
cellulariron. Pharmacological Reports. 2009;61, 154–171
The mechanisms bywhich manybiologicaland chemicals processes work are often
very elusive. One such puzzling process is calorie restriction (CR); a mechanism by which
researchers are endeavoring to reduce cardiotoxicity from chemotherapy drugs,
specifically doxorubicin. This is cutting edge research, as not many studies have been
conducted relating CR to cancer and sucheffects of the combination, althoughCR has been
shown to increase longevity. (Hursting, S., et al, 2003). Calorie restriction works by
reducing the amount of lipid peroxidation and other breakdown of materials and
molecules, where the overall free radical and reactive oxygen species count is reduced
(Koubova, J., & Guarente, L., 2003). Also, because of this reduced ROS production, less
malondialdehyde is produced. MDA is a type of TBAR, which is a ThioBarbituric Acid
Reactive Substance, a substance formed by lipid peroxidation that can become very
harmful to the body (Kosugi, H., Kojima, T., & Kikugawa, K., n.d.) These create DNA
adducts, which are pieces of DNA that are covalently bonded to a chemical in an unnatural
way, specifically those that are cancer causing (Kosugi, H., et al, n.d.). This binding action
creates a pigment which can then be quantitatively analyzed for damage via a
spectrophotometer (Kosugi, H., et al, n.d.). Calorie restriction does reduce the amount of
oxidative stress and damage to tissues, but by what mechanism is unknown, although it is
known to increase longevity and reduce age-related diseases (Minor, et al, 2010; Hursting,
S., et al, 2003; Helibronn, L, & Ravussin, E., 2003). In addition, because less energy is
being produced by mitochondria, the same effect occurs (ATP production produces free
radicals).
Other longevity-promoting interventions sometimes work by creating more
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
reactive oxygen species which in turn switch on defense mechanisms inside the cell,
increasing oxidative stress resistance and longevity over time. (Ristow & Schmeisser,
2010). In fact, by taking in antioxidants and partially inhibiting such processes, this might
result in an adverse effect by decreasing stress resistance otherwise obtained through
calorie restriction and exercise. (Ristow & Schmeisser, 2010). Although antioxidants may
decrease levels of harmful free radical species that can damage cells in different types of
tissue, absorbing too many of them may decrease one’s resistance to possible future
oxidative stress (Ristow & Schmeisser, 2010). Therefore, both reducing and increasing the
amount of ROS and oxidative stress in cells can be both beneficial and harmful. However,
it is shown that ROS production and oxidative stress are not large contributors to antitumor
activity. (Šimùnek, et al, 2009).
Alternative Cancer Treatments
As cancer rates continue and escalate, there is an increasing demand for alternative,
cost effective ways of treating cancer. These alternative methods can include exercise,
medicinal/herbal supplements, acupuncture, hypnosis, biofeedback, etc. Manyof these just
alleviate side-effects, not necessarily kill cancer cells (Types of Treatment, National
Cancer Institute). Calorie restriction may become one of the new and one of the most
effective types of alternative cancer treatment.
Few studies have been done specifically pertaining to calorie restriction and its
effects on cancer or cancer therapy. One such study that has been done is that of
mitochondrial free radical generation pertaining to calorie restriction for mitochondrial
DNA in rat hearts (Gredilla, R., et al, 2001). It was shown that by calorie restricting rats,
H2O2 generation (a harmful chemical when inside the body) is decreased and reduces the
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
amount of damage done to DNA and cells in general. (Gredilla, R., et al, 2001). It was
shown that short term calorie restriction (6 months) did not procure any differences in free
radical production, but in long term calorie restriction (1 year or more), less free radicals
were produced from the mitochondria in heart cells. (Gredilla, R, et al, 2001). Therefore,
by calorie restricting an organism, less free radicals and reactive oxygen species are
produced from energy production in mitochondria, less damage is incurred, and heart cells
are then healthier, which can then help to predispose an organism to have a better cancer
treatment outcome (Gredilla, R., et al, 2001). Also, there have been studies done showing
that CR can reduce the amount and severity of brain tumors in mice (Shelton, L., et al,
2010). This is because calorie restriction reduces the amount of circulating glucose in the
body, which then prevents tumors from growing more rapidly due to an availability of an
energy source (Shelton, L., et al, 2010). Because of these promising studies pertaining to
calorie restriction, more are being done in an attempt to find a new and effective cancer
treatment.
Methods and Materials
Animal Care
Ten week old female Sprauge-Dawley rats were obtained from Harlan
Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana. All animals were housed in a temperature controlled
facility, provided water ad libitum, and were adapted to a 12 hour light : 12 hour dark cycle.
All proposed protocols were approved bythe Universityof NorthernColorado Institutional
Animal Care and Use Committee and were in compliance with the Animal Welfare Act
guidelines.
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Calorie Restriction Protocol
Nine week old female Sprauge-Dawley rats were fed ad libitum (provided 600 g)
for a week with standard rat chow to calculate and average consumption rate. During week
1 ofthe experiment (rats 10 weeks old) and in the following10 weeks, the calorie restricted
group (experimental group) was provided 60% of average consumption each week (new
averages at end of every week). Both of the groups (ad libitum and calorie restricted) were
sedentary and provided water ad libitum. At the end of the 10 week experimentation
period, free fed or calorie restricted rats were injected with doxorubicin or saline (control),
and euthanized and dissected for analysis.
Tissue Preparation
Left ventricles of Sprauge-Dawley rat hearts were dissected, obtained and flash
frozen in liquid nitrogen. 250 milligrams of ventricle tissue for each sample were weighed
and minced into small pieces with scissors. Minced tissue was inserted in to a glass test
tube; 1 mL/250 mg of tissue of RIPA (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO.) buffer was added.
Tissue and buffer mix was homogenized in the test tube with a glass tissue grinder.
Samples were then centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 minutes and supernatant was decanted.
10 μL of supernatant was extracted and ejected into 1.5 mL cuvettes for every sample. A
standard curve was obtained from protein standards at 0, .125, .25, .5, 1, and 2 ng/ml,
(using spectrophotometer). 1 mLof Bradford Reagent (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.) was
added to cuvette and incubated for 5 minutes. Absorbency was measured via a
spectrophotometer at 595 nm to determine total protein content. Process was repeated for
all samples.
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Myocardial lipid peroxidation
The following tissue preparation was done using a commercially available kit,
Bioxytech MDA-586, Spectrophotometric Assay for Malondialdehyde (Oxis
International, Portland, Ore.). 10 μL of probucol was added to new test tubes. 200 μL of
sample was added to respective assay tubes as well as 640 μL of diluted R1 reagent. All
samples were then mixed bybriefly vortexing each tube. 150 μLof R2 was added to all test
tubes and then stoppered in order to mix well by vortexing for approximately 30 seconds.
Test tubes were then incubated at 45 degrees Celsius for 60 minutes. Turbid samples were
then centrifuged (10 minutes at 11 rpm) to obtain a clear supernatant. 200 μL of clear
supernatant was transferred to respective cuvettes. Absorbency of each sample was
measured at 586 nm.
Statistical Analysis
A one-way ANOVA test was utilized to determine any significant statistical
differences between the four experimental groups. (p<0.05)
Results
No significant data was found between the 4 experimental groups; the p-value of
the data was shown to be greater than .05. It was shown that the CR_SAL (calorie
restricted, saline injected) experimental group did have an overall less amount of MDA in
heart tissue (the average being 5.17 μM) compared to AL_SAL (ad libitum, saline injected)
and AL_DOX (ad libitum, doxorubicin injected) experimental groups amounts of MDA in
heart tissue (averages being 6.8 μM and 6.3 μM respectively). The data demonstrates that
calorie restrictiondoes reduce the amount ofMDA in heart tissue overall, therefore making
the heart more healthy and accumulating less damage. The total protein content part of the
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
experiment was a success, showing that the total protein within each of the samples was at
the same average. Because the experiment had a small sample size and the mortality of the
DOX injected rats was moderate, the results may be skewed.
Figures
Treatment
Group
(n=
) MDA MeanS.D.
CR+SAL 5 5.175610 .887
CR+DOX 8 6.036585 .978
AL+SAL 7 6.808362 .631
AL+DOX 8 6.344512 .630
Table 1. Mean ± standard deviation (S.D.) of each treatment group for malondialdehyde
(MDA) concentrations.
Figure 1. Graph of mean malondialdehyde(MDA) content in µM
among treatment groups. CR_SAL, Calorierestricted + saline
injection;CR_DOX, calorierestriction +doxorubicin injection,AL_DOX,
Ad Libitum + doxorubicin injection,AL_SAL, Ad Libitum+ saline
injection.Significancewas found between CR_SAL and AL_DOX. *
indicates significanceto a p<.05
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Discussion
Although no significant results were found, the experiment is the precursor to
future, more effective and significant experiments. This experiment did show that calorie
restriction does in fact reduce amounts of harmful MDA levels in left ventricle cardiac
tissue of Sprauge-Dawley rats. The experimental group with the highest level of MDA
accumulation in heart tissue was the ad libitum, doxorubicin injected rats, naturally. These
rats experienced more lipid peroxidation and side effects of doxorubicin, therefore more
free radical species produced and more damage done.
The second highest level of MDA found was in ad libitum, saline injected rats,
which would be the normal case due to the neutral effects of saline and the increased ROS
production from more calorie intake. The next highest MDA level groups were in calorie
Figure 2. Total protein contents of the separateexperimental
groups, showingthat the total protein content of left ventricles
were similar (control) (mgof protein/mL tissuehomogenate).
P>.05
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
restricted, doxorubicin injected rats and then in calorie restricted, saline injected rats,
respectively. These results are expected, and because of this normalcy, the experiment was
a success. However, the results did not support the hypothesis proposed because no large
enough difference in MDA content was found between the four experimental groups.
However, the future experiments of the same nature may prove to show significant data
due to larger sample size.
Cancer is an extensive and consequential disease that affects thousands of people
worldwide. It can be considered as one of the predominant demises of medical system
because of its pervasive and devastating nature. Many researchers exploringpotential cures
for this plague of a disease, and any progress in this field is remarkable. Even though the
study may have not shown significant results pertaining to the experiment, showing what
doesn’t work may be just as effective as the prior, although the study did not show
confirmation of success or no success at all.
The calorie restriction was shown to reduce MDA levels, however, not shown to
help in cardiotoxicity explicitly. This does not mean that on a larger scale, CR couldn’t
help in reducing cardiotoxicity levels in heart tissue. The experiment does show potential
for possible progression and significant findings because it does not refute the hypothesis
nor support it. As the study advances and the sample size become larger, hopefully more
significant data becomes apparent.
If the conglomerated data from multiple experiments does support that calorie
restriction helps in reducing cardiotoxicity levels in the heart, the possibilities are
amaranthine. Calorie restriction is just one of the ways to reduce numbers of ROS inside
the body, and can possibly reduce cardiotoxicity. As of now there are other known
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
techniques to reduce cardiotoxicity such as exercise. Exercise has been shown to reduce
cardiotoxicity by inhibiting apoptotic signaling and providing resistance against oxidative
stress (Chicco, A., Hydock, D., et al, 2005; Chicco, A., Schneider, C., et al, 2005).
Antioxidant supplements, however, have not been shown to significantly reduce
cardiotoxicity in the heart, even though supplements are commonly used as alternative
treatment for chemotherapy patients (Block, K., et al, 2008). However, specifically for
doxorubicin treatment, antioxidant supplements do help via antioxidant activity against
free radicals and ROS produced at the electron transport chain malfunction (Oliveiraa, P.,
et al, 2004). Adding calorie restriction to other known interventions such as exercise may
increase the beneficial effects and increase chemotherapy survivorship.
Conclusion
Cancer is a widespread and often fatal disease of which many are working to
alleviate. Novel and diverse experiments are being conducted in order to attempt to find a
cure for this disease or even just help to reduce the side effects of treatment or cancer itself.
Calorie restriction might prove to be one of these new treatments in the near future.
Although our experiment did not come up with significant data, when a larger sample size
is obtained, it may show that calorie restriction does help reduce doxorubicin-induced
cardiotoxicity in heart tissue. If this is true, survivorship of patients may increase and in
conjunction with other treatments, cardiotoxicity from chemotherapy may be reduced to a
negligible amount. In the future, cancer treatments may become so effective that the
disease may become something of the past, and researchers will be able to continue onto
other investigations within modern medicine.
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
Acknowledgements
There are several people whom we would like to thank, as this project would not
have come this far without them. The first is Lori Ball, the coordinator of FSI, who made it
possible for us to participate in this experiment, and has helped guide our papers the whole
way through. We would also like to thank Nathan Kirkley and Klaus Broeker for editing
our papers and giving us suggestions on how to make them more appealing. Next, we
would like to thank University of Northern Colorado for letting us use their facilities and
also for the FSI program for allowing us to participate in all of our activities. Also, we
would like to thank all of the teachers and RA’s for helping us along in the program and
teaching us new and interesting information; Abby Davidson, Nick True, Zabedah Saad,
Nathan Kirkley, Kayla Schinke, Klaus Broeker, and Karen Allnutt. Lastly, we would like to
thank our mentor, Noah Gibson and Dr. Reid Hayward, for giving us the opportunity to
work on this novel research. We would also like to thank our sponsors who made it possible
for us to be in the FSI program this year and for helping to fund our research; Adolph
Coors Foundation, Bacon Family Foundation,, The Edward Madigan Foundation, and FSI
alumni.
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Running Head: Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity
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