This document provides a comprehensive overview of liquid penetrant testing, including its principles, necessary surface preparation, and various methods of application. It highlights factors affecting penetrant capability, discusses types of penetrants, and outlines essential testing procedures and post-cleaning processes. The conclusion emphasizes the effectiveness of penetrant testing on a range of materials, as well as its limitations in detecting certain types of discontinuities.

1. LIQUID PENETRANT
TESTING
LEVE II
Eka Prasetya Siregar
ASNT NDE (RT,UT, MT, PT, VT) Level III
ASNT ID : 190523

2. Liquid Penetrant Testing

3. INTRODUCTION

4. INTRODUCTION
Capillary Action

5. INTRODUCTION
Capillary Action
Defect at open to Surface
DI BAWAH
PERMUKAAN
DI BAGIAN
DALAM
Tdk dapat dideteksi oleh uji
penetran
Dapat dideteksi oleh uji penetran

6. INTRODUCTION
Liquid penetrant inspection is a physical chemical
process. Application and reaction of the penetrant
(chemical) is dependent upon the nature of the test
article and the discontinuity it contains (physical).
The ability of penetrant to spread over a solid surface is referred
to as the wetting ability. The wetting ability and contact angle
between solid liquid are inversely proportional. The higher the
wetting ability, the smaller the contact angle. The contact angle
determines the wetting ability.
Penetrating capability of a liquid penetrant is controlled
by:
 Surface tension
 Contact angle

7. INTRODUCTION

8. BASIC PRINCIPLES

9. BASIC PRINCIPLES

10. STEP - 1
SURFACE
PREPARATION
(PRECLEANING)

11. SURFACE PREPARATION

12. SURFACE PREPARATION
Surface preparation, including proper cleaning is essential to liquid
penetrant testing for TWO reasons:
2. If all traces of penetrant materials are not removed after the test,
they may have a harmful effect on the specimen after the test
object is placed in service (chlorine and sulphur may affect some
alloys).
1. If the specimen is not physically and chemically clean and dry, penetrant
testing may be ineffective.

13. SURFACE PREPARATION
Selection of the cleaning process breaks down to the following basic factors.
 Type of contaminant.
 Composition of the base material.
 Degree of cleanliness required.
 Availability of cleaning equipment.
 Cost and time factors

14. SURFACE PREPARATION

15. SURFACE PREPARATION

16. SURFACE PREPARATION

17. STEP - 2
APPLY LIQUID
PENETRANT

18. Basic Liquid Penetrant Classification
System

19. Classification of Penetrant
Examination Types and Methods

20. PENETRANT
List below indicates the penetrant systems, ranging from the most sensitive
and expensive to the least one.
1. Post-emulsified – fluorescent.
2. Solvent-removable – fluorescent.
3. Water-washable – fluorescent.
4. Post-emulsified – visible.
5. Solvent-removable – visible.
6. Water-washable – visible.

21. CONSUMABLE

22. CONSUMABLE

23. CONSUMABLE

24. APPLY LIQUID PENETRANT

25. APPLY LIQUID PENETRANT

26. DWELL TIME PENETRANT

27. STEP - 3
REMOVE EXCESS
LIQUID
PENETRANT

28. REMOVE EXCESS LIQUID PENETRANT

29. REMOVE EXCESS LIQUID PENETRANT

30. REMOVE EXCESS LIQUID PENETRANT
WATER WASHABLE

31. REMOVE EXCESS LIQUID PENETRANT
POST EMULSIFIABLE - LIPOPHILIC

32. REMOVE EXCESS LIQUID PENETRANT
POST EMULSIFIABLE - HYDROPHILIC

33. CONSUMABLE

34. REMOVE EXCESS LIQUID PENETRANT
SOLVENT REMOVABLE
SOLVENT IS NEVER APPLIED DIRECTLY TO THE SPECIMEN AS IT MIGHT WASH
OUT OR DILUTE THE PENETRANT IN THE DISCONTINUITY

35. REMOVE EXCESS LIQUID PENETRANT

36. CONSUMABLE

37. STEP - 4
APPL
DEVELOPER

38. APPLY DEVELOPER

39. APPLY DEVELOPER

40. STEP - 5
INPECTION

41. INSPECTION

42. INSPECTION

43. INSPECTION

44. STEP - 6
POST
CLEANING

45. POST CLEANING
After the specimen has been inspected, it is very important that it be
thoroughly cleaned. A thorough postcleaning is necessary because penetrant
and developer residue tend to attract moisture which may cause corrosion,
or it can interfere with subsequent processing or usage.
Postcleaning usually will involved the same types of cleaning operations as
were used in precleaning.

46. EQUIPMENT

47. EQUIPMENT

48. EQUIPMENT

49. NDT STEPS

50. NDT STEPS

51. POST CLEANING
After the specimen has been inspected, it is very important that it be
thoroughly cleaned. A thorough postcleaning is necessary because penetrant
and developer residue tend to attract moisture which may cause corrosion,
or it can interfere with subsequent processing or usage.
Postcleaning usually will involved the same types of cleaning operations as
were used in precleaning.

52. Summary
Penetrant testing is succesfully used on most any materials,
including metallic and nonmetallic objects.
Metallic materials include aluminum, magnesium, titanium, cast
iron, stainless steel, powdered metal products, copper, brass,
and bronze, as well as most other common alloys.
Nonmetallic materials include ceramics, plastic, molded rubber,
composites, and glass.
Penetrant testing is limited by its inability to test materials with
discontinuities that are NOT OPEN to the surface or having
extremely porous surface.

53. Summary
The ability of a given liquid to flow over a surface and enter surface cavities
depends principally on the following:
 Cleanliness of the surface
 Configuration of the cavity
 Cleanliness of the cavity
 Size of surface opening of the cavity
 Surface tension of the liquid
 Ability of the liquid to wet the surface
 Contact angle of the liquid
Choices
material of
Penetrant

54. Summary
The selection of the best process depends upon:
1. Sensitivity required.
2. Number of articles to be tested.
3. Surface condition of part being inspected.
4. Configuration of test specimen.
5. Availability of water, electricity, compressed air, suitable
testing area

55. Summary
The four methods are broadly classified as:
 Water washable, method A
 Postemulsifiable lipophilic, method B
 Solvent removable, method C
 Postemulsifiable hydrophilic, method D

56. Summary

57. QUESTIONS?

58. Questions - 1
Which of the following is a disadvantage of using the liquid penetrant testing
method?
a) The liquid penetrant test method is adaptable to production
inspection of small parts
b) Liquid penetrant testing can locate fine cracks
c) The liquid penetrant test method is a relatively simple test method
d) The liquid penetrant test method is not effective at all temperatures

59. Questions - 2
Which of the following is a commonly used classification for
penetrant?
a) Postemulsifiable penetrant
b) Nonferrous penetrant
c) Chemical etch penetrant
d) Nonaqueous penetrant

60. Questions - 3
Which method of penetrant removal is solvent removable?
a) Method A
b) Method B
c) Method C
d) Method D

61. Questions - 4
Developer coating of excessive thicknesss:
a) May obscure indications
b) May be beneficial while observing small indications for
flourescent penetrants
c) May be beneficial while observing small indications for
visible penetrants
d) Do not effect the inspection

62. Questions - 5
a) Developer coating of excessive thicknesss:
a) May obscure indications
b) May be beneficial while observing small indications for
flourescent penetrants
c) May be beneficial while observing small indications for
visible penetrants
d) Do not effect the inspection