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Lil'wat Fleet of Foot
- 1. Discovering Trails in the Lil’wat World By Dr. Dorothy Kennedy & Randy Bouchard 11 August 2015 Pemberton Museum 1
- 2. Land Use & Occupancy • Ethnographic data • Linguistic data • Ethnohistoric data Bouchard and Kennedy , with Charlie Mack Seymour on top of the mountains dividing the Stein River and Lillooet Lake, 1987 2
- 3. Charlie Mack on the inaugural voyage of his 18-ft cedar canoe on the Birkenhead River, 1975 3
- 4. Defining Lil’wat Territory: the Route of the Copper Canoe 4
- 5. Keyhole Falls, cut by the Canoe Betty Talbot photo, 1940 5
- 6. Hemp nets and over-reaching mountains once blocked the upper Lillooet River 6
- 8. Trade Routes – James Teit, 1910-13 8
- 9. Excerpt from Black, c. 1833 As published in Hayes 2012, page 50, map 136 (Original held by BC Archives) 9
- 10. Excerpt of a Map compiled by Samuel Black c.1833 (redrawn by R.G. Harris) North 1. 2. 3. 1. Whistler – Squamish trail 2. Seton – Anderson trail 3. Duffey Lake trail 10
- 11. Stein River Trail Seton – Anderson Trail Squamish River Trail Soo River Trail ? Map of Thompsons River District, c.1833, with additions 11
- 12. The Stein River Trail • “Battle Route” • Stories about the last battle: – Lil’wat v. Nlak’apamux – Story recorded from both perspectives – Battle Creek/ Lizzie Creek – 1860 John Hill expedition through Stein 12
- 13. Boundary Marker at Birken Charlie Mack & Baptiste Ritchie near the Transformer’s Footprint at Birken13
- 14. Trail location marked by John Duffey, 1860 14
- 15. Duffey Lake heading west 15
- 16. 16
- 17. Now Two Transformer Footprints? Near Duffey Lake At the Birken Divide 17
- 18. Trade Routes – James Teit, 1910-13 18
- 19. Looking NW up the Lillooet R. John Scurlock photo 19
- 20. The Lillooet Glacier Photo by John Baldwin20
- 21. Ice Worms: “Like a Heavy Snowstorm” 21
- 22. 22
- 23. 23
- 24. THE LIL’WAT WORLD OF CHARLIE MACK By Dorothy Kennedy & Randy Bouchard Available in the Pemberton Museum Shop. 24
Editor's Notes
- Greeting, thanks to Niki and museum and Johnny Jones; acknowledge Culture Chief Leonard Andrews.
- What we are going to talk about; types of data and what they tell us about trails. Definitions of terms: ethnography= “description of culture based on observation, interviews, and participation”; Linguistic data – places names and their distribution; Ethnohistory - is the study of cultures and indigenous customs by examining historical records;
- Daily transportation was by canoes along the waterways that linked the Lil’wat world; canoe in SLCC; show model; mention film; Canoe features as a protagonist in the story of the Copper Canoe.
- A few routes originated at the beginning of time, including the routes taken by the Transformers and also by the Copper Canoe, both epics of the delineation of national territory. Describe transformers. Copper Canoe started at the glacial headwaters of the Lillooet River. Pp. 21-28. Story = transformation of land & origin of salmon; Topogeny = ordered set of place names that is a projected externalization of memories that can be lived in as well as thought about. Experiencing the landscape is to connect with the time of myth. Paddling down the river one passes the land features made at the beginning of time when the two brothers calmed the mysterious beings that inhabited the country.
- Evidence based on ethnographic inquiry from Teit, 1910-13. Squamish River to Lillooet Valley trail: Noted as the most important trade route linking the coast with interior. Lil’wat traded furs and skins, as well as berries, for coastal seafoods, dentalium shells, yew wood, and traded these, along with mountain goat wool and cedar root baskets for interior hemp, wind dried salmon, and other goods obtained from farther east. Wind dried salmon trade continues. Packed on canoe and overland in packs from the Pemberton Valley to points east and west.
- Samuel Black HBC at Thompson River Post beginning 1831- killed 1841; Violent man; Had available to him the reports and correspondence of those who knew he area and this is reflected in accuracy of waterways noted on map.
- Trade routes: 1) Main trail from Lillooet Valley to Fraser River.; 2) Anderson – Seton; 3) Duffey Lake trail. Familiar to Natives on both sides of trailhead.
- Map based on information available from TR Post and F Langley as of ac. 1833. Shows the Stein River trail and what is likely Soo River trail not shown on original 1833 Black Map. This map was updated circa 1860 to 1865.
- Other routes are multiple use; this is battle route c. 1830s. Tell story (pithouses connected by escape tunnels – see Stein Report). Route imprecise. By 1860, trail overgrown near Rutledge Cr. And his Nlak’apmux guides knew nothing of west side of divide. Charlie Mack said trail came down Lizzie Creek.
- Seton-Anderson trail, 1975 with CM & BR. 21 May 1846: A.C. Anderson, HBC, looking for a route to transfer supplied to interior. “At height of land where there is a large isolated block of granite, bearing an impression closely resembling that of a human foot. The Indians call it the footstone & have of course a marvellous tradition connected with it…” Story: Transformers – ats’ima7lh – 3 Transformers and their sister. Stopped to rest here and sister made footprint.
- Sapper John Duffey, RE, 1860: Prepared a report sent to Governor Douglas with map. Examine the existing Aboriginal trail from Cayoosh to Lillooet Lake. Marked his camps along with those used by Native people.
- Economically-important area. Prime hunting area for mountain goats and bears. Regulated hunting areas. Also root digging bulbs of the western Spring beauty plant and yellow avalanche lilies. Duffey noted that to west of lake of Indians place for drying roots. Guide pointed out rock: “Indian tradition says the Saughala Tighee once stepped from a rock near Summit Lake [Birken] over the mountains & rested on this rock - there is a footprint on a rock 2 miles from the Halfway House & near Summit Lake - I saw it myself.” Johnny Jones will describe looking for rock in April 2015.
- Aerial photo: Johnny can explain
- Intriguing to think that we may now know the locations of both Transformer footprints noted in the ethnographic and ethnohistoric literature.
- Trail from Jervis Inlet to Lillooet shown, but also went to Lillooet River: Charlie told stories of people walking over the Lillooet Glacier. Seemed fantastical as first…
- Trail head on the upper Lillooet River up from Keyhole Falls. Pages 79-81.
- Good walking in May
- When Hunter Jack on top of the mountain, he leaned against a rock and looked south. He could see the salt water. In a short while it became dark and soon worms came out and they were as heavy as a snow storm. “Ice worms” emerge when it is shady and can live until about 25 degrees F, or will freeze, but warm temperatures trigger enzymes that break down their bodies and will melt in temperatures above 41. Density 2,000 per square metre.
- And some routes are in the imagination. Such is the story of the women who head out in a canoe in search of something more than what they had at home. It was their travels that Charlie demonstrated on a piece of string while telling the story of the Women in the Canoe, a narrative that instructed young children in the problems of eating tart fruit.
- Summary: despite high mountains, Lil’wat people were not isolated; trails connected them to their neighbours, both friends and foes. Trails were generally used for multiple purposes: visiting relatives, trade, harvesting resources, attending ceremonial and societal events. And through the use of various types of data were are learning more about their locations and use.