The document discusses different types of leverage used by firms, including financial leverage, operational leverage, and combined leverage. Financial leverage refers to the use of debt in a firm's capital structure, with measures including debt ratio and interest coverage ratio. Operational leverage refers to the use of fixed operating costs. Combined leverage shows the relationship between revenue, sales, and taxable income, and is calculated as the product of financial leverage and operational leverage. The document also provides examples of how different types of leverage are used in income statements and to amplify the effects of changes in sales, costs, and profits.

1. Leverage
• Leverage “is the employment of funds or assets for which
firm pays a fixed cost or fixed return”.
• In short it’s the usage of FIXED COST to maximize the
potential returns for shareholders.
•Various variable which have impact on the returns of the
Shareholders are:: COST & REVENUE, PROFITS, INTEREST ,
TAX RATE, EBIT and OUTPUT.
•Therefore Leverage is the % of returns on SH-equity to %
return on capitalization.
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2. Types of Leverages
•FINANCIAL LEVERAGES
•OPERATIONAL LEVERAGES
•COMBINED LEVERAGES
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3. SALES /REVENUES
Less: COST OF GOODS SOLD (CGS)
GROSS PROFITS (GP)
Less: OPERATING EXPENSES
EARNINGS BEFORE INTEREST & TAXES (EBIT)
Less: INTEREST
NET PROFIT BEFORE TAXES
Less: TAXES
NET PROFIT AFTER TAXES
Less: PREFERRED STOCK DIVIDENDS
EARNINGS AVAILABLE FOR COMMON STOCK HOLDERS
EARNINGS PER SHARE (EPS)
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O L
F L
TL
OL: OPERATING LEVERAGE; FL: FINANCIAL LEVERAGA; TL: TOTAL LEVERAGE/ COMBINED LEVERAGE
LEVERAGES & INCOME STATEMENT

4. FINANCIAL LEVERAGE
• Financial leverage deals with the profit magnification in general. It is
also well known as gearing or ‘trading on equity’.
• Measures of Financial Leverage
There are various measures of Financial Leverage
Debt Ratio: It is the ratio of debt to total assets of the firm which
means what percentage of total assets is financed by debt.
Debt Equity Ratio: It is the ratio of debt to equity which signifies how
many INR of debt is taken per INR of equity.
Interest Coverage Ratio: It is the ratio of profits to interest. This ratio
is also represented in times. It represents how many times of the
interest is the available profit to pay it off. Higher such ratio, higher is
the interest paying capacity. The reciprocal of it is income gearing.
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5. DEGREE of FINANCIAL LEVERAGE (DFL)
•A degree of financial leverage measures magnification that
happens due to debt capital in the structure.
•The degree of financial leverage is the proportion of a
percentage change in EPS due to a certain percentage
change in EBIT.
OR
FL = Operating Profit/PBT
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6. Uses of Financial Leverage
•Financial leverage helps to examine the relationship
between EBIT and EPS.
•Financial leverage measures the percentage of change
in taxable income to the percentage change in EBIT.
•Financial leverage pinpoints the correct profitable
financial decision regarding capital structure of the
company.
•FL is used to measure the fixed cost proportion with
the total capital of the company.
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7. OPERATING LEVERAGE (OL)
• Operating leverage refers to the use of fixed operating costs such as
depreciation, insurance of assets, repairs and maintenance, property taxes etc.
in the operations of a firm.
• It is associated with the investment activity of the firm.
OL = Contribution /Operating Profit
• Operating leverage consists of two important costs viz., fixed cost and variable
cost. When the company is said to have a high degree of operating leverage if
it employs a great amount of fixed cost and smaller amount of variable cost.
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8. Uses of Operating Leverage
Operating leverage is one of the techniques to measure the
impact of changes in sales which lead for change in the
profits of the company.
•If any change in the sales, it will lead to corresponding
changes in profit.
•Operating leverage helps to identify the position of fixed cost
and variable cost.
•It measures the relationship between the sales and revenue
of the company.
•Operating leverage describes the over all position of the fixed
operating cost.
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9. COMBINED LEVERAGE (CL)
•When the company utilizes both financial and operating
leverage to amplification of any change in sales into a larger
relative changes in earning per share.
•Combined leverage is also known as composite leverage or
total leverage. Combined leverage shows the relationship
between the revenue in the account of sales and the taxable
income.
•CL = FL x OL
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10. OL & FL
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