The document provides suggestions to strengthen laws against crimes against women in India. It suggests: 1) Establishing special courts to expedite trials while maintaining constitutional safeguards, increasing minimum punishments to 20-25 years, and making all forms of sexual assault non-bailable offenses. 2) Requiring dedicated police cells and all-women police stations to handle such cases sensitively, and ensuring women in investigation teams. 3) Protecting victims and witnesses and passing laws against workplace sexual harassment. 4) Leveraging technology like GPS, CCTV, and databases to help investigations and prevent crimes. 5) Banning politicians charged with such crimes from elections and fast-tracking their cases. 6) Mandating gender sensitivity education in schools
This document discusses human rights in India and police brutality. It outlines several key human rights like the right to life, liberty, freedom of expression, and social/economic rights. The document then discusses police brutality in India, the various forms it can take like false arrest and intimidation, and some of the causes like believing they are above the law. It also discusses police powers related to arrest, detention, stop and frisk and emphasizes the importance of respecting human rights and limiting excessive use of force.
This document discusses custodial deaths and torture in police custody in India. It summarizes a Supreme Court of India case where writ petitions were filed regarding frequent complaints of custodial violence and deaths in police lockups across states. The court issued notices to all state governments and the Law Commission of India to examine the issue and suggest guidelines to prevent custodial torture and compensate victims. The court and amicus curiae considered the fundamental rights of citizens and need to curb police powers and protect individuals from abuse of authority.
Understanding indian criminal justice system for class 8 kendriya vidyalya, n...chiranjith prabhu
understanding our criminal justice system for class 8 for kendriya vidyalaya gives an overview about the lesson. definition of judge, FIR, cognizable offence, defence lawyer, public prosecutor etc. Article 22 and article 21 are clearly explained. Duties of police are also mentioned.
Mha model code of conduct - indian policeZahidManiyar
The guidelines issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs outline a code of conduct for police in India. The code of conduct establishes 13 principles for police, including that they must faithfully uphold the constitution, respect citizens' rights, use minimal force, cooperate with the public, maintain high integrity, and promote national unity and equality. The guidelines aim to prevent police corruption by establishing standards of impartial enforcement of the law, appropriate use of powers, and high personal and professional ethics.
Un human rights standards and practicce for the policeZahidManiyar
This document is an expanded pocket book on human rights standards and practice for police published by the United Nations in 2004. It provides concise summaries of international human rights standards related to key areas of policing such as investigations, arrest, detention, use of force, and more. For each standard, it offers recommendations on how to apply those standards in practice. The document is intended to be a readily accessible reference for police officers on major human rights topics relevant to their work.
This document discusses sentencing policy and victim compensation in India. It provides an overview of the history and constitutional framework regarding victim's rights. It discusses the evolution of sentencing policy in India and the role of courts in determining victim compensation. It outlines sections 357 and 357A of the Indian Criminal Procedure Code regarding compensation and state victim compensation schemes.
Un code of conduct for law enforcement officialsZahidManiyar
This document outlines a code of conduct for law enforcement officials with the following key points:
1) Law enforcement officials must fulfill their duty to serve the community, protect all people from illegal acts, and respect human dignity and human rights.
2) Force may only be used when strictly necessary and to the extent required to perform their duties. Firearms should only be used as an extreme measure.
3) Law enforcement officials must not commit any acts of corruption or torture, or invoke superior orders to justify such acts. They must also secure medical attention for anyone in their custody.
The document summarizes the criminal justice major at Virginia Wesleyan University. It outlines the core requirements, including courses in criminology, criminal law, and social research. Students can complete a 300-hour internship with organizations like police departments and courts. The major emphasizes skills like critical thinking, problem solving, and ethics. Graduates have high employment rates, often in fields like law enforcement, intelligence, and government. The major takes a liberal arts approach and promotes diversity.
This document discusses human rights in India and police brutality. It outlines several key human rights like the right to life, liberty, freedom of expression, and social/economic rights. The document then discusses police brutality in India, the various forms it can take like false arrest and intimidation, and some of the causes like believing they are above the law. It also discusses police powers related to arrest, detention, stop and frisk and emphasizes the importance of respecting human rights and limiting excessive use of force.
This document discusses custodial deaths and torture in police custody in India. It summarizes a Supreme Court of India case where writ petitions were filed regarding frequent complaints of custodial violence and deaths in police lockups across states. The court issued notices to all state governments and the Law Commission of India to examine the issue and suggest guidelines to prevent custodial torture and compensate victims. The court and amicus curiae considered the fundamental rights of citizens and need to curb police powers and protect individuals from abuse of authority.
Understanding indian criminal justice system for class 8 kendriya vidyalya, n...chiranjith prabhu
understanding our criminal justice system for class 8 for kendriya vidyalaya gives an overview about the lesson. definition of judge, FIR, cognizable offence, defence lawyer, public prosecutor etc. Article 22 and article 21 are clearly explained. Duties of police are also mentioned.
Mha model code of conduct - indian policeZahidManiyar
The guidelines issued by the Ministry of Home Affairs outline a code of conduct for police in India. The code of conduct establishes 13 principles for police, including that they must faithfully uphold the constitution, respect citizens' rights, use minimal force, cooperate with the public, maintain high integrity, and promote national unity and equality. The guidelines aim to prevent police corruption by establishing standards of impartial enforcement of the law, appropriate use of powers, and high personal and professional ethics.
Un human rights standards and practicce for the policeZahidManiyar
This document is an expanded pocket book on human rights standards and practice for police published by the United Nations in 2004. It provides concise summaries of international human rights standards related to key areas of policing such as investigations, arrest, detention, use of force, and more. For each standard, it offers recommendations on how to apply those standards in practice. The document is intended to be a readily accessible reference for police officers on major human rights topics relevant to their work.
This document discusses sentencing policy and victim compensation in India. It provides an overview of the history and constitutional framework regarding victim's rights. It discusses the evolution of sentencing policy in India and the role of courts in determining victim compensation. It outlines sections 357 and 357A of the Indian Criminal Procedure Code regarding compensation and state victim compensation schemes.
Un code of conduct for law enforcement officialsZahidManiyar
This document outlines a code of conduct for law enforcement officials with the following key points:
1) Law enforcement officials must fulfill their duty to serve the community, protect all people from illegal acts, and respect human dignity and human rights.
2) Force may only be used when strictly necessary and to the extent required to perform their duties. Firearms should only be used as an extreme measure.
3) Law enforcement officials must not commit any acts of corruption or torture, or invoke superior orders to justify such acts. They must also secure medical attention for anyone in their custody.
The document summarizes the criminal justice major at Virginia Wesleyan University. It outlines the core requirements, including courses in criminology, criminal law, and social research. Students can complete a 300-hour internship with organizations like police departments and courts. The major emphasizes skills like critical thinking, problem solving, and ethics. Graduates have high employment rates, often in fields like law enforcement, intelligence, and government. The major takes a liberal arts approach and promotes diversity.
Criminal cases in court- how to handle criminal case in court of lawRajendra Saxena
this is about defending crimial case particularly CBI case in coutr of LAW arising out of decision making or otherwise. thes detail can be helpful in preparation of defense
This document provides an overview of legal awareness topics for common people and government employees in India. It covers the following key points:
- The stages of committing a crime and types of participants.
- Protections available to government employees under sections 197 and 19 of relevant acts, which require prior sanction for prosecution.
- The differences between cognizable and non-cognizable offenses and the powers of arrest.
- How to obtain bail and navigate the legal process if arrested.
- The powers of investigation and limitations on prosecuting current and retired public servants.
- Important Supreme Court rulings related to legal protections and interpretations of relevant sections.
The purpose is to enhance legal awareness of criminal law and
The criminal justice system involves reporting offenses to the police, who may register an FIR and begin investigating. For cognizable offenses, the police can make arrests without a warrant. If the police refuse to register an FIR, the complainant can approach higher authorities or the court. Arrested individuals must be informed of the reasons for arrest and produced before a magistrate within 24 hours. The criminal process also involves bail procedures, investigation, filing charges, and trial, which can result in conviction or acquittal. The key laws governing the criminal justice system are the Code of Criminal Procedure, Indian Penal Code, and Indian Evidence Act.
The document provides an overview of the criminal justice system in Bangladesh and the role of police within it. It discusses how the criminal justice system works through investigation, prosecution, trial, and corrections phases. It outlines the key responsibilities of police such as investigating crimes, collecting evidence, making arrests, and assisting with prosecution. Police aim to advance justice by thorough investigations while respecting rights of accused. The goal is to reassure victims while limiting delays and pretrial detention.
1. Explain in detail the stages in commission of a crime with decided cases.
2. Theories of Attempt.
3. Inchoate crime.
4. Distinguish between preparation and attempt.
5. Explain section 511 and 307 of IPC.
The poor on trial in the philippine justice systemAnthony Duenas
This document summarizes the challenges faced by poor litigants in the Philippine justice system. It notes that poor defendants have difficulty locating witnesses, communicating with their public attorneys who have heavy caseloads, and lack legal resources. As a result, they have far less ability to effectively build their legal cases compared to wealthy litigants. It also discusses how public defenders prioritize reaching plea deals over vigorously defending clients, and how poor defendants struggle due to an inability to post bail or pay for private legal counsel. Overall, it argues that the Philippine legal system disadvantages the poor.
Landmark judgement on 498 a false dowry casegurpreet singh
This document is a Supreme Court of India judgment regarding arrests made under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, which deals with cruelty by husband or relatives of husband. The Court notes that arrests under this law are often misused to harass husbands and in-laws, and that the rate of acquittals is very high. The Court emphasizes that arrests should only be made according to the guidelines in Section 41 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which require the police to justify that arrest is necessary for investigation or to prevent tampering of evidence/witnesses. Police must consider if arrest is truly needed rather than making routine arrests.
The document discusses sting operations, including their origins, legal issues raised, and guidelines/cases related to their use and legality in India. Some key points:
1. A sting operation involves secretly recording individuals to expose criminal behavior, but can raise moral questions as innocent people may be entrapped.
2. Indian courts have examined the legality of sting operations, establishing some have public interest but others may be illegal if solely intended to harm individuals.
3. Guidelines have been issued for sting operations televised in India, including verifying their authenticity, obtaining permissions, and protecting privacy.
4. Recent supreme court cases have further explored when sting operations are legally permitted investigations versus illegal entrap
I have presented this slide before my course teacher. Now I am publishing this slide for all Students in Bangladesh which may help them for their study.
The document provides an overview of the Philippine criminal justice system. It discusses the key stages and institutions involved, including:
1) Law enforcement agencies like the police that conduct investigations of reported crimes.
2) Prosecutors that evaluate evidence from police investigations and file criminal charges in court.
3) Courts that oversee legal proceedings, determine guilt or innocence, and sentence those convicted.
4) Correctional institutions that incarcerate and aim to rehabilitate those sentenced.
5) The role of communities in preventing crime and cooperating with law enforcement.
The criminal justice process aims to both punish wrongdoers and promote deterrence, retribution and behavioral change.
ch 6- civics understanding our criminal justice system class 8vansh bansal
The criminal justice system involves law enforcement investigating crimes and prosecuting offenders while also protecting citizens' rights. Police conduct investigations by gathering evidence and witness statements. If they believe there is enough evidence, they may recommend charges. Prosecutors then represent the public interest in ensuring prosecutions are conducted fairly and respect defendants' rights. Judges oversee trials and juries determine verdicts. The right to a fair trial is an important legal concept that aims to respect defendants' rights throughout the legal process according to due process.
Prepared By
IT CLUB, Sainik School Amaravathinagar
Post: Amaravathinagar
Dist: Tiruppur, Tamilnadu
Club I/c
Praveen M Jigajinni
DCSc & Engg,PGDCA,ADCA,MCA,MSc(IT),MTech(IT), M.Phil (Comp Sci)
For Any Queries Please feel free to contact:
Email Id : praveenkumarjigajinni@gmail.com
Cell No: 9431453730
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Philippine Criminal Law based on the Revised Penal Code. It defines criminal law and outlines general characteristics such as being generally binding and territorial. It also discusses theories of criminal law such as the classical, positivist, and mixed theories. The document then covers general provisions on when the law takes effect, its application, the definition of a felony, and circumstances affecting criminal liability. It concludes by discussing stages of execution for crimes such as being consummated, frustrated, or attempted.
The document provides an overview of the Philippine Criminal Justice System. It discusses key concepts like criminology, criminal justice, crime and the criminal justice system. It notes that crime is the event that triggers the operation of the criminal justice system. The legislative branch defines criminal acts and punishes them under the Philippine Constitution. A crime violates societal rules as defined by criminal law created by those in power, subjecting violators to state sanctions.
This document provides an overview of criminal law in India. It discusses key topics such as the definition of a crime, categories of crimes, elements of a crime including actus reus and mens rea, investigation and trial procedures outlined in the Code of Criminal Procedure, and special laws dealing with certain crimes. The three main sources of criminal law in India are identified as the Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure, and Indian Evidence Act.
Introduction to the U.S. Criminal Justice SystemKatrina Homer
The document discusses crime and the criminal justice system in the United States. It notes that crime is a top public concern but most police calls involve minor disturbances. The criminal justice system aims to respond to and prevent crime through institutions like law enforcement, courts, and corrections. However, the system operates differently across jurisdictions and agencies often work independently instead of as a coordinated "system." It is an enormous but costly institution.
victim compensation under Indian criminal systemAyush Chopra
Victim compensation under the Indian criminal system aims to financially assist victims of crimes and their families. The Code of Criminal Procedure outlines provisions for compensation in various situations. When a fine is part of the sentence, the court can order it be paid to the victim. When a fine is not part of the sentence, the court can order the accused to pay compensation. If compensation is inadequate, the court can recommend higher amounts. Each state also has a Victim Compensation Scheme to provide funds based on court recommendations. The legal system aims to liberally interpret compensation provisions to rehabilitate and lessen the suffering of victims.
This document discusses the legality of police encounters in India. It provides the following key points:
1. While encounters are not directly authorized by law, some provisions can be interpreted as giving police powers to use force, including firearms, to effect arrests of criminals accused of serious crimes.
2. Courts have taken both pro-encounter and anti-encounter stances, recognizing the difficulties police face but also the need to prevent extrajudicial killings.
3. There are concerns that encounters are sometimes used to settle personal scores rather than legitimately in self-defense, violating individuals' right to life under the constitution. Strict guidelines are needed to prevent abuse of encounter policies.
Criminal cases in court- how to handle criminal case in court of lawRajendra Saxena
this is about defending crimial case particularly CBI case in coutr of LAW arising out of decision making or otherwise. thes detail can be helpful in preparation of defense
This document provides an overview of legal awareness topics for common people and government employees in India. It covers the following key points:
- The stages of committing a crime and types of participants.
- Protections available to government employees under sections 197 and 19 of relevant acts, which require prior sanction for prosecution.
- The differences between cognizable and non-cognizable offenses and the powers of arrest.
- How to obtain bail and navigate the legal process if arrested.
- The powers of investigation and limitations on prosecuting current and retired public servants.
- Important Supreme Court rulings related to legal protections and interpretations of relevant sections.
The purpose is to enhance legal awareness of criminal law and
The criminal justice system involves reporting offenses to the police, who may register an FIR and begin investigating. For cognizable offenses, the police can make arrests without a warrant. If the police refuse to register an FIR, the complainant can approach higher authorities or the court. Arrested individuals must be informed of the reasons for arrest and produced before a magistrate within 24 hours. The criminal process also involves bail procedures, investigation, filing charges, and trial, which can result in conviction or acquittal. The key laws governing the criminal justice system are the Code of Criminal Procedure, Indian Penal Code, and Indian Evidence Act.
The document provides an overview of the criminal justice system in Bangladesh and the role of police within it. It discusses how the criminal justice system works through investigation, prosecution, trial, and corrections phases. It outlines the key responsibilities of police such as investigating crimes, collecting evidence, making arrests, and assisting with prosecution. Police aim to advance justice by thorough investigations while respecting rights of accused. The goal is to reassure victims while limiting delays and pretrial detention.
1. Explain in detail the stages in commission of a crime with decided cases.
2. Theories of Attempt.
3. Inchoate crime.
4. Distinguish between preparation and attempt.
5. Explain section 511 and 307 of IPC.
The poor on trial in the philippine justice systemAnthony Duenas
This document summarizes the challenges faced by poor litigants in the Philippine justice system. It notes that poor defendants have difficulty locating witnesses, communicating with their public attorneys who have heavy caseloads, and lack legal resources. As a result, they have far less ability to effectively build their legal cases compared to wealthy litigants. It also discusses how public defenders prioritize reaching plea deals over vigorously defending clients, and how poor defendants struggle due to an inability to post bail or pay for private legal counsel. Overall, it argues that the Philippine legal system disadvantages the poor.
Landmark judgement on 498 a false dowry casegurpreet singh
This document is a Supreme Court of India judgment regarding arrests made under Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code, which deals with cruelty by husband or relatives of husband. The Court notes that arrests under this law are often misused to harass husbands and in-laws, and that the rate of acquittals is very high. The Court emphasizes that arrests should only be made according to the guidelines in Section 41 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which require the police to justify that arrest is necessary for investigation or to prevent tampering of evidence/witnesses. Police must consider if arrest is truly needed rather than making routine arrests.
The document discusses sting operations, including their origins, legal issues raised, and guidelines/cases related to their use and legality in India. Some key points:
1. A sting operation involves secretly recording individuals to expose criminal behavior, but can raise moral questions as innocent people may be entrapped.
2. Indian courts have examined the legality of sting operations, establishing some have public interest but others may be illegal if solely intended to harm individuals.
3. Guidelines have been issued for sting operations televised in India, including verifying their authenticity, obtaining permissions, and protecting privacy.
4. Recent supreme court cases have further explored when sting operations are legally permitted investigations versus illegal entrap
I have presented this slide before my course teacher. Now I am publishing this slide for all Students in Bangladesh which may help them for their study.
The document provides an overview of the Philippine criminal justice system. It discusses the key stages and institutions involved, including:
1) Law enforcement agencies like the police that conduct investigations of reported crimes.
2) Prosecutors that evaluate evidence from police investigations and file criminal charges in court.
3) Courts that oversee legal proceedings, determine guilt or innocence, and sentence those convicted.
4) Correctional institutions that incarcerate and aim to rehabilitate those sentenced.
5) The role of communities in preventing crime and cooperating with law enforcement.
The criminal justice process aims to both punish wrongdoers and promote deterrence, retribution and behavioral change.
ch 6- civics understanding our criminal justice system class 8vansh bansal
The criminal justice system involves law enforcement investigating crimes and prosecuting offenders while also protecting citizens' rights. Police conduct investigations by gathering evidence and witness statements. If they believe there is enough evidence, they may recommend charges. Prosecutors then represent the public interest in ensuring prosecutions are conducted fairly and respect defendants' rights. Judges oversee trials and juries determine verdicts. The right to a fair trial is an important legal concept that aims to respect defendants' rights throughout the legal process according to due process.
Prepared By
IT CLUB, Sainik School Amaravathinagar
Post: Amaravathinagar
Dist: Tiruppur, Tamilnadu
Club I/c
Praveen M Jigajinni
DCSc & Engg,PGDCA,ADCA,MCA,MSc(IT),MTech(IT), M.Phil (Comp Sci)
For Any Queries Please feel free to contact:
Email Id : praveenkumarjigajinni@gmail.com
Cell No: 9431453730
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Philippine Criminal Law based on the Revised Penal Code. It defines criminal law and outlines general characteristics such as being generally binding and territorial. It also discusses theories of criminal law such as the classical, positivist, and mixed theories. The document then covers general provisions on when the law takes effect, its application, the definition of a felony, and circumstances affecting criminal liability. It concludes by discussing stages of execution for crimes such as being consummated, frustrated, or attempted.
The document provides an overview of the Philippine Criminal Justice System. It discusses key concepts like criminology, criminal justice, crime and the criminal justice system. It notes that crime is the event that triggers the operation of the criminal justice system. The legislative branch defines criminal acts and punishes them under the Philippine Constitution. A crime violates societal rules as defined by criminal law created by those in power, subjecting violators to state sanctions.
This document provides an overview of criminal law in India. It discusses key topics such as the definition of a crime, categories of crimes, elements of a crime including actus reus and mens rea, investigation and trial procedures outlined in the Code of Criminal Procedure, and special laws dealing with certain crimes. The three main sources of criminal law in India are identified as the Indian Penal Code, Code of Criminal Procedure, and Indian Evidence Act.
Introduction to the U.S. Criminal Justice SystemKatrina Homer
The document discusses crime and the criminal justice system in the United States. It notes that crime is a top public concern but most police calls involve minor disturbances. The criminal justice system aims to respond to and prevent crime through institutions like law enforcement, courts, and corrections. However, the system operates differently across jurisdictions and agencies often work independently instead of as a coordinated "system." It is an enormous but costly institution.
victim compensation under Indian criminal systemAyush Chopra
Victim compensation under the Indian criminal system aims to financially assist victims of crimes and their families. The Code of Criminal Procedure outlines provisions for compensation in various situations. When a fine is part of the sentence, the court can order it be paid to the victim. When a fine is not part of the sentence, the court can order the accused to pay compensation. If compensation is inadequate, the court can recommend higher amounts. Each state also has a Victim Compensation Scheme to provide funds based on court recommendations. The legal system aims to liberally interpret compensation provisions to rehabilitate and lessen the suffering of victims.
This document discusses the legality of police encounters in India. It provides the following key points:
1. While encounters are not directly authorized by law, some provisions can be interpreted as giving police powers to use force, including firearms, to effect arrests of criminals accused of serious crimes.
2. Courts have taken both pro-encounter and anti-encounter stances, recognizing the difficulties police face but also the need to prevent extrajudicial killings.
3. There are concerns that encounters are sometimes used to settle personal scores rather than legitimately in self-defense, violating individuals' right to life under the constitution. Strict guidelines are needed to prevent abuse of encounter policies.
Recommendations, LongTerm of the Concerned Citizens Tribunal, Gujarat 2002sabrangsabrang
The document recommends establishing a Standing National Crimes Tribunal to deal with crimes against humanity, genocide, and mass violence cases. It recommends that the tribunal be an independent body with members appointed for 7-year terms. It also recommends expanding the definitions of crimes against humanity, rape, and sexual assault to address issues like gang rapes and mass violence against women. It suggests the state should be held responsible if it fails to protect citizens, and that victims should receive financial reparations and rehabilitation.
This document provides guidance for pagans giving evidence in UK courts. It discusses the different types of courts (Magistrates, Crown), the role of prosecutors, how to prepare for trial by giving a witness statement and meeting with the prosecutor. It covers vulnerable witnesses and special measures to help give evidence. The document explains how to take an oath, the questioning process, sentencing options, and post-trial support from a witness care officer. The overall purpose is to help pagan witnesses understand what to expect when giving evidence in UK courts.
She Screams every 15 minutes in India.
Not a single day passes by without a report of rape somewhere in India. Thanks to digital media tools and apps, we now get to see our faces every moment wherever, whenever. In India, someone somewhere is violating a women’s dignity every 15 minutes (Ministry of Home Affairs report 2018). Every year thousands of women report rape cases to the police and equal or more cases have never been reported. According to National Crime Record Bureau (NCRB), women reported 34,000 rapes in 2018, which is nearly the same number of rape cases reported in 2017. In addition, 237,660 cognizable cases were registered in 2018.
The savagery and brutality of many of those rape cases are unthinkable. Very recent cases of Disha Salian (Bollywood), a Veterinarian (Hyderabad), Nirbhaya (New Delhi), Singur (West Bengal), Baran (Rajasthan), and Hathras (Uttar Pradesh), are some of the instances which have been recently covered by the media while thousands go unreported and uncovered.
Rape not only violates a women’s dignity but also reduces her to a level of a usable article of trade. And, if the perpetrator has means, power, access to power, or means to buy power, the perpetrator feels every object and every human being is a commodity. This must stop if we wish to call our surrounding society, instead of a jungle. In a jungle, everything and every being is a commodity if you have physical power.
Every society requires tranquilly and favourable conditions to advance. Disrupted and anarchic civilizations tend to devote all of their resources to unimportant endeavours. On the other hand, kids can develop and flourish if they have a sense of safety, security, and order. Herein lies the significance of the police in society. This system existed at all eras, in one form or another, with varying roles and obligations.
The document discusses various behaviors that may or may not be considered criminal violations of the law depending on location. Chewing gum is illegal in Singapore but sagging pants laws vary by state in the US. Singing in the bathtub is against the law in Pennsylvania. Fishing laws also differ by gender and marital status depending on the state. The document also examines why certain sex toy bans originated and still exist in some areas.
The Benefits Of Essay Writing. Online assignment writing service.Kelly Taylor
This document discusses plea bargaining in the criminal justice system. It defines plea bargaining as negotiations between the prosecution and defense where the defendant pleads guilty to a lesser charge or some charges are dropped in exchange for the defendant's guilty plea. The document notes that plea bargaining helps avoid overburdening the court system and reduces uncertainties in criminal trials. However, it can also disadvantage some naive defendants who may not understand their rights.
Chapter1. Plea bargaining.Plea agreement is any agreement in a c.docxchristinemaritza
Chapter1. Plea bargaining.
Plea agreement is any agreement in a criminal agreement which occurs between a prosecutor and a defendant whereby the defendant agrees to plead guilty to a particular charge in return for some concession from the prosecutor. The different types of plea bargain are;
· Charge bargaining; this is a case whereby the defendant to a less serious crime that is less than the original charge.
· Count bargaining; in this type the defendant only pleads to only one or more charges which are considered original and its ends up with the prosecutor dropping all the other cases or charges at hand.
· Sentence bargaining; This type of plea bargaining involves the defendant taking a plea of guilty or no contest after both parties have come into an agreement
In the process of who does the plea agreement we find out that it’s an agreement between two parties who are the defendant and the prosecutor in which the defendant will have to finally accept to be guilty in the exchange for an understanding by the prosecutor to drop one or more charges at hand.
We come to find out the influences of the plea bargaining to be;
· We find it hard to allow all the cases to be bargained down.
· It’s not allowed for the lawyers to give a sentence but the Judges.
· There is a multiple of opportunities to choose a trial upon those who chooses a plea bargain.
· We find out that there are very many types of plea bargains such as the sentence, fact, count, and the charge bargaining type.
Chapter 2; Crime Figures.
It’s reported that there were an estimated 1,197,704 violent crimes committed around the nation.
In 2015, the following statistics were taken;
· There were observed 327374 robberies which occurred nationally.
· There were around 90185 rape cases that were reported which lead to the states to introduction of revised rape definition laws.
· During 2015, it was estimated that around 1569 people in the whole nation were considered murderers.
· There was a property crime report which estimated that 14.3$ billion people were considered lost.
The following are some of the reports that were collected by the year 2015;
· The Federal Crime Data; The 2015 data from FBI and ATF cases as well as traditional offense information from other federal agencies are included in the second UCR report majoring on the crime reporting from federal agencies.
· Human Trafficking; The general content about human trafficking together with data provided agencies that reported human trafficking offences in 2015 are represented in the third report UCR’s trafficking data.
· Cargo Theft; In this third report from UCR’s cargo Theft Data collection, there is information about the data given out by the agencies that gave out Cargo theft violation.
Chapter 3; Search warrant.
This is an official order signed by the judge allowing the police to do thorough search for specific objects at a specific place and at a specific time.
How a search warrant is obtained by the police.
The police ar ...
A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE INDIAN LEGAL SCENARIO WITH SPECIFIC REFERENCE TO JUST...Sourav Banerjee
It discusses the laws in India for Victim's right, the changes in the Criminal Justice System that have taken place after the Delhi Gang Rape Case in 2012
The Supreme Court termed the misuse of Section 498A of the Indian Penal Code as "legal terrorism".
1) The bench agreed that Section 498A was being misused through frivolous cases filed by women to harass their in-laws.
2) The judges called on the legislature to refine Section 498A and find ways to appropriately deal with frivolous complaints.
3) However, the government and legislature have not taken sufficient action to stop this legal terrorism as directed by the Supreme Court.
This document defines key concepts related to crime, deviance, and social control. It discusses how definitions of deviance can vary across cultures and over time. Crime is defined as acts against the law, while deviance breaks social norms and values. Deviance can be situational, historical, or cross-cultural. Formal social control is exercised through government institutions like police and courts, while informal control comes from groups like family, education, and peer networks. Explanations of crime focus on factors like social class, gender roles, racism, and lack of opportunities that may lead some groups to commit crimes at higher rates.
The document discusses crime and crime prevention. It defines crime and lists common categories of crimes. It then discusses factors that influence crime rates and the impacts of crime on victims. Next, it outlines several approaches to crime prevention, including situational crime prevention, safeguarding methods, and social development prevention. It provides examples of national plans and guidelines for crime prevention. Finally, it discusses the role of government leadership, education, partnerships, and data in developing effective long-term strategies to reduce crime.
The document outlines various policies and procedures for the Utopia Police Department. It discusses the department's mission to preserve liberty and safety while respecting citizens' rights. Policies address ethical conduct, integrity, use of force, discrimination, sexual harassment, physical security, and personal protection. Officers are expected to serve with courtesy and are prohibited from excessive force or discrimination. Complaints and violations will be investigated and may result in termination.
Presentation by Stacey-Leigh Manoek, at the National Sex Work Symposium, in the third session of Day1; 'Creating an Enabling Environment' (Boksburg, 22 August 2012).
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
1. Dated: 4th January, 2013
To,
The Committee of Eminent Jurists formed to suggest gender-sensitive
amendments to Criminal Law:
Justice J. S. Verma,
Justice Leila Seth,
Shri Gopal Subramaniam
Subject: Suggestions for a stronger law to prevent and punish crimes against
women
Dear Sir/Madam,
Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore community is deeply moved and
concerned about the current state of law and its enforcement regarding crime
against women. We would like to voice some of our concerns regarding the
same and give suggestions for a stronger and stricter law, particularly on the
following grounds:
1. Law, Trial and Punishment for Crimes against Women
2. Role of Police and Investigating agencies
3. Rights of the Victim and Prosecution Witnesses
4. Use of Technology
5. Politicians and Crimes against Women
6. Gender sensitization and orientation
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2. 1. Law, Trial and Punishment for Crimes against Women
We believe that the true form of deterrence is in the significant rise in
the rate of convictions in matters relating to crimes against women. With
regard to the substantive content of criminal law, the process of trials and the
extent of punishment, the following suggestions are being made:
i. While we do understand the basic requisites of ‘fair trial’, we strongly
believe that the formation of dedicated/exclusive Special Criminal Courts
to deal with crimes against women shall considerably expedite the trial
process, without compromising on the Constitutional safeguards of an
accused. We believe that the fast track courts, as implemented by
Rajasthan and Delhi governments, will bring speedy justice and hence be
a bigger deterrent to such crimes than death penalty. We request for a
law that mandates designation of such special courts. A special court
shall also have to be specifically empowered to oversee the usually
complex investigation and evidentiary processes, especially involving
multiple agencies, such as forensic departments, chemical analysis
personnel, medico-legal experts, among others.
ii. We believe that death penalty will neither reduce the number of crimes
committed against women nor bring justice to victims of such incidents.
In fact, death sentence may act as a deterrent towards justice. The fear
of death sentence may instigate criminals to murder their victims to
avoid conviction. We also fear given the severity of punishment
judgement may also be delayed in such cases. However, habitual
offenders of such crimes against women may be given death penalty.
iii. The minimum punishment for a rape should be increased to 20 -25 years
of rigourous imprisonment, thereby making it more severe than just a
commuted life-term (presently, of 14 years). In exceptional cases, life-
terms extending to 60-80 years could also be considered. The Supreme
Court has also recently clarified that a life-term shall have to be strictly
interpreted as ‘for the life of the convict’. Therefore, the term of
punishment must be considerably increased to depict the severity of the
crime.
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3. iv. All forms of sexual assault should be made cognizable and non-bailable
offenses. The convicts in such matters must not be made eligible for any
mercy pleas.
v. The definition of rape under section 375 of Indian Penal Code (IPC)
should be replaced by the broader definition of “sexual assault” as
proposed in The Criminal Law (Amendment) Bill, 2012 (130 of 2012)
The Indian Penal Code must be strengthened to also include the offence
of marital rape, and without any age exceptions.
vi. Penalties and procedures for crimes against women should also apply to
any such crime committed against boys/males.
vii. There should be a penal action for not registering FIRs, intimidating
witnesses and falsifying evidences. Flight or absconding of convicts
should be construed as possible guilt.
2. Role of Police and Investigating agencies
Many women refrain from reporting crimes committed against them
because of fear of being ostracised or subject to insensitive interrogation.
Following suggestions are made to sensitize police force towards crimes
against women:
i. Help/hotlines, for reporting and prevention of abuse:
• Each call to such hotlines should be recorded electronically.
• The anonymity of the reporter should be respected.
• Help should be made available within minutes to (potential) victims,
once the calls are received over the helpline.
• The call to hotline should be treated as the first available complaint, in
case police delay the registration of complaint from the victim.
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4. • It should be the responsibility of state governments to advertize the
hotline number widely in regional newspapers, TV channels, hoardings
etc.
ii. Dedicated cell to oversee rape/molestation related cases.
Each State should have a dedicated cell to oversee rape/ molestation related
cases in that State and are answerable to public and courts. They should be
given all necessary infrastructure and empowerment to carry out the following
activities:
• Make help available as soon as possible to (potential) victims, once the
calls are received over the helpline.
• Monitor the progress of police investigations and intervene whenever
necessary to expedite the investigation.
• Work with state governments towards prevention of rape/molestation
through various publicity and sensitization programs.
• Educate victims about their rights and provide whatever help is needed,
in case police and other responsible agencies fail to do so.
iii. All Women Police stations
We demand an all women police stations in every district. Station House
Officer (SHO) in every such all women police station should be a woman police
officer.
iv. Women in investigating team
Bureau of Police Force and Development of India suggests certain
recommendations for the role of women police officers. We request that this
also includes that every investigation team of a sexual harassment case include
at least one woman police officer.
v. Law against Police/armed forces committing crime against women.
It is a documented fact that many rape/molestation incidents happen during
custody in police stations by men in uniform, as well as by armed forces where
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5. they are deployed for protection. We give following suggestions to implement
stricter laws to prevent such crimes.
• Police officers/army officers etc who are so charged (not necessarily
convicted) with crime against women should be suspended from service
until proven innocent. Or else they should be barred from promotion
and stripped of any award/recognition given to them during their service
until proven innocent.
• Intimidation or bribing of victim or threats to witnesses should be
construed as possible evidence of guilt.
• When police/army are involved in sexual crimes (rape, molestation,
harassment, discrimination), there should be automatic investigation by
an agency without vested interest. In short, the same police force/armed
force cannot investigate it.
• Any officer that is so accused in a previous case should not be assigned
investigation of any case involving crime against women.
• No woman should be held in a police station except for an all Woman
Police Station.
3. Rights of the Victim and Prosecution Witnesses
i. Law to prevent any discrimination against victims of such crimes. No
women should be discriminated on the basis of a crime conducted
against them
ii. Law should be strengthened to provide protection to both victims and
witnesses in all cases and ensure that evidence is not tampered with.
iii. Immediate passage of Protection of Women Against Sexual
Harassment at the Workplace Bill 2012 and the Criminal Law
(Amendment) Bill 2012.
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6. 4. Use of Technology
i. Local and State governments must maintain a website where
details of time taken to file a charge sheet, and other details of
the case should be available. Bug tracker developed for software
development, can be used for the same.
ii. All helpline numbers should be short, like 911 in the US. There are
instances of 10-digit numbers that have come up in other parts of
the country, which will not be easy to recall under distress.
iii. GPS should be used to pick up the victim’s location. There is no
necessity to hold a detailed conversation. Police should be
instantly deployed. A false alarm is much better than a life ruined.
iv. All forms of public transport must have a black box recorder on
them, like on an aircraft. This much record location continuously
and all audio proceedings.
v. Set up a technology-enabled investigation cell, which must
systematically go through the black box recordings, and identify
trouble situations proactively. Software for this can be created by
our IT companies. This action will prevent crimes on bad routes,
and help police in identifying culprits.
vi. Set up CCTV cameras at all public places. Back-end software to be
created by IT companies, which can automatically detect trouble
situations, criminal identification, violence, etc.
vii. An all India database of sexual offenders should be maintained
with details of registered, in progress, and convicted class. This
database should be open to public.
5. Politicians and Crimes against Women
Unfortunately, politicians have been directly and indirectly involved in crime
against women. Various legislators (MLAs) from State Assemblies have
declared rape/molestation charges against them. Many candidates with
declared crimes against women in state/ national elections (including rape
/molestation charges) have been given tickets over the years.
We request the following amendments to laws:
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7. i. Fast tracking of pending cases of rape and molestation against
MPs/MLAs
ii. Ban on any individual charged/convicted in a case of crime against
women from contesting in elections at any level of governance.
iii. Immediate disqualification of an MP/MLA from the membership
of the legislature on conviction by any court in such crimes
6. Gender sensitization
i. Role of State Governments:
State Governments should play an important role in sensitizing the
public about rape and gender related offences. They should make use of
print and visual media extensively to change the attitudes of public
towards women and children. States where highest number of rape
cases and gender discrimination incidents are reported should be made
answerable to Parliament and Supreme court.
ii. Sensitization as part of school curriculum:
Education on sexual abuse should be made mandatory in schools. Reach
out teams should be formed in schools and colleges and in every area to
enable the victim to reach out for help and support of any kind. Self
defense training should be imparted to better equip girls and women to
curb the menace of eve-teasing, molestation, and all other forms of
sexual abuse.
iii. Sensitization at the work place:
We request that gender sensitization be mandatory for all services-
government, legal and judiciary. They should be exposed to gender
sensitization programmes on a routine basis. There should be education
to remove social stigma towards raped women should be given to all
men and women.
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