This document discusses theories on the origin of life and the earliest life forms. It explores the hypothesis that life began through extraterrestrial origins, panspermia, divine creation, or from nonliving matter on Earth. The primordial soup theory proposed that organic molecules combined in Earth's early atmosphere to form self-replicating molecules. Evidence for early life includes Miller-Urey experiments showing amino acid formation from atmospheric gases, as well as microfossils of cyanobacteria and stromatolites, some of the earliest fossils, dating back billions of years.
Life, living matter are those that shows certain attributes that include responsiveness, growth, metabolism, energy transformation and reproduction.
In biology origin of life or abiogenesis is the natural process by which life has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds.
It means the emergence of heritable and evolvable self-reproduction.
It is a complex subject and oftentimes controversial.
Several attempts have been made from time to time to explain the origin of life on earth.
There are several theories which offer their own explanation on the possible mechanism of origin of life.
TOPICS:
• THE CONCEPT OF LIFE
• WHAT QUALIFIES SOMETHING AS “LIVING”?
o MOVEMENT
o SENSITIVITY
o DEATH
o COMPLEXITY
• THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
o EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN
o PANSPERMIA
o DIVINE CREATION
o ORIGIN FROM NONLIVING MATTER (PHYSICO-CHEMICAL THEORY)
• FORMATION OF THE FIRST CELL
• EARLY LIFE FORMS
Life, living matter are those that shows certain attributes that include responsiveness, growth, metabolism, energy transformation and reproduction.
In biology origin of life or abiogenesis is the natural process by which life has arisen from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds.
It means the emergence of heritable and evolvable self-reproduction.
It is a complex subject and oftentimes controversial.
Several attempts have been made from time to time to explain the origin of life on earth.
There are several theories which offer their own explanation on the possible mechanism of origin of life.
TOPICS:
• THE CONCEPT OF LIFE
• WHAT QUALIFIES SOMETHING AS “LIVING”?
o MOVEMENT
o SENSITIVITY
o DEATH
o COMPLEXITY
• THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF LIFE
o EXTRATERRESTRIAL ORIGIN
o PANSPERMIA
o DIVINE CREATION
o ORIGIN FROM NONLIVING MATTER (PHYSICO-CHEMICAL THEORY)
• FORMATION OF THE FIRST CELL
• EARLY LIFE FORMS
Earth and Life Sciences for Senior High School by Duyanen and Andaya pages 176-179
My fun and colorful grade 11 report on Life Sciences 2nd semester of A.Y. 2016-2017 under Ms. Lagmay
Origin Of Life: Are we here by chance? Theories on origin of life, Scientific and Special Creation. Different Theories of life's origin including Aristotle's theory, Pasteur, Redi and Leuwenhook experiment, Abiogenesis, etc.
Fossils and its evolutionary significance.
A PowerPoint Presentation about the introduction to Life Science as part of the 2nd quarter curriculum of Earth and Life Science subject in Senior High School.
Origin of life-where did life come fromArosek Padhi
this chapter prompts you to wonder where did life as we know it came from. this is a presentation from Dr.Tithi Parija (asst professor) from KIIT school of biotechnology including different theories from different thinkers and scientists
Earth and Life Sciences for Senior High School by Duyanen and Andaya pages 176-179
My fun and colorful grade 11 report on Life Sciences 2nd semester of A.Y. 2016-2017 under Ms. Lagmay
Origin Of Life: Are we here by chance? Theories on origin of life, Scientific and Special Creation. Different Theories of life's origin including Aristotle's theory, Pasteur, Redi and Leuwenhook experiment, Abiogenesis, etc.
Fossils and its evolutionary significance.
A PowerPoint Presentation about the introduction to Life Science as part of the 2nd quarter curriculum of Earth and Life Science subject in Senior High School.
Origin of life-where did life come fromArosek Padhi
this chapter prompts you to wonder where did life as we know it came from. this is a presentation from Dr.Tithi Parija (asst professor) from KIIT school of biotechnology including different theories from different thinkers and scientists
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
1. Lesson 1: The Concept of Life Based on
the Emerging Pieces of Evidences
Prepared by:
Sherie Mae Q. Lozada, RN
2. What was the first
life form?
Life is believed to have existed
on earth for billions of years
now. Scientists do not know
exactly when life began on
Earth. However, they can trace
how life developed and evolved
using some pieces of evidence.
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3. What was the first
life form?
Earth is much older than life.
Based on radioactive decay
studies of rocks, it was revealed
that Earth is around 4.5 billion
years old – 1 billion years older
than the oldest fossils. So how
did life begin? Where did it
come from?
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5. Theories on How Life Begun
1. Extraterrestrial Origin
2. Panspermia
3. Divine Creation
4. Origin from nonliving matter
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6. 1. Extraterrestrial Origin
The hypothesis explains that
life originated on another
planet outside our Solar
System. Life was then carried
to Earth on a meteorite or an
asteroid and colonized Earth.
However, this hypothesis has
not been proven.
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7. 2. Panspermia
The theory presumes
that the “seed” of life
exists all over the
universe and can be
propagated through
space, and that life on
Earth originated from
those seeds.
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8. 3. Divine Creation
Many people believe
that life was put on
Earth by divine
forces. Creation
theories are common
to many of the world’s
religions and cultures.
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9. 4. Origin from nonliving matter
Scientist believed that life arose
on Earth from inanimate matter
after Earth had cooled. They
stated that random events
probably produced stable
molecule that could self-
replicate. Then, natural
selection favored changes in
the rate of reproduction which
eventually led to the first cell.
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10. Primordial Soup Theory
Proponents: Alexander Oparin
and John Haldane
• life started in a primordial soup
of organic molecules
• Some form of energy from
lightning combined with the
chemicals in the atmosphere to
make the building blocks of
protein known as the amino
acids.
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12. Miller-Urey
Experiment
American chemist Stanley Miller
performed an experiment
replicated early Earth conditions.
Together with Harold Urey, he
provided proof that amino acids
and other organic molecules
could be formed.
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13. Miller-Urey Experiment
The atmosphere that Miller
and Urey introduced into the
flasks contained simple
molecules that were probably
present in the early Earth’s
atmosphere: hydrogen, CO2,
methane, water vapor,
nitrogen, ammonia, and
carbon monoxide.
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14. Miller-Urey Experiment
They heated the mixture and
zapped it with electrical sparks
to stimulate lightning. Within
days, a dark, smelly mixture
developed. When this mixture
was analyzed, they found that
many complex molecules had
formed, including some amino
acids, which are the building
blocks of proteins.
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15. Miller-Urey Experiment
Using slightly different
combinations of starting
molecules, Miller and other
scientist where able to
generate many amino acids,
RNA and DNA nucleotides,
lipids, carbohydrates, and
adenosine triphosphate
(ATP).
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17. How do fossils form?
Over long periods of time, particles piled up on the remains of organisms and
eventually became sedimentary rocks, preserving the original body patterns
of organism.
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18. Microfossils
• Fossil fragments that can
only be seen by microscope
• Existed in mats and formed
layered structures called
stromatolites.
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19. Stromatolites
a calcareous mound built up of
layers of lime- secreting
prokaryotes, or single-celled
organisms, called cyanobacteria(
the blue-green algae) and trapped
sediment, found in Precambrian
rocks as the earliest known
fossils, and still being formed in
lagoons in Australasia.
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20. Cyanobacteria
• Believed by scientists to be the
first oxygen- producing organisms
that helped evolve the Earth’s
early atmosphere into one that
can support early life forms
• As these microorganisms
continued generating oxygen,
other photosynthetic organisms
evolved and increased the level of
oxygen in the atmosphere.
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21. Cyanobacteria
• This increased the chance of
more and more oxygen
reaction ammonia, a reaction
that results in the release of
nitrogen into atmosphere
• This resulted in the formation
of the ozone layer!
• A rapid evolution of life
occurred after oxygen
became abundant.
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Organic Molecules are molecules that are made of Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) (C-H Bond), and can include other elements like Nitrogen, Sulfur, Phosphorous (N,S,P).
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) – is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, Single Strand
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) – the molecule that carries genetic information for the development and functioning of organism, Double Strand
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) – is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.
Prokaryotes-a singled cell organism that lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles