This document discusses elements to observe when planting trees and fruit-bearing trees. It identifies several key elements: proper care of plants and soil, including choosing the best place for planting and seeds suited to the season and soil; putting sufficient fertilizers in the soil; and preparing seeds for planting by soaking, removing the seed coat, and allowing for germination. It also notes the importance of conducting a survey to identify elements to observe in planting, market demands for fruits, sources of fruit-bearing trees, and famous orchard farms.

1. 1
UNIT I PROPAGATING TREES AND FRUIT TREES
ContentStandard
Demonstratesanunderstandingof specificpracticesinplantingtreesandfruittrees.
Performance Standard
Appliesknowledge andskillsinplantingtreesandfruittrees.
Learning Competencies: Code TLE6AG – 0a-1 (Week1 )
1.1 Discussesthe importance of plantingandpropagatingtreesandfruitbearingtreesandmarketing
seedlings.
1.1.1 explainsbenefitsderivedfromplantingtreesandfruitbearingtrees tofamiliesand
communities
1.1.2 identifiessuccessful orchard growersinthe communityoradjacentcommunities
LESSON 1 IMPORTANCE OF PLANTING AND PROPAGATING TREES AND FRUIT-BEARING TREES
LessonObjectives
1. Give the importance of plantingandpropagatingtreesandfruit-bearingtrees.
2. Explainthe benefitsderivedfromplantingtreesandfruit-bearingtreestofamiliesand
communities.
3. Identifysome commontreesplantedinbothrural andurban areas.
4. Identifysuccessful orchardgrowersinthe communityoradjacentcommunities.
LET’S BE INFORMED
Plantingand propagatingtreesandfruit –bearingtreesisa source of livelihoodformanyFilipino
families.Nowadays,manypeople engage inthisasasource of additional income fortheirdailyneeds.
Fruit–bearingtreescan be plantedinyourbackyard dependonseveral factors:the space inyour
backyard,the kindof soil,and,andthe type of climate inyourowncommunity.The pupilsshouldbe
able to demonstrate understandingof scientificpracticesinplantingandpropagatingtreesandfruit
bearingtrees.
It isimportant,however,tofirstlearnthe benefitsderivedfromplantingandpropagatingtrees
and fruit-bearingtreestofamiliesandcommunities.Thislessonwill discussthese benefits.Itwill also
identifysuccessful orchardgrowersinthe country.Atthe same time,the lessonwill presentsourcesof
fruit-bearingseedlings forsale.Inaddition,thislessonwillalsopresentthe latestdataonthe volume of
productionof the mostin demandfruitcropsinthe country.
Why isthere a needforplantpropagation?
Plantpropagationisthe processof reproducingorcreatinga new plantor seedling.Itisan
importantpart of gardening,whetheroutdoorsorindoors.Plantsare livingthingsthatgrow either
throughtheirroots,stemsand leavesof theirflowers,fruits,andseeds.Itisamethodof growingnew
plantsfromseedor fromparts of existingplants.

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Benefitsderivedfromplantingtrees and fruit-bearingtreesto familiesandcommunities
Treesare valuable tothe familyandthe communityforthe productsandamenitiestheygive
such as:
1. foodlike fruits,vegetables,nuts,andsugar
2. woodusedas fuel forcookingandheating
3. constructionmaterialswhichinclude lumber,plywood,andboard
4. fiberforthe productionof pulpand paper;and
5. chemical productssuchas resin,rubber,andturpentine.
Other BenefitsDerivedfromTrees
There are benefitsderivedfromtreestomaintainahealthyenvironment.Some of these
benefitsinclude:
1. Theyprovide shade andfreshairaroundthe house and,alongthe streets andsurroundings.
Treesare verymuchneededbypeople inthesetimesof climate change whenthe temperature
ishighand the heat of the sun becomesintense.Withouttrees,there are noshadestokeepus
cool.
2. Theyprotectthe soil fromerosion.Have you seenbigrootsthat extendseveral metersfromthe
trunkor go deeperintothe soil?Theserootsholdthe soil,preventingitfromerodingwhenrain
or floodscome.
3. Theyhelpmaintainhighqualitywatersupply.The rootsof plantsandtreeshelpstrainthe dirt
and cleanse the waterasit passesthroughthe roots.
4. The root systempromotessoil stability.Thismeansthatthe soil heldbythe rootsremainthere
and doesnoterode.
5. Theyserve as valuable wildlife habitats.Wildanimalsliveinplaces withmany treeslikethatof a
forest.
6. Theyserve as windbreakersduringtyphoonsandstorms,thus,reducingthe destructionof
home and agricultural crops.A typhoonthatis strongusuallymovesata veryfast speed.It
continuestobe that strongif there are no barriersonthe pathwhere itmoves.Butwhenit
passesbarrierslike mountainsandtrees,itslowsdownanditsspeedisreduced.Small cropsand
plantsas well ashousesare safe whentyphoonisweak.
7. Theyhelpreduce pollutionsincongestedurbanareas. Rememberthattreestake incarbon
dioxide emitted fromvehiclesthatbelchessmoke.The more treespresent,the lessamountof
carbon dioxide isinthe air.
8. Theycontribute tothe beautiful landscapesinthe cityandthe countryside.Imaginealandwith
plentyof treesandgrass and a scatteringof flowersof beautiful colors,sizes,andshapes.
9. Theyimprove the atmosphere of aplace bygivinga feelingof freshnessandcoolnessasthey
reduce temperature.
10. Theypreventriverandlake sedimentation. Have youobservedariverbankthat islined
endlesslywithfull-growntrees?These treeshelpholdthe waterinthe lake andriverandkeepit
there. Thispreventsthe lake andriverfromdryingup.
11. Theypreventfloods.Floodsoccurwhenwaterfromrainrushesincausingsoil erosion.However,
if there are treestoserve as barriersandthe rootsto holdthe water,floodwill notoccur.

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Treesand Fruit-bearingtreesthat one can plant
Some of the common treesplantedin both rural and urban areas are the following:
1. Narra 9. Alibangbang
2. Yakal 10. Banaba
3. Apitong 11. Pine Tree
4. Acacia 12. IndianTree
5. Ipil-Ipil 13. Fire Tree
6. PalmTree 14. Molave
7. RubberTree 15. Mahogany
8. BambooTree
Some of the common fruit-bearingtreesare the following:
1. Duhat 14. Rambutan
2. Mango 15. Lychee
3. Santol 16. Guava
4. Coconut 17. Aratiles
5. Orange/Dalandan 18. Camachile
6. Pomelo 19. Mangosteen
7. Atis 20. Durian
8. Langka 21. Pili
9. Chico 22. Cashew
10. Banana 23. Star Apple
11. Avocado 24. Guyabano
12. Longan 25. Balimbing
13. Cacao
Successful orchard growers in the Philippines
If you getto knowthe successstoriesof our country’stop orchardgrowers,youwouldnever
imagine howtheygotto where theyare now.Theirhardwork,determination,andwill tosucceedis
trulyworthemulating.Below are three of oursuccessful orchardgrowers:
EdithaAguinaldoDacuycuy- ManangEditha venturedintothe dragonfruitbusinesswhenshe wastold
howthe fruitcan helprelieve constipationproblems –a conditioncommontocerebral palsypatients.
Her daughter,Kate,wassufferingfromthisailment.SellingatPhp450.00 perkilo,dragonfruitwastoo
expensive forEditha,soshe decidedtoraise herownfruitsintheirbackyard.Froma small plot,they
nowown a 10-hectare property.Dubbedas“Dragon Lady”, Manang Editha,togetherwithherhusband
and daughter,Mimie Mildred),alsoexpandedtheirbusinessintodragonfruitice cream, vegandragon
fruitlumpia,wine,vinegar,andevenempanadita,dumplings,andburgerpatties. LocatedinBarangay
Paayas,Burgos,IlocosNorte,REFMAD Farms (Rare Eagle ForestMarine and agricultural Development)is
nowan agritourismshowcase offeringresearchandlivelihoodtrainingtofellow Ilocanosandinterested
farmers.NolessthanPresidentNOYNOYAquinoawardedManangEdithaforher hardwork,aswell as
otherwell- knownawardingbodies.Herfarmhas a steadymarketinneighboringprovincesinIlocos

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Norte and Metro Manila. Dole Philippinesordersinbulk,whilehotelsinIlocosNorte are theirregular
clients.
AlfredoM. Yao – The “Juice Kingof the Philippines, alsoownsafarmin NegrosOccidental aside from
Zest– O Corporation.At12 yearsold, he losthisfatherand grew up doingoddjobsto helphismother
feedherfamilyof six children.One of hisjobswasworkingina warehouse of apackagingcompany.
Encouragedby the promisingprofitabilityof apackagingformatinEurope (Doypack),he boughtone and
triedto marketthe machine tolocal juice manufacturers.Whennofactorytooknotice,he made hisown
fruitjuice andlaunchedwhatwasto become one of the biggest local juice brands.
PatricioBase – Withhis 3 hectare plantationof watermelons,honeydew melons,andpapaya,he
producescropsyear-roundinAlicia,Isabela.He wasable tosendhisfour childrentocollege withhis
earnings.He usedtogrow rice before venturingintowatermelons.He saidthere wasnomoneyin
plantingrice,butnowwithmelons,one canevenhitthe jackpot.InJuly2013, he plantedDiana
watermelonsin3,500 square metersandgot 12 tonsworth Php480.00.
Successful orchard growers in the communityor adjacent communities:
1. SinuraPampangaFarm (SanFernando, Pampanga)
It has 1000 guapple trees,few mangotreesandcalamansi.
2. Anon,FloridaBlancaFarm
Has fruitbearingtrees,600 calamansi,35 mangoand otherassortedfruits.
3. Sta. AnaMango Farm
Has 50 income generatingmangotreesandfishpond.
4. Mango Farm, Magalang ,Pampanga
Has mango andother fruitbearingtrees.
5. FruitFarm – MitulaHomes,SanFernando,Pampanga
Thisis a dragon fruitfarm.
LET’S EXPLAIN
1. What are the benefitswe derivedfromtreesandfruit – bearingtrees?
2. How dotreescontribute toa healthyandsafe environment?
3. What are the benefitsof havingaskill inplantingtrees?
LET’S REMEMBER
1. Treesare importanttothe familyandcommunityastheyare sourcesof food,lumberfor
constructionof houses,fiberforpaper,fuel forcooking,and chemicalslike resinandturpentine.
2. Treesprovide benefitstothe environment.Some of these are:1) theyprotectthe soil from
erosion;2) theyhelpmaintainhighqualitywatersupplies;3) theirrootsystempromotessoil
stability;4) theyserve as valuable wildlife habitat;5) theyare attractive andeffective
windbreakers:6) theypreventfloods;and7) theypreventlake andriversedimentation,etc.

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CHECK YOUR PRACTICES
Put a check(/) in the columnthatfitsyou.
Practices Always Sometimes Never
1. I enjoygoingtoplaces and playgroundwithplentyof trees.
2. I helpplanttreesathome and at school.
3. I feel thatplantingseedlingsof trees,eveninthe potsand
cans, isa worthwhile activity.
4. I joininbeautifyingourneighbourhoodby planting
trees/plants.
5. I helpcut downa tree at home because itwasgrowingout of
place.
6. I joina planting-treeactivityinschool because itisone of our
projectsinTLE.
7. I helpconserve treesbyencouragingotherstoplant.
8. I help preserve oursurroundingbytellingothersnottocut
trees.
9. I thinktreeshelpussowe shouldconserve thembytaking
care of them.
10. I take care of mysmall gardenat home because thisisone way
of caringfor the trees.
LET’S DO TOGETHER
A. Match columnA withcolumnB. Write the lettersof the correct answeronthe blank.
A B
_____ 1. Windbreakers a. extractedfromwoodpulpof sugar plant
_____ 2. Wood b. productmade from fiberharvestedfrom
woodpulpof trees
_____ 3. Lumber c. derivedfromsapof some trees
_____ 4. Paper d. the productproducedfromjuice of some
trees
_____ 5. Rubber e.slowsdownspeedof typhoons/storms
_____ 6. Turpentine f.this iswhatman givesoff
_____ 7. Erosion g. majorsource of fiberforthe productionof
pulpand paper
_____ 8. Sugar h. thisiswhat treesgive off
_____ 9. Carbondioxide i.processedwoodusedtoconstruct housesfor
man andanimals
_____ 10.Oxygen J. the root systemholdswaterinthe soil in
orderto preventthis

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B. True or False: Write T if the statement istrue and F if it isfalse.
_______ 1. Treesare man’ssource of food.
_______ 2. Treesgive of carbon dioxide.
_______ 3. Man needscarbondioxide tolive.
_______ 4. Resinisa chemical derivedfrom trees.
_______ 5. Too many treescause pollution.
_______ 6. A healthyenvironmentisanenvironmentfull ortrees.
_______ 7. It is all rightto cut treesforas longas theyare replenished.
_______ 8. Reforestationisthe processof plantingnew treesinplace of oldonesthathave
beencutdown.
_______ 9. Whentreesslow downthe speedof a typhoon,theyactas windbreakers.
_______ 10. Rootsof treesholdthe soil andwater,thus,preventingsoil erosionandflood.
REINFORCEMENT
Conducta Survey
Go around yourschool,home or community.Write downthe namesof treesthatyousee. What uses
do theygive?Write youranswersinyournotebook.
Reference:LearningandLivinginthe 21st
Century for Grade 6, pp309-315
Gloria A.Peralta,etal. The Basicsof BetterFamilyLiving pp.53-59

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LESSON 2 ELEMENTS TO BE OBSERVED IN PLANTING TREES AND FRUIT-BEARING TREES
Learning Competencies: Code TLE6AG-0b-2 (Week2)
1.2 Uses technologyinthe conduct of surveytofindoutthe following:
1.2.1 Elementstobe observedinplantingtreesandfruitbearingtrees
1.2.2 Market demandsforfruits
1.2.3 Sourcesof fruitbearingtrees
1.2.4 Famousorchard farmsin the country
LessonObjectives
1. Observe the propercare of plantsandsoil
2. Differentiate the methodsof plantingtrees
3. Explainhowtoprepare seedsforplanting
4. Discussthe processof seedgermination
5. Discussthe preparationof seedlingsbefore transplanting
6. Conductsurveyonthe elementstobe observedinplantingtreesandfruitbearingtrees.
LET’S BE INFORMED
Planting,justlike cooking, requiressystematicwayof doingthings.Itrequiresastep-by-step
procedure onhowto selectandprepare the soil,the seedlings,the tools,andthe locationforplanting.
Withthese requirements,all thatisneededisathoroughknowledge andskill onhow todo the
plantingprocessandthe manneron how plantsare to be takencare of.
Elementsto be observedin plantingtrees and fruit bearingtrees
A. Proper Care ofPlants and Soil
Propercare of plantsand soil isnecessary fora healthy andbountiful harvest.Dothe following:
1. Choosethe best placefor planting.
Treesand fruittreesrequire more space forgrowththan ornamental plantsorcrops.Thisis
because treesandfruittreesgrowtall and wide .There are treesthatroots that expandsidewardand
those that move downward.Choose aplace where treeswill grow freelywithoutobstructionlikestreet
fencesorwalls.Have enoughspace allowance betweentrees,orbetweenthe streets,fences,orwalls.
Considerthe type of soil andthe amountof sunlight.
2. Choosethe seeds thatbest suitthe seasonandthe soil.
Thismeansthat the seedscome froma good qualitymotherandthe seedsare healthy,mature,
withno blemishesorcuts,andof the rightsize and form.Seedsmustbe preparedbefore planting.
Plantingshouldbe done preferablyduringthe rainyseason.The soil mustbe suitedtothe type of seeds
to be planted. Consultanexpertonwhattype of soil,orwhere dotreeslike acacia,narra, mango,
rambutan,or coconut growbest.

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3. Put sufficientfertilizersinthe soil.
It isadvisable toprepare the soil before planting.Thismeanscleaningthe soil anditssurroundingarea
and mixingthe soil withorganicfertilizers.Organicfertilizersare safe andeconomical touse,while
inorganicor commercial fertilizershave tobe regulatedbecauseoveruse canpoisonthe soil.A richsoil
is40 percentclayloam,30 percentcompost,20 percentdriedcarabao manure or chickendung,and10
percentsand.Remember,plantsneednitrogen,phosphorus,andpotassiumtogrow andto make them
resistanttopestsand diseases.
4. Take care of the soil and the plantsregularly.
Caringfor the youngtreesmeansremovingthe grassandweedsaroundthemsotheydo not
compete ingettingthe nutrientsfromthe soil.Keepthe soil alwaysmoistandthisisnoproblemduring
the rainyseason.However,duringthe drymonths,there isa needto waterthemregularly.Wateringis
done duringsunrise oraftersunsettokeepthe evaporationof waterfromthe soil slow.Make a ringof
cultivationaroundthe youngtree withthe size matchingthe circumference of the crownof the tree.
The soil inthis ring isloose andslightlyhillingup.Incase of pestsor insectsinfestation,dothisby
buildingafire andallowingthe smoke topenetratethe foliage.Use the appropriate pesticide or
fungicide tocontrol plantdisease.Consultanexpertonthis.Likewise,prune the youngtree bycutting
off infectedorunproductive branches. Donotleave excessbranchesonthe trunktoavoidinfection
whichoccurs whenthe cut has nothealed.
B. Methodsof Planting
Differenttreesare cultivatedindifferentways.There are twowaysof planting:directand
indirect.Directplantingisamethodof plantingwhere the seedsorpartsof a plantare directlyplanted
inthe soil where itwill germinate andgrow intofull-growntrees.
The use of highqualityseedsresultsinhighproductivity.Highqualityseedshave ahigh
percentage of germinationandcorrect moisture contentandare free fromseedpests,diseases,and
otherphysical impurities.Theyshouldcome froma tree witha uniformheightandheading,a
characteristicknownasvarietal purity.Tomaintainhighqualityseeds,the followingstepsare
recommended:
1. Remove off-type,diseased,anddamagedseeds.
2. Label seedsproperly.
3. Selectandpreserve onlymature seedsanddrythemunderthe sununtil proper moisture is
attained.
C. PreparingSeedsfor Planting
There are differentwaysof preparingseeds.One wayisbyplacingthe seedsunderthe sun
before planting.One example of thisisthe ipil-ipil tree.Some seedslikethe mangohave tobe removed
fromtheirhard shells beforeplanting.Seedslikesantol needtobe driedbefore plantedinthe soil.
There are alsoseedsthatneedtobe soakedinwater before planting,likethe seedsof ipil-ipil.Seedsof
avocadoare plantedasis with the biggerendof the seedbelow the soil surface.

9. 9
D. SeedGermination
Seedsneedmoisture,warmth,oxygen,and,insome instances,sunlightinordertogerminate.
Small seedsare sownina seedbox before settingthemoutinthe field.Seedscanalsobe germinatedin
small plastictrays,pots,andother relativelysmallcontainersfilledwithsoil mediumrecommendedfor
seedpropagation.The bottomof the seedboxesshouldhave tinyholestoallow drainage.
Before the seedissown,the soil shouldbe moistenedwithafine sprayof wateruntil the soil
has absorbedenoughmoisture.Make rowswithpointedsticks.Theserowsshouldbe twice asdeepas
the size of the seeds.Sowthe seedsevenlyinrowsandcoverthemwithloose soil thenpressthe soil
gently.If youwill planttrees,the space shouldbe 10metersindistance dependingonthe size of the
tree.
The seedbox shouldbe keptina shadyplace until the seedshave sprouted.Itshouldbe
protectedfrompests,animals,andadverse weather.Coverthe seedbox witha sheetof paper to keep
it fromdryingouttoo fast duringthe dryseason.Whenthe seedshave sprouted,make sure theyget
enoughsunlightforpropergrowth.
E. Preparation of SeedlingsBefore Transplanting
Mortalityishighduringtransplantingif the seedlingsare notgivenpropercare.Toensure a higher
rate of survival,the followingprocessesare needed:
1. Thinning– There are timeswhenmore seedsare sownthannecessary.Toproduce strongplants,
pull outsome crowdedseedlingssothatthe remainingplantswill have more room.Thinning
acceleratesthe circulationof airandprovidesagreaterfeedingareaforseedlingstomake them
sturdierandhealthier.
2. Pricking – Thisis done bytransferringseedlingsfromone seedbox toanothertoprovide more
space for properdevelopment.Waterthe seedlingsbefore pricking.
3. Hardening – This processisdone 7 to 15 days before transplanting.The purpose istomake the
tissue of the plantsharderinorder to survive the rigorsof transplanting.The waterintake of the
plantisgraduallydecreasedandthe seedlingisexposedtosunlightforalongerperiodof time.
F. IndirectPlanting
In indirectplanting,the plantneedstobe transferredtoitspermanentplace.Thisiscommonly
done withtrees.Nowadays,you canavail seedlingsplantedinsmall plasticbags,readyfortransfer.
Followthe general stepsinthe propertransferringof plants:
1. Place the seedlingsawayfromdirectsunlight.Make sure the seedlingsare healthyandfresh
before planting.

10. 10
2. Dig the area where youwantto plantthem.The lengthanddepthof the hole shouldbe
accordingto how bigthe tree will become.Leave twoinchesallowance inthe lengthanddepth
of the hole toallowthe newrootsto breath.For bigtrees like santol,mango,oracasia,the hole
isone meterwide,one meterdeep,andone meterlong.Forsmall treeslikeatis,chico,avocado,
and kasoy,the hole shouldmeasure 20inchesdeep,20incheswide,and20 incheslong.

11. 11
3. Remove the plantfromthe plasticbag.Do not remove the soil whichholdsthe roots.
4. Slowlyandcarefully place the seedlingsinthe hole.Make sure the mainrootsare not bent.

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5. Coverit withsoil.Lightlypressthe soil.
6. Water the newplantearlythe nextmorning.Use a watersprinkler.Itisimportanttowaterthe
soil thatsurroundsthe plant.

13. 13
7. Remember:Plantyourseedlingsinthe afternoonwhensunlightisnolongerhotto avoid
withering.
LET’S EXPLAIN
1. What mustwe doto have a healthyandbountifulharvest?
2. How can we maintainhighqualityseeds?
3. How doseedsgerminate?
4. What are the processesneededinordertohave highsurvival of seedlings?
5. What are the stepsintransferringplants?Explain each.
LET’S REMEMBER
It isnecessarytoobserve the elementsinplantingtreesandfruitbearingtreesinordertohave
bountiful harvest.
CHECK YOUR PRACTICES
Draw a happyface on practicesthatare good andsad face on practicesthat are notgood.
1. I joincommunityprojectslikeplanting. _________
2. I wearthe appropriate workingclotheswhenplanting. _________
3. Choose goodqualityseedscomingfromagoodqualitymother. _________
4. Plantall typeswithequal distancesfromone another. _________
5. I prefertouse organic fertilizerasitissafe and economical. _________
6. Keepthe soil moistaroundyoungtreesbywateringthemearly
morningor late afternoon. _________
7. Spray insecticide oftentoavoidinsectinfestation. _________

14. 14
8. Indirectplantingisabettermethodthandirectplantingbecause germination
iseasierinboxesorplasticbags. _________
9. Studythe type of tree andthe kindof soil itneedsbefore planting. _________
10. Be scientificinplantingbyknowingthe needsof plantsandhow totake care of them._________
LET’S DO TOGETHER
A. Fill inthe blankswiththe correctanswer.
1. _______ is the amountof space betweentwotreeswhenplanted.
2. _______ is the numberof days before wateringthe plants thathave beennewlyplanted.
3. _______ is the time of the daywhenplantingisideal.
4. _______ is the way whereinthe seedsof the plantorpart of the plantare planteddirectly
Into the soil.
5. _______ is the amountof space allottedbetweentwo tree seedlingswhenplanted.
REINFORCEMENT
Conducta Survey
Visitagardenin yourschool,at home,or inthe community.Observe the differentplants and
trees,where theyare plantedandhow they are planted.Interview agardeneronhow plantsare cared
for. Write your answersinyournotebook.
Reference:LearningandLivinginthe 21st
Century6

15. 15
LESSON 3 MARKET DEMANDS FOR FRUITS
Lesson Objectives:
State the besttime to harvestfruits
Identifythe factorstoconsiderwhenharvestingfruits
Discussthe tipsin storingfruits
Identifythe marketdemandsforfruits
Enumerate the waysof marketingproducts
LET’S BE INFORMED
Harvesting Fruits
Harvestingispickingfruitsintheirseasonwhentheyare readytobe soldor eaten.Harvestingis
done at differentseasonsdependingonthe characteristicsof eachproduct.Generally,fruitsare picked
whentheyare mature enough. Fruitsshouldreachthe marketingoodcondition.
1. Mangoes,bananas,and papayasare harvestedbeforetheyripen.Theyshouldbe greenand
matured.
2. Pomelosandchicos shouldbe pickedatthe rightsize and maturity.
3. Native orangesordalandansare pickedwhile greenTheyeventuallyripen.
The right time to harvestdependson the followingfactors:
1. The price offruits onthe market – The beginningof harvest seasonof anyfruitcommandsthe
highestprice inthe market.Thisisbecause the fruitsare new inthe marketandare not as
abundantas whenthey are inthe peakof harvestseason.
2. The distance of the farm to the market – Transportationcomprisesabigexpenditure in
marketingthe products.The fartherthe farm isto the market,the higher the transportcost.
Likewise,the rate of ripeninganddeteriorationmaybe affectedbythe lengthof time ittakes
for the productto reach the market.
3. The periodof storage ofharvested fruitsbefore bringingthem to the market – The longerthe
storage,the higheristhe riskof the fruitsto deteriorate.Whensome productsbecome overripe
and close todeteriorating,theycannotbe soldata higherprice thanwhentheyare freshand at
the right degree of maturityorripeness.
Storing the Products
Properstorage of harvestis veryimportanttokeepthemingoodcondition.Mostfruitswhen
ripenedare perishable sotheyrotor decayeasily.Therefore theyshouldbe usedorsoldwhile still
slightlyripe andfirm.
Tips in Storing Fruits
1. Use a wickerbasketinstoring fruits.Thiswill preventthe fruitsfromripeningfastbecause the
holesinthe wickerbasketwill provide fruitswithcool air.
2. Use a durable andcleanwickerbasketsforhandling.
3. Classifythe fruitsfirstbeforeplacingtheminthe wickerbasket,dependingonthe ripeness,size,
and shape.Separate the ripe fromthe unripe ones.
4. Place the heavy,unripe fruitsinthe base,andplace the light,ripe onesabove,inpackingfruits
like papaya,mangoes,andpineapple.
5. Store in a cool,dry place.

16. 16
6. Store the products ina cleanplace,free fromants,cockroaches,andother harmful insects.
7. Handle the fruitscarefullyespeciallywhenplacingtheminthe boxesorwickerbasketstoavoid
bruises.
8. Alwaysremember,the betterthe product,the higherthe price.
To ensure success in sellingfruits,the farmer or sellershouldconsiderthe followingmarketdemands:
1. Buyersselectfruitsandotherproductsof good quality,usuallybasedonsize,shape,and
appearance.
2. Good qualityfruitshave the same appearance,size,stage of maturity,state of freshness,and
shape.
3. Fruitsshouldbe intheirfresheststate whenbeingsold.Theycancommandhigherprices.
4. Pack fruitsproperlyingoodcontainerstomaintaintheirfreshnessandtoavoidcuts,bruises,
and blemishes.
5. Price yourproducts basedonthe current price on the market.Goingwiththe currentprice
makesyourproduct competitive. Generally,whenproductsare soldduringthe peakseason,if
your productsare of superiorquality,youcandemandahigherprice . Many consumersprefer
to pay a higherprice if theyfeel theyare gettingtheirmoney’sworth.
Ways of Marketinga Product
1. Retail- Thisreferstothe sale of goodsinsmall quantitiesdirectlytothe consumer.
2. Wholesale-Thisisthe sale of goodsina relativelylarge quantitytobe retailedbyothers.
3. Consignmentbasis-Thisisanagreementtosupplygoodsfora definite price andata
specifictime.
4. Announcementof productstothe public.
5. Directsellingtothe marketplace.
6. Sellingthroughcooperatives.
Sellingbywholesale isadvantageousoverthe retail methodbecause the producerhasa
sure marketfor hisproducts.
The retail method,however,isbetterbecause farmersearnmore profitsthisway.
Marketingthroughcooperativesisthe newestpractice.Farmersfromcooperativesin
orderto earn higherprofits,while consumersgetthe productata lowerprice.
LET’S EXPLAIN
1. Describe the characteristicsof fruitstobe harvestedtoreach the marketin goodcondition?
2. What are the factors to considerinharvestingfruits?
3. What are the tipsinstoringfruitsto keepthemingoodcondition?
4. Explainthe marketdemandstobe consideredbyfarmersorsellerstoensure successinselling
fruits?
LET’S REMEMBER
Harvestedcropsinseasonare cheapercomparedwiththose outof season.
We shouldconsiderthe marketdemandsforfruitsinordertoensure successinsellingfruits.

17. 17
CHECK YOUR PRACTICES
Put a checkon practiceswhichyouhave experienceddoingandanX mark on those youhave not
experienceddoing.
Practices  or X
1. Plantedfruittrees
2. Pickedfruitsfromfruittrees
3. Took care of the fruittrees
4. Storedfruitsinbaskets
5. Soldfruitstofriendandin the market
LET’S DO TOGETHER
A. Write T if the statementistrue and F if the statementisfalse.
______ 1. Fruitsshouldbe harvested atthe rightshape and size.
______ 2. Fruitsshouldbe harvestedcarefullybecause cutscaneasilyleadtorotting.
______ 3. Examplesof fruitsare squash,cabbage,andbittermelon.
______ 4. Croppingisthe pickingof fruitswhenreadytobe soldor eaten.
______ 5. The right time toharvestdependsonthe demand,market,andprice.
______ 6. Mangoesare harvestedwhentheymature because thisisthe stage whentheyare
firmand fresh.
______ 7. For storingfruits,use wickerbaskets.
______ 8. One whobuysproducts andsellsthemtoretailersiscalledthe middleman.
______ 9. Sellingproductsbypiece iscalledretailing.
______ 10. Pack fruitsproperlyingoodcontainerstomaintaintheirfreshnessandtoavoidcuts,
bruises,andblemishes.
REINFORCEMENT
Interviewafarmer.Findoutwhatfruittreeshe plantsthe entire year.Askwhyhe choosesthose
treesoverthe others,howhe harveststhem, andhow he marketsthem.
Reference:
LearningandLivinginthe 21st
Century6 pp.331
Movingup withHELE 6 pp.161

18. 18
LESSON 4 SOURCESOF FRUIT BEARING TREES
LessonObjectives
Give the importance of plantingfruit-bearingtrees
Identifythe sourcesof fruitbearingtrees
Mentionfamousorchardfarms inthe country
LET’S BE INFORMED
Justlike vegetablesandornamentals,growingfruittreesisnotdifficult.The problemslieinthe
lack of space or where toplantthem.
In urbanareas where spacesare verylimited,fruittreesare notusuallyplanted. Some home
ownersdonot like toplanttreesbecause theysay,a growntree will destroythe foundationof their
housesbecause of theirbigandlongroots.
But for those whohave enoughspace,fruittreeslike mango,duhat,tamarind,banana,papaya
and otherfruittreesare planted. Aside fromthe shade thattheygive,whentheybearfruits,the family
is,at least,assuredof a supplyof fruitsfortheirdailyconsumption.
In the province,fruittreesare sourcesof income forthe family.Asidefromthe addedfreshair,
theyprovide the ambience thatacitydwellerhave notexperienced.
MANGOES
Our countryis famousforitsdeliciousmangoes.Althoughthere are othervarieties,the carabao
mangois the most soughtafterandexportedinothercountries.
Mango fruitsare of these varieties:
1. Carabao or supermango.Thisvarietyisthe favourite of mostpeople aroundthe worldwith
itsperfectblendof sweetandsourtaste,soft,succulentwithapleasantodor.
2. Pico.Thisis a smallerinsize fromthe carabao varietybutjustas sweet,evenwhenit’snot
yetripe.
3. Indianmango.This originatedfromIndia.Itbearsplentyof fruitsthe whole yearround.Itis
a favourite appetizerbymostteeners.
Mango tree comesfrom seed.
PAPAYAS
Papayais a fruitrich inVitaminsA,Band C and aidsin the digestionof food.A goodandtasty
dessert,especiallywhensweet,papayaisanacceptable appetizerordessertof peopleof all ages.The
unripe fruitsare alsovaluable forsome maindishesastinola andginataan. Because of it’spapain,a
protein-spittingenzyme obtainedfromthe juice of unripe papaya, helpstenderize meatandusedasan
aidin digestion.
Most home yards growpapaya trees.Theyare plantedbydirectseeding,thatis,planting
papayaseedsina hole and coverwith¼ inch of soil.Afterplanting,in10to 15 days, seedswill
germinate.

19. 19
There isthe so-calledmale andfemale papaya.The male plant,onlyproduce flowersbutdonot
bearfruit.However,itisnecessaryforpollination.Whenplanting,allow one maleplanttogrow for
every15 to 20 female papayas.Intercroppingisamethodwhere papayacan be growntogetherwith
coconuts,coffee,pineapple orbananas.Itincreasesfarmincome andpreventthe growthof weeds
and/orgrasses.
Sources offruit-bearingtrees
Fruit-bearingtreesare availableandsoldindifferentstagesof growthandreadyto be transplanted.
Amongtheirsourcesare:
 Commercial Nursery –Runby private individualsusuallyofferinglandscapingmaterialsand
services.
 Agricultural Institution –A school that offersacourse relatedto agriculture andotherplant
studies.
 Departmentof Agriculture –Responsible foranyagricultural activitiesintermsof vegetables
and fruits.
 Bureauof PlantIndustry – Theydevelopscientificimprovementforeachplantspecie ina
localityandadjacentplaces.
Famous Orchard Farms in the Philippines
Rosa Farms, Zambales,Philippines
Rosa Farmsis a 12.5 hectare mangoorchard inthe coastal province of Zambales,home of the
Philippine CarabaoMango.The farmhas 888 mangotreesnurturedforyears.The farmis opentowalk-
inguestswhowant to experience the ambianceof areal functional farm.

20. 20
Kitsie’sFarm, Zambales,Philippines
Kitsie’sFarmhasdozensof fruit-bearingmangotreesscattered acrossits15 hectaresland with
each tree yieldingatleast200 kiloseach.
GapuzGrapes Farm, Bauang , La Union
Gapuz Farm has beeninbusinessfor30years.The Gapuz brotherslearnedthe insandoutsof
grapesgrowingin California.
Banana Farm, Davao Region

21. 21
Banana isthe leadingfruitgrowninthe Philippinesandaconsistenttopdollarearner.
Davao GoldenPomeloFarm,Davao City
CarmelitaMercadoisthe toppomeloproduceranddistributorin the Philippines.The farmhas
350 hectaresof sweetpinkfleshpomelo.
Nica’s Rambutan Farm, Barangay Lapaz, Tibiao, Antique
The rambutan tree belongstoa groupof fruitbearingtropical treeslike longganandlychee.
The name rambutancame from an Indonesianname “rambut”whichmeanshair.

22. 22
Health Benefits of Rambutan (from www.healthbenefitstimes.com)
1. Decreases Unwanted Fat. (rambutan seeds) It lessensthe body fat
2. Skin Care. (raw rambutan seeds) For healthy, softer and gentle skin
3. Hair Care. (rambutan leaves) For excellenthair regrowth
4. Treats Dysentery. (rambutan skin)
5. Treats Diabetes. (dried fried rambutan seeds)
6. Cures Fever. (dried rambutan skin)
7. Increases Energy.
8. Strengthen Bones.
9. Increases Immune System. Can easily enhance bones because of its high calcium,
phosphorus and iron content
10. Anti-Cancer. It consists of anti-oxidants components
11. Protector of Free Radicals. It’s rich in gallic acid
12. Rich in Vitamin C.
13. Blood Formation. Rich in iron that help avoid anemia
14. Healthy Digestion. It’s rich in fiberthat helpsprevent bowel problems
15. Improve Sperm Quality and Prevent Cancer

23. 23
Grace’s LanzonesFarm, Guyam, Indang Cavite,Philippines
It has200 fullygrownedlanzonesthatearnabout120,000 to 150,000 perharvest.
Dalandan Farm, Bayombong, NuevaViscaya, Philippines
Dalandanor kahel originatedfromChina.Thisfruitisflattenedandturnsyellow orreddish
orange whenmature.Itconsistsof 10-14 segmentseasilyseparatedfromone anothertoforman open
core.

24. 24
Durian Fruit, Davao City,Philippines
The Durian fruitispopulardue to itsstrong aroma andunique taste.Itisalso growninThailand
and and Indonesia.Manyoftensays.“It smellslikehell,butittasteslike heaven”.The fleshisrichin
carbohydrate,proteins,vitamins( thiamine,riboflavinandVitaminsA andC),and minerals(calcium,
phosphorous,potassiumandiron).The fleshiseatenfreshorprocessedintojams,marmalade,spread,
pastillas,orflavouringforice cream,candies,cakesandrolls.
LET’S ANSWER
1. What are the healthbenefits fromfruitbearingtrees?
2. Where do mostof ourfruitscome from?
3. Give the sourcesof fruit – bearingtrees.
LET’S REMEMBER
Fruittreesprovide usshade,fruits,freshair,goodambience,income,vitaminsandminerals.Theyserve
as appetizer,dessertandaidsindigestion.
CHECK YOUR PRACTICES
Put a checkon practiceswhichyouhave experienceddoingandanX mark on those youhave not
experienceddoing.
Practices  or X
Plantedfruittrees
Harvestedfruits
Soldfruits
Ate fruitseveryday
Took care of fruitbearingtrees

25. 25
LET’S DO TOGETHER
Identifythe following.Write youranswersonthe blankbefore eachnumber.
________ 1. The kindof mango that hasa mixedtaste,bothsweetandsour.
________ 2. The mangothat originatedinIndia.
________ 3. The mostcommon soughtmangovarietyandexportedinothercountries.
________ 4. The enzyme foundinpapayathat helpstenderizemeat.
________ 5. A popularlyknownfruitdue toitsstrongaroma and unique taste.
________ 6. ThisfruitoriginatedfromChina.
________ 7. FruitsgrowninIndang,Cavite.
________ 8. Thisfruithas plentyof healthbenefits.
________ 9. Itis the leadingfruitgrowninthe Philippinesandaconsistenttopdollarearner.
________ 10. Thisfruitproduce flowersbutdonotbear fruits.
REINFORCEMENT
Identifythe fruittreesgrowninyourbackyard,school orcommunity.Dotheybear fruits?If not, askthe
reasonsfromthe gardener.

26. 26
LESSON 5 TYPES OF ORCHARD FARMS
Learning Competencies: Code:TLE6AG-0c-3 (Week3)
1.3 Conductsurveyto identify:
1.3.1 Typesof orchard farms
1.3.2 Treesappropriate fororchard gardeningbasedonlocation,climate,andmarketdemands
1.3.3 Properwayof planting/propagatingtreesandfruitbearingtrees(budding,marcotting,grafting)
1.3.4 Sourcesof fruitbearingtrees
1.3.5 How to care forseedlings
LessonObjectives
Identifythe typesof orchardfarms.
Give examplesof treesplantedineachtype of orchard.
Identifytreesappropriate fororchardgardeningbasedonlocation,climate andmarketdemands.
LET’S BE INFORMED
Orchard isa piece of landplantedwithfruittreesornuttrees.Itis alsoknownasfruitfarm. Therefore,
an orchard can have any kindof fruittreesinit,be itmango, papaya,orange,duhat,banana,etc.
Types ofOrchard Farms
Fruit Orchards
 Fruit orchards include any facility focused on growing tree-bearing fruits. Citrus trees, such as those
bearing lemons, limes or oranges, may be grown all together in large citrus orchards, or individually in
smaller facilities. Plantations that grow fruit-bearing bushes generally don't fall under this category. These
include fruits not grown on trees.
Nut Orchards
 Nut orchards include a large variety of facilities that produce nut-bearing trees. These include orchards
that grow popular nuts like cashews, walnuts and almonds. This category also includes cocoa and
chocolate-producing nuts, as well as coconuts. Some orchard owners produce pine trees for their edible
pine nuts.
Seed Orchards
 Seedorchards focus primarily ongrowingtreesthatproduce seedsratherthannutsor fruit.
These seedsare thensoldtocommercial distributors forresale tothe publicinsmall seed
packets. They mayalso be soldto large agricultural facilitiesorusedforfoodproduction. Seed
orchards can furtherbe divided intotwocategories basedonhow they are established. Ina
seedlingorchard, treesare selected throughcontrolled pollination. Inaclonal seedorchard,
seeds are distributed throughmethodssuchascuttingand tissue culture, resultinginaneasier
harvestoverall.
Home or Backyard Orchards
 Home orchards are small gardens where grafted trees are needed and small enough to fit in the garden.

27. 27
Factors to considerin choosingfruit treesfor your orchard:
1. Choose fruittreeswhichare suited toyourlocation.
2. Choose treesbasedonyourneeds ormarketdemands.
3. Considerhow mucheffortyouwill exert.
4. Plantthe rightfruits.
5. Choose the besttime forplanting.
6. Considerthe climate inyourarea.
7. For healthiestandtastiestfruit, choose the sunniestavailable plantinglocation.
Treessuitedfor orchard gardening basedon:
 LOCATION
Hill side Slope Valley Plain
Coconut
Mango
Pili nut
Palmtree
Mango
Coconut
Cashew
Palmtree
Pili nut
Durian
Banana
Papaya
Mangosteen
Banana
Mango
Citrustruits
Dragon fruit
Jackfruit
Guava
Star apple
Santol
Coconut
 CLIMATE
Elevated( Cold) Low (Warm) Dry Season WetSeason
Grape
Pomelo
Mango
Coconut
Banana
Guava
Durian
Banana
Pili nut
Palmtree
Dragon fruit
Papaya
Guava
Star apple
Durian
Banana
Mango
 MARKET DEMAND
Year-round Seasonal
Banana
Mango
Citrus
Dragon fruit
Papaya
Coconut
Jackfruit
Guava
Star apple
Santol

28. 28
LET’S EXPLAIN
1. What are the differentorchardfarms?
2. What are the factors to considerinplantingfruittrees?
3. Why isit importanttoconduct a survey anddetermine the appropriatetreesfor
orchard gardeningbased onlocation, climate, typeof soil, andmarketdemands?
LET’S REMEMBER
For the healthiesttreesandtastiestfruit, choose the sunniestavailable plantinglocation.
Choosingthe besttime forplantingcanbe a key tosuccess.
LET’S DO TOGETHER
Identify the following:
______ 1. Is a piece of landplantedwithfruittreesornuttrees.
______ 2. Include any facility focused on growing tree-bearing fruits.
______ 3. Include a large variety of facilities that produce nut-bearing trees.
______ 4. Focusprimarily ongrowingtreesthatproduce seeds ratherthannutsor fruit.
_______ 5. Orchards are small gardens where grafted trees are needed and small enough to fit in the
garden.
REINFORCEMENT
Conduct a survey in your school, home and community.
Which orchard farm is suited in your school, home or community? Describe your location. Identify the
fruit trees you want to plant suited to the location. Answer in your notebook.
Reference:
GloriaA. Peralta,etal. The Basics of BetterFamily Living6
LearningandLivinginthe 21st
Century

29. 29
LESSON 6 PROPER WAYOF PLANTING AND PROPAGATING TREES ANDFRUIT
BEARING TREES
LessonObjectives
Identify properwayof planting, propagatingtreesandfruitbearingtrees.
Demonstrate properway of planting, propagatingtreesandfruit-bearingtrees.
Identify propercare forseedlings.
LET’S BE INFORMED
Modern technology andresearch have gone a longwayespecially inthe fieldof Agriculture.
There are differentagricultural productstoday thatdidnot existlongago. We now have seedless
grapes,oranges, andwatermelons. There are alsovarious plantswithleavesandflowers of different
colorsthat come from justone plant. Fruit-bearingtreesare able tobearfruitswithinavery short span
of time. Some canbearfruitsall year round. These advancements are possiblebecauseof anagricultural
technology calledplantpropagation.
Plantpropagation isa methodor reproducing, increasing, ormultiplyingplantspecies. Itisbeing
practicedbecause of the followingreasons:
1. To increase the numberof plantspecies
2. To produce plantvarieties thatare resistanttosome insectpestsanddiseases
3. To evolve new andbettervarieties of plantssuitedtodifferentconditions of soil and
climate
4. To accelerate andat the same time lessenthe bearingage of plants
5. To avert the extinction of some plantspecies
PROPER WAY OF PROPAGATING FRUIT-BEARING TREES
 Cutting - The leaves are removed andthe stemsare cut 10 inches long. One—half of the cutting
isinserted intothe soil. Example:Sinigwelas, Kamotengkahoy
 Marcotting or Air layering – induces the stem to develop roots while it is still growing on the
mother plant. The steps are as follows:
a. Select a healthy branch.
b. Remove aring-like layer of soft bark about 2 to 3 inches long or until you reach the bark about 2 to 3
inches long or until you reach the hard, wood layer.
c. Apply sphagnum moss around the cut surface.

30. 30
d. Cover securely with a piece of plastic sheet.
e. Tie both ends to prevent drying of the rooting medium. Keep it moist.
f. Cut the marcot just below the ball of sphagnum moss when sufficient roots develop.
g. Remove some leaves to further induce root development.
h. Place the potted in a cool and shady place.
 Grafting– a plantpropagation methodthatinvolves insertingascionintoa stock sothat they
will forma unionandgrow together.
Stepsin Grafting
 Preparingthe Stock. Start at the cut surface of the rootstockand make a vertical slitthroughthe bark
where eachscioncan be inserted(2incheslongandspaced1 inchapart).
 Preparingthe Scion. Since multiplescionsare usuallyinsertedaroundthe cutsurface of the rootstock,
prepare several scionsforeachgraft.Cut the base of eachscionto a 11
⁄2- to 2-inchtaperedwedge on
one side only.
 Insertingthe Scion.Loosenthe bark slightlyandinsertthe scionsothat the wedge-shapedtapered
surface of the scionisagainstthe exposedwoodunderthe flapof bark.Pushthe scionfirmlydown
intoplace behindthe flapof bark,replace the barkflap,and nail the scioninplace by drivingone or
twowire brads throughthe bark and scionintothe rootstock.Inserta scionevery3 to 4 inchesaround
the cut perimeterof the rootstock.

31. 31
 Securingthe Graft. Seal all exposedsurfaceswithgraftingwax orgraftingpaint.Once the scionshave
begunto grow,leave onlythe mostvigorousone oneachstub;prune out all the others.Bark grafts
tendto formweakunionsandtherefore usually requirestakingorsupportduringthe firstfew years.
 Budding – the process of transferringthe lateral budtakenfromthe sciontothe stockof the
same family.The stepsare the following:
1. Cut bud sticksfromstrongshootsof the presentseason'sgrowthwithmature budsthatare
slightlybrownishincolor.
2. Clipoff the leavesfromthe budsticks,leaving1/2inchof the leafstalkforahandle.
3. Discard the softtipsof the bud sticks.
4. Choose branchesfromthe rootstock that are the size of a leadpencil upto1/2 inchdiameter.
Larger brancheshave toothick a bark for thismethodtowork.
5. On the rootstock,about 15 or more inchesfromthe trunk,make a T cut across the bark.
6. With a knife blade,liftthe cornersandcarefullyloosenthe bark.
7. Cut a budfromthe budstickwhichincludesathinpiece of attachedwood.
8. Slide the budunderthe flapsof the bark on the rootstockuntil the endsare firmlyun9.Using
electrician'stape,tie the budtothe rootstock.
10. Wrap the endstightly,butbe sure not to coverthe bud withtape.
11. In twoto three weeks,cutthe tie soyou will notgirdle the graft.
12. The nextyear,cut the rootstock off above the graftwhenthe budstarts growing.

32. 32
13. Remove anyshootsbelowthe graft.
14. The secondyear,remove all growthfromthe tree exceptthe budgraftedshoots.
Sources ofFruit-BearingTrees
Fruit-bearingtrees propagated by the sexual method(use of seeds):
Avocado
Star apple
Cashew
Chico
Citrusfruits
Guyabanoor Sour sop
Guava
Jackfruit
Lanzones
Mabolo
Macopa
Mango
Mangosteen
Papaya
Rambutan
Santol
Some are propagated asexuallyor by artificial methods:
Avocado (grafting)
Banana ( rhizomes)
Star apple (marcotting)
Chico( marcottingor inarching)
Guyabano (grafting)
Guava (marcotting)
Langka (marcotting)
Duhat (marcotting)
Macopa (marcotting)
Pineapple(suckers)

33. 33
Mango (grafting)
Strawberry ( runners)
Siniguelas (cuttings)
Taking Care of Fruit Tree Seedlings
Here are some waysto keepplantshealthy:
 Water the plantstwice a day. Do thisin the early morningandinthe late afternoon.
 Apply fertilizerinthe soil. Use organicfertilizer.
 Cultivate the soil around the plantstoallow the rootsto breathe.
 Exterminate pestsorinsects.
The followingare recommended forbestresults:
a. Water the plants.
b. Mix powdered chili orjuice of the leaves of the neemtree withwater. Keepthisovernight.
Use the mixture forwatering.
c. Fumigate the tree or plantusingcharcoal and driedleaves.
d. Remove insectsandpestsusinghandsortweezers.
 Pull the grassesor weeds surroundingthe plantsbecause they compete forthe nutrients which
are intended forthe plants.
 Remove driedleavesandcutcarefully the driedorinfected branches.
 Monitorthe growthof plants.
LET’S EXPLAIN
1. What are the waysof propagatingfruittrees?
2. What are the stepsinbudding, graftingandmarcotting?
3. How dowe take care of seedlings?
LET’S REMEMBER
Plantingandpropagatingtreesandfruittreesisa source of livelihood formanyFilipinos.
You do notneedhuge tracts of land to planttrees. A small space inyour backyardcan be usedtoplant
calamansi, papaya, andbanana.
LET’S CHECK
Analyze the puzzle andtryto findfive termsinplantpropagation
A E I O U R P H R H
M A R C O T T I N G
R W G R N E G G E I
G S C I O N R B S G
H D B J I S A N W T
M Z J D W A F M A F
N T D X T Q T R E E
L U V C U W I L K D
B L C Z O Y N K H S
S R X A F K G P G W

34. 34
Write your answers.
1.____________
2.____________
3.____________
4.____________
5.____________
LET’S DO TOGETHER
Performdifferentwaysof propagatingtrees.
Way of PropagatingTrees Name of Plant Date Performed
REINFORCEMENT
Conducta survey inyour home, school, andcommunity onhow fruitbearingtreeswere planted.
Propagate fruittreesinyourbackyard usingmarcotting. Give propercare. Documentthe result.
Reference:
Moving upwithHELE 6 pp 145
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=budding
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=grafting
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=marcotting
https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/grafting-and-budding-nursery-crop-plants
http://www.fao.org/docrep

35. 35
LESSON 7 LAYOUTDESIGN FOR AN ORCHARD GARDEN
Learning Competency: Code: TLE6AG-0c-4
1.4 Prepareslayoutdesignof anorchardgardenusingthe information gathered
Objectives
Identifythe stepsinpreparingthe site foranorchard
Prepare layoutdesignforanorchard
LET’S BE INFORMED
Good site preparationandlayoutare extremelyimportantinsuccessfullyestablishingfruit
plantings.Eliminatingpotential problemsbeforeplantingwillreduce moneyandeffortneededinlater
managementpracticesforthislong-terminvestment.
Preparingthe Site
The followingsuggestionsaboutsite preparationapplymainlytothe commercial orhobby
producer,butsome have equal applicationtothe home gardener.
1. Get soil sample fornematodes.If damagingnematodesare found,thissite mayhave tobe avoided
for a periodof time until itcan be placedintoa grass or otherplantrotationfor 1 or more years.There
are no longeranychemicalsregisteredtokill nematodesinhome gardens.Home gardenersmaytry
solarizationof site duringsummermonths.Commercial growersdohave nematicidesavailableforuse
but are also usingnonchemical control methods.
2. Remove stumps,large rocks,andotherdebrisfromthe site.
3. Plow the top and subsoil inthe areato remove asmany rootsand smallerrocksas possible.Rootsleft
inthe soil cancontribute toroot-rotproblemsinfruittrees.
4. Testthe soil,and applylime,phosphorus,andotherfertilizernutrientsaccordingtosoil test
recommendations.
5. Applyabout50 to 75 percentof the lime,phosphorus,andotherelementsonthe surface,andplow
as deeplyaspossible togetthemintothe rootzone. Deep-plowingof lime andfertilizerisespecially
importantfortree fruit.Afterdeepplowing,applythe remaining25 to 50 percentof these chemicals
accordingto soil testrecommendations,anddiscthemintothe surface 6 to 10 inches.

36. 36
Subsoil Nematodes Stump
Layout Systemsin Orchard Planting
Afterpreparingthe site anddeterminingthe size of the orchard,youmust nextdecide onaplan or
arrangementforthe orchard.
The planshowingthe arrangementof plantsinanorchard isknownas the “orchard layout”.There
are several systemsof planting,theseare the following:
A. Square System
For a fairlylevel site,use the rectangularorsquare design. Itismosteasyand popular
methodof plantingfruitplant.Inthissystemrow torow and plantto plantdistancesare
keptsimilar.The plantsare plantedexactlyatrightangle ateach corner.Thus,every
fourplantsmake one square.Thisis goodfor Mango, Bananaand citruscrops.
Advantages
1.Irrigationchannelsandpathscan be made straight.
2.Operationslike plowing, harrowing,cultivation,sprayingandharvestingbecomeseasy.

37. 37
3.Bettersupervisionof the orchardis possible asone getsaview of the orchard fromone end to the
other.
Disadvantages
1.Comparativelylessnumberof trees are accommodatedingivenarea.
2. A lotof space inthe centre of eachsquare is wastedi.e,certainamountof space inthe middle of four
treesiswasted.
Lay out procedures:
a) Establisha base line/row.
b) Mark positionof treesonthisline usingthe woodenstakes onbothsidesof the base lines.
c) Using rightangle shaft,extendlinesperpendiculartothe base line fromeverypositionof the trees
marked.
d) Stakesare fixedonthese linesatplanttoplantdistance .
B. Rectangular System
The square andrectangle are the mostcommonlyusedsystemsforlayingoutorchards. The
rectangulardesignisusedtosettreesat unequal distances,asforexample withdwarf orange,usinga9-
by 15-footrectangle toset trees9 feetapart inone directionand15 feetinthe other.Most growers
prefertoarrange theirorchardsin straightrowsfor ease of working. Thus,rectangularsystem
accommodatesmore plantsinrows.The plantsget properspace and sunlightfortheirgrowthand
development.
Lay out procedures:
The procedure isthe same as forthe square system.The row to row distance ismore than the plantto
plantdistance andthe row to row distance formsthe lengthof the rectangle.

38. 38
Advantages
1.Intercultural operationscanbe carriedouteasily.
2.Irrigationchannel canbe made lengthandbreadthwise
3.Light can penetrate intothe orchardthroughthe large interspacesbetweenrows.
4.Bettersupervisionispossible.
5.Intercroppingispossible.
6. Inter-cultural operationscanbe carriedout through bothways.
Disadvantages
1.A large area of the orchard betweenrowsiswastedif intercroppingisnotpracticed.
2.Lessnumberof treesare planted.
Lay out procedures:
The procedure isthe same as that of the square system.The row to row distance ismore than the
plantto plantdistance andthe row to row distance formsthe lengthof the rectangle.
C.QuincunxSystem/DiamondPattern
This systemisalsoknownasfillerordiagonal system. Thisisamodificationoversquare systemof
layout.Tomake use of the emptyspace inthe centerof each square isby plantinganotherplant.The
plantsthat are plantedinthe center of eachsquare alongwithtall growingplantsatthe cornersof
squaresare termedas “filler”plants.Generally,fillertreeswillbe of shortdurationandnot be of the
same kindas those plantedonthe cornersof the square. Whenmainplantsof the orchardresume their
propershape,the fillerplantsare uprooted. Guava,Peaches,Papayaetc.are importantfillerplants.
Advantages
1. Additionalincome canbe earnedfromthe fillercroptill the maincrop comesintobearing.

39. 39
2.Comparedto square to square andrectangularsystems,almostdouble the numberof treescanbe
plantedinitially.
3.Maximumutilizationof the landispossible. Increases approximately10% of the plantsin the square
method.
Disadvantages
1.Skill isrequiredtolayoutthe orchard.
2.Inter/fillercropcan interfere withthe growthof the maincrop.
4.Spacingof the maincrop isreducedif the fillercropisallowedtocontinue afterthe growthof the
maincrop.
5. Intercultural operationsisdifficult.
Layout procedures:
Followthe procedure forthe layoutof asquare system. Inadditiontothis,markthe centerof each
square withstake forthe fillerplantsbydrawingthe diagonals.
D. Hexagonal / Triangular System
Thissystemaccommodates15% more plantsthansquare system. The plantsare plantedatthe corner
of equilateral triangle.Thus,six treesare plantedmakingahexagon. Seventhtree isplantedinthe
center.Thisisveryintense methodof plantingandhence requiresfertile land.Inthe suburbof cities
where landiscostly,thissystemisworthadopting.However,the layingoutof the systemishardand
cumbersome.
Advantages
1.Comparedto square system15% more treescan be planted.

40. 40
2.It is an ideal systemfor fertileandwell irrigatedland.
3.Plantto plantdistance can be maintained .
4.More income can be obtained.
Disadvantages
1.Skill isrequiredtolayoutthe orchard.
2. Intercultural operationsmaybedifficult.
Layout procedures
1. Establishabase line onone side of the fieldasinthe square system.
2. Mark the positionof treesonthe base line atthe desired distance andfix the stakes.Make
equilateral trianglesonthe base line maintainingthe sidesof the trianglesequal toplanttoplant
distance.
3. Mark all the triangleswithstakesandjointhemintoaline toform the secondline of trees.Similarly,
make equilateral trianglesonthe secondline andcoverthe whole land.
E. Contour system.
If the landisruggedand steep,follow the contourof the hillside. Itisadoptedinhillyareasfor
plantingfruitplantswhere landisundulatedand soil erosionisagreat threat.The contour systemhelps
preventorreduce erosionandconserve moisture.The layoutisstartedfromthe lowestlevel andthe
tree rowsare plantedalong uniformslopesatrightangle tothe slope withaview toreduce loss of top-
soil due to erosion.The widthof contourterrace variesaccordingtothe slope of the hill. Onsteepor
ruggedsites,contoursystemshelppreventorreduce erosionandconserve moisture.Since rainfall,
slope,soil,andotherconditionsvaryindifferentpartsof the country,growersuse various
arrangements.Atthe presenttime,growersuse terracesincontoursystemswhenadditional erosion
control is needed.

41. 41
Advantages
1.Thissystemcan be adoptedinhillyregions,cancontrol the soil erosionandhelpssimultaneouslyin
the conservationof water.
2.Preserved plantnutrientswhichare suppliedasmanuresandfertilizers.
Disadvantages
1.Laying outof contourlinesisdifficultandtime consuming.
2.Special skill isrequiredtolayoutthissystem.
3.Special instrumentsare requiredformakingcontourlines.
4.The rowto row distance will notbe equal andadjustmentsmaybe requiredinthe plat toplant
distance.
5.Rowsare brokeninto bitsand pieces.
Layout procedures:
Contour systemisa little more complicatedthananyothersystemof layoutsince plantinghasto
be done on slopes.Forthe procedure,markcontoursat a distance equal torow to row distance oneach
contourlines.The contoursmaybe of full lengthor lessthanfull lengthdependingonvariationsinthe
degree of slope.
Since rainfall, slope,soil,andotherconditionsvaryindifferentpartsof the country,growersuse
variousarrangements.Atthe presenttime,growersuse terracesincontoursystemswhenadditional
erosioncontrol isneeded.Incommercialoperations,nomatterwhichorchardlayoutisused,a
minimum25- to 30-foot turnaroundshouldbe leftatthe endsof rows to allow easymovementof any
equipmentandmachinery.
DeterminingPlantingDistances
Properspatial arrangementisveryimportantinnew plantings.Aligningthe treescarefullynot
onlyimprovesthe orchard’sappearance,butitalsomakesorchardoperationseasier. Individualtree or
plantsitescan be indicatedwithastake. The numberof plantsrequiredtoplantan acre can be
determinedbymultiplyingthe distance betweentreesinthe row bythe distance betweenrowsand
thendividingthe figureintothe numberof square feetinanacre (43,560).
DeterminingHome Orchard Size
Not all people enjoyall fruits.Evaluateyourfamilysituation,andplantthose fruitsthatbestmeet
your needs.The numberof plantsthatwill supplythe annual needsforfreshandprocessedfruitfora
familyof five is listedinTable 1.

42. 42
Table 1.
Numberof Fruit Plants to MeetAnnual Needsofa Familyof Five
Fruit Type Number ofPlants Tree Fruit
Pomelo 5 to 8
Mango 3 to 5
Chico 5 to 8
Atis 5 to 8
Lanzones 4 to 6
If you choose toproduce several fruittypes,youwillmostlikelyhave more fruits thanyour
familycanuse.Onlyplantwhatyou enjoyeating,andavoidthe chore of caringfor more plantsthan you
reallyneed.
LET’S LEARN
Orchard – is an intentionalplantingof treesthatismaintainedforfoodproduction.
Plat – is a map showingthe divisionsof apiece of land.
Cumbersome– large or heavy andtherefore difficulttouse,unmanageable.
Undulated- have awavyform or outline.
Contour– an outline especiallyof acurvingor irregularfigure.
Nematodes– microscopicroundwormsfoundinsoil.
Subsoil – isthe layerof soil underthe topsoil onthe surface of the ground.
Stump – the bottompart of a tree leftprojectingfromthe groundaftermostof the trunkhas fallenor
beencutdown.
Intercultural operations – permitsthe intercroppingandcultivationevenwiththe use of mechanical
operations.
LET’S EXPLAIN
1.How do we prepare the site forhome orchard?
2.How are fruittreesplantedinthe differenttypesof orchard?
3.Why isintercultural operationsdifficultinthe hexagonal systemlayout?

43. 43
LET’S REMEMBER
If youchoose to produce several fruittypesinyourhome orchard,youwill mostlikelyhave more
fruits than yourfamilycanuse.Onlyplantwhatyou enjoyeating,andavoidthe chore of caring for
more plantsthan youreallyneed.
Most growersprefertoarrange theirorchardsin straightrowsfor ease of working. Thus,
rectangularsystemaccommodatesmore plantsinrows.The plantsgetproperspace and sunlightfor
theirgrowthand development.
Choosingthe rightpatternfor yourorchard projectwill dependonthe shape,terrain,andslope
of the land.
LET’S CHECK
Give the meaningof the followingwords:
1.Plat
2.Cumbersome
3.Undulated
4.Contour
5.Nematodes
6.Subsoil
7.Stump
8.Orchard layout
9.Intercultural operations
10.Fillerplants
LET’S DO TOGETHER
A. Answer the following.
1.Which isthe most easyandpopularmethod of plantingfruitplant?
a. square b. rectangle c. diamond d.a & b
2. Which layoutsystemaccommodatesmore plantsinrows?

44. 44
a. hexagonal b. rectangle c.diamond d. square
3. These plantsare uprootedassoonas the main plantsof the orchard resume theirpropershape.
a. shrubs b.fillers c. weeds d.stump
4. How many treesare plantedina hexagonal system?
a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 3
5. Which layoutsystemisusedonhillsides,slopes,andruggedsites?
a. diamond b. square c. rectangle d. contour
B. Draw a layout designof an orchard garden of your choice.Identifythe plants that you are going to
plant.
REINFORCE MENT
Visitanorchard inyour community.Observe anddescribe the layoutof trees.Dotheyget
enoughsunlight? Write youranswersinyournotebook.
Reference:
https://www.raitechuniversity.in/school%20of%20agricultur/e-
resources/Planting%20system%20in%20orchards.pdf
http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/horticulture/horti_orchard%20management.html
http://www.aces.edu/pubs/docs/A/ANR-0053-I/ANR-0053-I.pdf

45. 45
LESSON 8 PROPAGATING TREES AND FRUIT – BEARING TREES USING SCIENTIFIC PROCESSES
Learning Competencies: Code: TLE6AG-0d – 5
1.5 Propagatestreesandfruit-bearingtreesusingscientificprocess
1.5.1 identifiesthe appropriate toolsandequipmentinplantpropagation andtheiruses
1.5.2 demonstratesscientificwaysof propagatingfruitbearingtrees
1.5.3 observeshealthyandsafetymeasuresinpropagatingfruitbearingtrees.
LessonObjectives
Identifythe appropriatetoolsandequipmentinplantpropagationandtheiruses.
Demonstrate scientificwaysfor propagatingfruit-bearingtrees.
Observe healthyandsafetymeasuresinpropagatingfruit-bearingtrees.
LET’S BE INFORMED
Our love fornature and the environmentisbestshownwhenwe planttrees.Plantingtreesisa
productive andenjoyable activitythatcan be turnedintoan occupationor a hobby.Successful tree-
plantingrequiressome knowledge abouttrees,whattheyneedandhow theygrow,andsome skill on
whenandhow to plantandtake care of them.
Tools and equipmentinplant propagation
Caringfor fruittreesisthe same as caring for othertrees.Orchardtoolsand equipmentplayavery
importantrole insystematicprocessof plantpreparation.Theiravailabilitymakesthe workeasierand
helpsinthe properexecutionof the differentprocedures.
1.Hoe – a tool usedindiggingandlooseninghard,drysoil.Ithas a thinblade acrossthe end of a long
handle.

46. 46
2.Rake – a longhandledtool havingabar at one end withteethin.Itis usedforsmootheningthe soil
and gatheringloose leaves,hay,orstraw.
3.Trowel – a tool witha curvedblade usedforlooseningthe groundandtakingupsmall plants.
4.Axe – a tool witha flat,sharpblade fastenedtoa handle usedforcuttingtrunkof treesand their
branches.

47. 47
4. Crowbar – a straight,heavyironbar pointedatone end,about4 feetin length,usedfordigging
holesandfor plantingseeds.
5. Bolo – a tool witha woodenormetal handle inwhicha longblade isattached.Itis usedfor
cuttingtall grassesand branches of trees.
6. Shovel – a broad scoopattachedto a handle.Itis usedtodig,lift,andthrow loose matter.

48. 48
7. Fork – a tool resemblingatable forkbutmuchbiggerinsize.It isusedindiggingandpreparing
the soil forthe plants.
8. Water Sprinkler– a can witha spoutto sprinkle wateronthe plants.Plantsshouldbe watered
everydaytomake themgrowhealthier.

49. 49
9. Wheelbarrow– usedto transfersoil plantsandothermaterialsfromone place toanother.
10. Hose – usedfor wateringseedlingsarrangedinmass.
11. Sprayer – usedforsprayingchemicalstoeliminate plantseeds.

50. 50
12. WeighingScale- forweighingplants,seeds,andfertilizers.
14. Piecesofwood or bamboo – usedas fencesof seedboxesandplotstoprotectplantsfrombeing
destroyedbyanimals.
16. Pruning Shears– usedforcuttingsmall branchesincludingthe unnecessarybranches.

51. 51
17. Gardengloves– usedwhile workinginthe garden,made of strongrubberto protectfrom
thornsand withstandpunctures.
Tips in performingscientificway of propagating fruit-bearingtrees
1.Selecta stemwhichisnot tooyoungor too old.
2. Be sure the propagatingmaterialsare of the same specie.
3. See to it that the stockand the scionare fittedwitheachother.
4. Do the propagationatthe righttime.
Healthy and Safety MeasuresinPropagating Fruit-BearingTrees
1.Before workingmake sure youhave refreshyourself (liketakingabath) inorderto work well.
2.Alwayswearcomplete personal protective protective equipmentwhichincludeshairnet,handgloves,
apron,bootsif needed,protectiveeyeglass,andface mask.
3. Make sure toolsandequipment are workingproperlybefore usingthem.
4. Alwaysfollowinstructionsforuse of equipment.
5. Focus on the workat hand.Do notallow yourself togetdistracted.
6. Knowyour limitsinworking,seekhelpwhenevernecessary.
7. Work in properposition.Make sure youdonot strainyour back while working.

52. 52
LET’S EXPLAIN
Why isit importanttopropagate treesandfruit-bearingtrees.
Explainthe healthyandsafetymeasuresinpropagatingfruittrees.
Explainthe tipsinperformingscientificwayof propagatingfruit-bearingtrees.
LET’S REMEMBER
In propagatingfruit-bearingtrees,rememberthe following:
1.Selecta stemwhichisnot tooyoungor too old.
2. Be sure the propagatingmaterialsare of the same specie.
3. See to it that the stockand the scionare fittedwitheachother.
4. Do the propagationatthe righttime.
LET’S DO TOGETHER
Watch the demonstrationonmarcottingandgraftingto be shownina slide presentation,film clipor
actual demonstration. Write the toolsusedinthe presentation.
REINFORCEMENT
Form groupsof five memberseach.Withyourteacher’sguidance,practice differentmethodsof
propagationusingthe righttools.
Reference:
Gloria A.Peralta,etal. The Basicsof BetterFamilyLiving6
HELE for Life 6

53. 53
LESSON 9 SYSTEMATICAND SCIENTIFICWAYSOF CARING ORCHARD TREES
Learning Competencies: Code : TLE6AG-0e-6
1.6 performssystematicandscientificwaysof caringorchard trees/seedlingssuch aswatering,
cultivating,preparing,and applyingorganicfertilizer
1.6.1 usesdifferentwaysof preparingorganicfertilizerandpesticidesthroughinternet/library
1.6.2 explainsthe benefitsof usingorganicfertilizerandlocallymade pesticidestowardsustainable
development
1.6.3 observeshealthyandsafetymeasuresinformulatingfertilizerandorganic pesticides
1.6.4 keepsrecordof growth/progressof seedlings
LessonObjectives
Performsystematicandscientificwaysof caringorchard treesand seedlingssuchaswatering,
cultivating,preparing,andapplyingorganicfertilizer.
Use differentwaysof preparingorganicfertilizerandpesticidesthroughinternet/library
Explainthe benefitsof usingorganicfertilizerandlocallymade pesticidestowardsustainable
development
Observe healthyandsafetymeasuresinformulatingfertilizerandorganicpesticides
Keeprecordof growth/progressof seedlings
LET’S BE INFORMED
One needstocarefullyplananorchard projectto avoiduselessandwasteful spending.Itisalso
importantthatonce an orchard projectisstarted, the propercare for seedlingsandtreesare
undertaken.There are triedandtestedprocedures fortakingcare of these plants fromcultivating,use
of fertilizer, andwatering.
This lessonwillpresentsystematicandscientificwaysof caringfororchard treesand seedlings.
Ways of wateringplants
Natural- Thisisnature’swayof providingwaterforplantsthroughthe rain.
Manual- Thisiswiththe use of a waterpail and dipperorwatersprinkler.
Artificial- Watersupplyisartificiallyproducedfrom adeep-well,dams,andriverwiththe helpof
motors.Under thismethodare the following:
 Surface or furrowirrigation – Wateris distributedtoeachrow so itis applicable onlyforrow
crops withuniformslope.
 Sprinklerirrigation- Thisinclude the line,rotating,andmicrosprinklersinwhichartificial rainis
generatedthroughspecial devicesthatwetthe entire field.
 Drip or trickle irrigation-A special watersource designedtodischarge waterclose tothe plant,
wettingonlythatareaand leavingthe restdry.
 Sub-irrigation- Thistype isveryhighincostbecause the watersource isunderground.
Properirrigationisveryimportantforeachorchard may itbe large or small scale.Ithas to be
done properlyforthe seedlingstogrow healthyandthe treestostart bearingfruits.
Proper ways of cultivating
Cultivatingthe landispracticedtohelppromote the growthof rootsand improve aerationfor
fastabsorptionof nutrientsbythe soil.
There are twoways:
Off-barring- cultivatingthe soil in rows.

54. 54
Hilling-up– cultivatingthe soil towardsthe base of the plant.
Whencultivationisdone properly,the growthof weedscanbe controlled.Soiltexturewillimprove
plantgrowthand distractive microorganismsfoundinthe soil will eventuallydie.
Preparingand applyingorganic fertilizer
Fertilizerisanysubstance addedtothe soil that promotesthe healthygrowthof plants.
Theyare classifiedintotwotypes:
Inorganic- artificial fertilizermade fromchemicals( liquid,soluble,andgranularform).
Organic– natural fertilizerfromdecayedmatter,animals,andothernatural sources.
Fertilizer Advantages Disadvantages
Inorganic  Odorlessandhandy
 Alwaysavailableinthe
market
 Fast production
 Made of chemicals
 Hazardousto animals
 Expensive
 Makes the soil
 Makes the soil
unfertile(dependentto
it)
Organic  Natural
 Easy to produce
 Promote the growthof
beneficial organism
 Addsmore nutrientsto
the soil
 Veryhighin production
 Foul odor
 It takestime toprepare
Examplesof organic fertilizer
 Humus- comesfromdecayedmattersfromplantsandanimalsmixedwithsoil.
 Manure – comesfrom animal waste suchas livestock(biganimals) andpoultry(chicken) waste.
 Greenmanure – comesfromdecayedplants.
 Compost– comesfrom decomposedbiodegradeable wasteinapit.
 Compostpit- compostingbydiggingpitkeepingcompostunderground.
 Basketcompost– compostinghome garbage incontainer.
 Compostheap – a compostpile.
 Vermi compost– comesfromthe waste of vermin(earthworm).
 Liquidfertilizer–made from the juice of plantsand vermincompostthroughthe processof
concoction(allowsthe juice todecomposewithredsugar/molassesinacontainer).
 Preparingorganicfertilizerstake alongperiodof time butprovidesalotof helpto plants.
Benefitsofusing organic fertilizer
 It increasesthe yield.
 It improvessoil condition.Claysoilwillturnporouswhenorganicfertilizerisadded.
 It balancesthe soil pH. Soil pH isthe degree of acidityandalkalinityof the soil.Pulverized
eggshell,oystershell,bone meal,andanylime willneutralizethe acidity of the soil.
 It helpsthe developmentof roots,flowers,shoots,andfruits.

55. 55
Ways to make an organic fertilizer(compostpit)
1. Dig the hole foryourcompost pit.
2. Chopyour compostingmaterialsfinely.
3. Addthe organic materials tothe compostpit.
4. Place a board overthe hole if youplanto add more scraps.
5. Coveryourcompost withsoil.
6. Keepthe compostpit wetwhile itisdecomposing.
7. Sowplantsabove the compostafterit has decomposed.
Preparingorganic liquidfertilizer
Ingredients:
Choppedfruitsandvegetables
Redsugar/molasses
Container
Manilapaper
Maskingtape
Procedure:
1.Mix sugar,chopped fruits,andvegetablesinacontainer.
2.Squeeze the mixtureuntil all ingredientslookswatery.
3.Coverthe containerusingmanilapaper andmaskingtape.
4.Put date of process,waitfor tendaysto harvestthe fertilizer.
5.Duringharvestfilterthe mixture.Getthe juice.
Benefitsofusing organic pesticide
The use of pesticide maybe necessarytoprotectandpreventplantsandtreesfromgettingdamaged
due to infestation.Followingare some of the advantagesandbenefitsof usingpesticides:
 Insectpestlife cycle will be stopped.
 Infestationwill be lessened.
 Preventsthe spreadof plantdiseases
 The growth of plantwill continue toprogress.
 Higheryieldisexpected.
The bestthingabout usingorganicpesticide isthatitisnot harmful tohumansand other
animals.There isnoside effecttohealth.Itcan sustainthe budgetof growersbecause itis
affordable,the materialsare readilyavailable withinthe communityanditisveryeasyto
prepare.
Preparingorganic pesticide
Ingredients:
1 cup of red chilli
1 role of makabuhay(bitterplant)
Whole garlic
1 cup warmwater

56. 56
Materialsneeded:
Apron,face mask,hand gloves
Knife,choppingboard,mediumbowl
Emptyglass bottle orspray bottle
Funnel andpiece of cleancloth
Procedure:
1.Chopall ingredientsintopieces.Putinabowl.Squeeze,andthenfilterusinganothercleancloth.
2.Addwater.Use funnel transferthe solutiontothe emptyorspray bottles.
3.Spray to infectedplants.The effectivityof the solutionlastonlyfor3 days.Make sure it isalready
consumedbefore the time of expiration.
Safety measuresinpreparing fertilizersandorganic pesticide
 Alwayswearthe personal protective equipmentsuchasface mask,hand gloves,apron,working
clothes,andboots.
 Alwaysreadthe instructionbefore doingthe activity.
 Followthe guide of properposture while workingtoavoidstrainingyourback.
 Checkthe workingconditionof toolsbefore usingthem.
 Neverleave yourworkunattendedespecially wheningredientsare abouttobe mixed.
 Measure all ingredientsproperlyandfollow the correctprocedures.Donotdeviate fromthe
instructionsprovided.
 Alwaysfocusonthe work at hand.Avoiddestructions.
 Avoidexposurestopesticides.
 Maintaina cleanworkingplace andfree fromany disturbances.
 Neverforgettotake a bath and cleanthoroughlyafterworking.
LET’S EXPLAIN
How dowe waterplants?
What are the methodsinwateringplants?
Why dowe cultivate plants?
How dowe prepare organicfertilizer?
Describe the differentkindsof fertilizer?
What are the benefitsof usingorganicfertilizer?
Explainthe waystoprepare compost.
How dowe prepare organicpesticide?
What are the safetymeasuresinpreparingorganicfertilizer?
LET”S REMEMBER
Whencultivationisdone properly,the growthof weedscanbe controlled.Soiltexturewillimprove
plantgrowthand distractive microorganismsfoundinthe soil will eventuallydie.
The bestthingabout usingorganicpesticide isthatitisnot harmful tohumansand otheranimals. There
isno side effecttohealth.Itcan sustainthe budgetof growersbecause itisaffordable,the materialsare
readily available within the community and it is very easy to prepare.

57. 57
LET’S DO TOGETHER
Withthe guidance andinstructionof yourteacher,undertake the followingactivities:
Preparationof organicfertilizerandpesticide.
REINFORCEMENT
Applyorganicfertilizerandpesticide toyourplantsinthe school andmake a reporton the findings.
Reference:
GloriaA. Peralta,etal.The Basics of BetterFamilyLiving6

58. 58
LESSON 10 MARKETING FRUITS AND SEEDLINGS
Learning Competencies Code: TLE6AG-0f-7
1.7 marketsfruitsandseedlings
1.7.1 applies scientificknowledge andskillsinidentifyingfruitsandseedlingsreadyforsale
1.7.2 keepsupdatedrecordof trees/seedlingsforsale
1.7.3 plansmarketingstrategytobe usedinselling
1.7.4 usesonline marketingof orchardtrees/seedlings
1.7.5 preparesflyersorbrochures
LessonObjectives
Keepupdatedrecordof trees/seedlingsforsale
Planmarketingstrategytobe usedinselling
Use online marketingof orchardtreesandseedlings
Prepare flyersandbrochures
Learning Competency Code TLE6AG-0g-8
1.8 Developsplan forexpansion of plantingtreesandseedlingproduction
LET’S BE INFORMED
Characteristics ofmarketable seedlings
 The stemis strong,thick,and healthy.
 It has five ormore leaves.
 Establishhealthyroots.
Once your productshave undergone qualitycontrol inspectionandare deemedmarketable,you
may start promotingthem.Below are some waysone canpromote andmarketa product:
 Conductsurveyto findthe needsof the community.Whatfruitsare indemand?
 Prepare anddistribute pamphlet,flyers,andbrochures-containinginformationaboutthe
locationandthe picture of products.
 Use online marketingtools.
 Postcontact numbersforclientswhowantto orderor inquire aboutthe product.
 Keepingarecordof sales.
ComputingSales and Profit
A. Sale Bangkok Santol
30 kilosx 25.00 = 750.00
Mango
20 kilosx 30.00 = 600.00

59. 59
Total = 1,350.00
B. Expenses
Labor 200.00
Transportation 40.00
Containers,water 100.00
Seeds 75.00
Insecticide 100.00
Fertilizer 50.00
Total 565.00
C. Profit
Total sale 1, 350.00
Total Expenses - 565.00
----------------------
Profit 785.00
Table for record of sales/expenditures
Date Items Quantity Amount Remarks
May 11, 2017 Santol 10 500.00 seedlings
Marketing strategy usedin selling
Marketingfreshfruitsstartswitheducatingyourclientele aboutthe value of buying
healthyfood.Constantlycommunicating andprovidinghelpful informationonwaysandaccess
to integrate freshproduce intoone’sdietisagood subtle waytobuildcustomerloyalty.It
showsthat youcare aboutyour clients.
Today,whenmore and more people are realizingthe importance of avitaminandfiber-
rich diettoone’shealth,marketingfruitsinthismannercanbe veryeffective.Itmightalsohelp
to provide detailedinformationsuchasthe use of organicfertilizer,andthe varietyof produce.
The use of online marketingof orchardtrees/seedlingsisthe fastestwaytomarket
productsnowadays.Anotheristhe preparation,distribution,andposting of flyersin
conspicuousplaces.
Sellingthe Plants
More and more homes,offices, hospitals,andotherbusinessestablishmentsincludegreensto
decorate theirinteriors.Theybuyor rentplantsfromnurseries.Toattract buyers,collectors,
and those whoare goingtobuy orchard ownersprovide the following:
 Artisticallyarrangedplantsminiaturerockgardensandhealthyplants
 Tall plantswiththickfoliage
 Rare plants
 Shady/cleanandunobstructedpathways
 Helpful informationtips

60. 60
 Reasonable prize
 Cheerful,honest,andaccommodatingcaretakers/salesperson
Future plan for expansion
Everybusinessshouldhave a future planforexpansion.A successfulorchardisimportanttothe
communityandenvironment.Itsbenefits standasevidence thatexpansionisnecessary.
Tips for future expansion:
 Communitysurveyandsymposiumtofindthe needsof the locality.
 Buildrelationshiptostakeholdersof the community,the local governmentunit,schools,and
private sectorswhorunsrelatedbusiness.
 Real marketstatusunderstandthe demand-whatare the fruitrate of sales?
 Openforinvestmentandfranchising.
 Availabilityof experience/skilledorchardtechnician.
LET’S EXPLAIN
1. What are the characteristicof marketable seedlings?
2.How do we marketand promote aproduct?
LET’S REMEMBER
Plantswill growhealthyandprofitable if theyare providedwithbestcare.
Once your productshave undergone qualitycontrol inspectionandare deemedmarketable,youmay
start promotingthem.
LET’S DO TOGETHER
Prepare flyersorbrochures forpromotingmarketable products.
REINFORCEMENT
Marketinglocalized seedlings, fertilizerandpesticideinyourschool garden,home,andcommunity by
usingonline marketingorpreparingflyersandbrochures.
Reference:
GloriaA. Peralta,etal.The Basics of BetterFamilyLiving6

61. 61
UNIT 2 ANIMAL AND FISH RAISING
ContentStandard
Demonstratesanunderstandingof scientificprocessesinanimal/fishraising
Performance Standard
Appliesknowledge andskills,anddevelopsone’sinterestin animal/fishraising
LESSON 11 CONDUCTING ASURVEY
Learning Competencies: Code: TLE6AG-0h-9
2.1 Conductssurveytofindout:
2.1.1 personsinthe communitywhose occupationisanimal (four –legged)/fishraising
2.1.2 kindsof four-leggedanimals/fishbeingraisedasmeansof livelihood
2.1.3 possible hazardsthatanimal raisingcancause to the people andcommunity.
2.1.4 Ways to preventhazardsbroughtaboutbyraisinganimals
2.1.5 Market demandsforanimal/fishproductsandbyproducts
2.1.6 Directconsumersor retailers
2.1.7 Benefitsthatcanbe derivedfromanimal/fishraising
2.1.8 Storiesof successful entrepreneursinanimal/fishraising
Objectives:
Identifythe stepsinconducting asurvey.
Identifythe personsinthe communitywhose occupationisanimal/fishraisingbyconductingasurvey.
LET’S BE INFORMED
Animal raisingorfishfarmingindustrycanleadtodifferententrepreneurialendeavoursrangingfrom
the sale of live animalsandfishtothe productionof by-productsincludingmeat.
Conductinga survey
Once you have decidedwhatkindof farmingyouwantto do,it isbestto scout the area where youare
situated.Whenyouconductyourownsurvey,take yourtime and getas much informationbefore you
finally beginfarming.
Whetheritissmall scale (backyard) farmingorlarge scale farmingthat youhave inmind,itis bestto
take initial steps.
 Knowyourarea
Findout if there are otherfarms of the same kindin yourarea. How many ? Will there be
competitionbetweenyouandthe otherfarmsinyour area?
 Knowthe local animal andfishindustry
a. What otheranimalsandfishesare raisedinotherfarms?
Will ithave any kindof effectonyourfarm?
b.Where will you be gettingyourfarmsupplies?Know the office of the provincialveterinarianor
the local office of the Bureauof Animal Industry(BAI).
 Knowthe people inthe community
There are certainrulesonzoning.Make sure you have beenclearedtoputup a farm or raise
documentationsshouldbe secured priortooperationsince animalfarmsare prohibited to
operate inor nearresidential areas.

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 Knowyourmarket
Knowthe local marketand middle men.Getintouchwithdirectbuyers,consumers,and
retailersinyourarea.
 Learn fromothers
Some say thatexperienceisthe bestteacher.Learnfromotherpeople’spreviousexperiences.
Thinkof ways to dobusinessdealsbetter.
LET’S EXPLAIN
Do youthinkanimal andfishfarmingmaybe done inthe city?Why?
If you are to establishyourownanimal andbusinesses,whatwoulditbe andwhy?
Can yousay that if done properly,animal andfishraisingcanbe a bigbusinessendeavour?
What are the stepsinconductinga survey?
LET’S REMEMBER
Animal raisingaddsincome tothe family.
Keeppensandtheirsurroundingsclean toavoiddiseaseandpollution.
Give the animalsnutritiousandcleanfoodtogetthe bestresultsandhave progressive
enterprise.
Fishfarmingor aquaculture isa wise alternative forproductiveuse of time,talent,andtreasure.
LET’S DO TOGETHER
Prepare a surveyquestionnaireregardinganimal/fishraisinginthe community.
Findout:
1.Personsinthe communitywhose occupationisanimal/fishraising
2.Kindsof four-leggedanimals/fishbeingraisedinthe community
3.Possible hazardsthatanimal raisingcancause to the people andcommunity
4. Ways to preventhazards broughtaboutby raisinganimals
5.Market demandsforanimal/fishproductsandbyproducts
6.Directconsumersor retailers
7.Benefitsthatcanbe derivedfromanimal/fishraising
8.Storiesof successful entrepreneursinanimal/fishraising
REINFORCEMENT
Conducta surveyinyour localityusingyourquestionnaire.
Presentresultsandstoriesof successfulentrepreneurs.
Reference:
Gloria A.Peralta,etal.The Basicsof BetterFamilyLiving6

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LESSON 12 PLANNING FORTHE FAMILY’S ANIMALAND FISH RAISING PROJECT
Learning Competency: Code:TLE6AG-0i-10
2.2 Plansforthe family’sanimal raisingproject
2.2.1 identifiesanimalstobe raisedasan alternative source of income forthe family(e.g,goat,hogs,
fish)
2.2.2 Prepareslistof neededmaterialstostartthe project
2.2.3 Preparesschedule of workforraising,caring,processing,andmarketingof productsandby
product
2.2.4 Recordspotential income,expensesandgains
Objectives
Identifyanimalstobe raisedasan alternative source of income forthe family
Discusshowto feedthese animals
Prepare listof neededmaterialstostartthe project-animal raising
Prepare schedule of workforraising,caring,processing,andmarketingof productsandby-product
Implementplanonanimal raising
Compute income,expensesandgains
Recordpotential income,expenses,andgains
LET’S BE INFORMED
Planningforthe family’sanimalandfishraisingproject
Particularly,in livestockraising,youconsidernotonlythe animalstobe raisedbutalso theirdwelling,
food,watersupply,andmanyotherthings.
Planningandpreparingtoraise animalsmustbe givenample time andcareful thought.To
achieve yoursetgoalsinlivestockraising,be mindfulof minute details.
Here are some suggestionsto make the right decisions.
 Attendseminarssponsoredbygovernmentagencies.
 Readjournalsor magazinesonlivestockraising.
 Interviewpersonsauthorityorexpertsonanimal raising.
 Have enoughcapital or budgetforthe venture.
 Decide onwhatanimal to raise.
 Determine the properlocationorspace forthe chosenanimals.
 Ascertainsufficientfoodsupplyforthe animals.
 Look intothe watersystemof the place.
 Checkmanpower.
Animalsto be raised
Raising swine/hograising
Hog meatis one of the popularmeatsinthe market.Filipinosare heavyconsumersof thisprotein-rich
food.

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Breeds
The followingare the standardbreedsof swine commonlyraisedtoday:
a.Hampshire – The piglookssmallerthanotherbreeds.The earsare erect,tail isusuallyblack,andlegs
are short.
b.Duroc – ThisbreedcomesfromNewJersey.Ithasa dark redand goldenyellow color.Itisalsoa good
producerof milkand hasgood motheringcharacteristics.
c.Yorkshire-ThisbreediscommonlyraisedinCanada.Ithas large earswithwhite andblackspots.This
breedisa good source of meat formakingbacon.

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d.Landrace – ThisbreedcomesfromDenmark.Ithas white hairandskin . Its earsare largerin size and
coversmuch of its face.Itsmeat isbestfor makingbacon,ham, and porkchop.
e.Hypor- Thisbreedhaswell muscledback,well developedham, andhashighcarcass quality.Ithas
superiormilkingqualities.
f.PolandChina- Thisbreedisblackincolorwithwhite spotsonitsfeet,tail,andface.Ithas thickmeat.

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g.Tamworth– This has a longnarrowhead,longsnout,and erectears.The bodyislightand dark red in
color.Its meatis bestformakingbacon.
FeedingSwine
Swine atdifferentage levelsrequiredifferentfeedtypestobe giventwotothree timesperday.These
are the following:
Starter Mash- Thisisgiventotwo to eightweekoldpiglets.
Growingmash- Thisisgiventotwo to six montholdpiglets.
Fatteningmash- Thisis giventotenmontholdpigletsuntil theyare readyforslaughtering.
Alternativefoodlikecamote tops,kangkong,papaya leavesmayalsobe giventoswine fromtime to
time.
Neededmaterialsto start the project
Requirementsforhog raising
 Pigpen.Thismusthave adequate space forthe pigto move aroundfreely.There mustbe trough
for feedsandwater.The roofingismade of galvanizedsheets.The floorisslightlyslopingtothe
drainingareato preventurine andmanure fromaccumulating.A pitisprovidedfordumpingof
hog waste.
 Piglet.Thismustbe carefullyselected.Ckeckskin,legs,feetandnails, aswell asbreed andsize.
Alsochoose those thathave beenvaccinatedwithanti-cholera,anti-anemia,andimmunization
fromotherdiseases.
 Food.There are manykindscontainingvariousingredientsandnutrients.Avoidgivingspoiled
foodfor thiscan cause diseaseswhichcanbe transmittedtohumans.
 Care.One must ensure thatthe pigsdo not contact anydiseases.Propercare includeskeeping
theminpigpens,maintainingcleanlinessintheirspaces,bathingthemeveryday,andconsulting
a veterinarianwhennecessary.
Goat raising
Goats are easiertoraise because theysimplylive ongrassandleavesof plantslike ipil-ipil,
kangkong,camote,andtamarind.Theyare managedfor the productionof milk,meatandwool.Among
goats,major healthproblemsare internalandexternal parasitescoccidiosis(inkidsbefore andafter
weaning) andpneumonia.A goodhealthcare programincludesvaccinationformostdiseasesandis
establishedbetweenthe growerandveterinarian.Inthe Philippines,goatmeatisrelativelymore

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expensive thanchicken,pork,orbeef,Goatfarminghasa highpotential forprofit.Goats,like cattle,
may be caged ina penor allowedtograze on a large parcel of grassyland.
Needsingoat raising
In launchingagoat enterprise,considerthe resourcesyouhave todevote tothe project.Personal
attitudeslike interestanddetermination,availabilityof land,machinery,equipment,labor,capital,and
marketing/sellingare the thingsthatshouldmatter.Also,there shouldbe aprofitableoutletfor goat
products.
Housing for goats
A goodhousingforgoats isveryessential astheyare prone to pneumoniawhenregularlyexposedto
rain.A goat house mustbe well ventilated,clean,anddry.There shouldbe separate pensforlactating
does,drydoes,kidsandbucks.A fencedloafingareashouldbe providedcomplete withfeedingracks
and watertroughs.
Feedingthe goats
Goats are knowntorelishparagrass,stargrass,napiergrass,guineagrass,and centrosemaamong other
grassesand legumes.Goatslike otherlivestock,require the same nutrientssuchasprotein,
carbohydrates,fats,minerals,vitamins,andwater.Duringthe rainyseason,keepthe goatsintheirpen.
Feedthemwithcutgrass and salt. Saltmakesgoats keepasteadyappetite makingthemgrow fasterand
produce more milk.
Fishfarming
Fishfarmingisone of the biggestindustriesinthe Philippines.Asanarchipelago,surroundedbymany
bodiesof water,the countryisrich innatural resources,makingfishfarmingissuitableandviable
source of livelihoodformanyFilipinos.

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Tilapia
Tilapiaisone of the mostindemandfishinthe markettoday.Fishgrowersbothlocallyandabroad are
focusingaquaculture effortsonTilapiabecause of the demandforitaswell asits rapidgrowthand
productivityatharvesttime.
Ways of raisingTilapia
Tilapiamaybe grown inthree ways.
Choose whatsuitsyourlocality,space,andevenyourpurpose whetherforfamilyconsumptionorasa
livelihoodproject.
 Usingthe drum. Thispertainstothe use of big drumsto grow tilapia.Because the space is
limited,the harvestisalsolimitedjustenoughforafamily’sconsumption.
 Usinga fishpenor pond.This indicatesthatthe use of riversandlakeswithpensor ponds
measuring1x1x1square meters.Thiscan raise from250 to 1500 tilapia.
 Usingan artificial pond. Thissuggestsraisingtilapiainanexcavatedordugout concrete pondat
the backyard preferablynearawatersource where watersupplyissufficient.
Milkfish
Alsoreferredtoasthe national fishof the Philippines,milkfishorbangusisverypopularforitsmilky
taste.Like the tilapia,milkfishrequiresno special kind of feed,foritsdiet.Milkfishcanbe harvested
afterseventotenmonthsof feeding.

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Catfish
Catfishresemblescat’swhiskers.Thisfishhasbecome astaple foodformanyFilipinosespeciallyinthe
tagalogregion.Catfishcanbe harvestedbetweenfourtosix monthsof feeding.
Ways of raisingfish
The followingare the commontypesof fishenclosuresusedtoday.
a.Dug out/excavated enclosures –Thistype of fishpenisan inlandfish pen.A large landareais
excavatedtocreate a pool of waterwhere fishcanbe grown.
b.Concrete/plasticenclosures-Concreteand plasticfishtanksare usuallyusedforcommercial fingerling
productionandresearchdevelopment.
c.Fish cages- Thisisan enclosure made of netsandstakesplacedinlarge bodiesof waterlike the sea,
lakes,andriverstocontainand protectfishuntil theycan be harvested.
Preparingschedule of work for raising, caring, processing,and marketingof products and by products
Havingdecidedwhatanimal andfishyouwouldlike toraise onyourfarm, it istime to learnto prepare a
workschedule.
Draft youraction planusingbulletpointsof whatyouwantto do,how you wantto do it,and whatyou
are willingtodoto set yourgoal.
 Seta concrete,attainable goal.
 Determine howyouplantoattainthat goal that you set.
 What makesyoudifferentfromotherfarms/farmersdoingthe same thing?
 Do youhave a marketingplan?
 Do a SWOT analysis.
 What are yourstrengths?
 What do youthinkare yourweaknesses.
 Are there opportunitiesyoushouldlookinto?
 What potential threatsshouldyoube aware of?
 Prepare yourSWOT analysistable followingthe samplebelow.
Strengths Weaknesses Opportunities Threats
SWOT analysismayalsohelpyouuse external forcesyouhave nocontrol of to youradvantage.

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The followingpointsout the schedule of work whenyou put up a farm.
 Development ofa businessplan
Thisincludessettingthe objectivesthatyouwantto attain
The followingare the requiredpermitswhenputtingupafarm business:
Businessnameregistration
Thispermitissecuredfromthe Departmentof Trade and Industry(DTI)
Barangay Clearance
You needtosecure the necessarypermittooperate fromthe barangaywhere yourfarm
will be putup.
Mayor’spermitand License/Sanitary permit
The local government,whichhasjurisdictionoverthe area where the businessislocated
issuesbusinesslicensesorlicense tooperate toestablishments.
Tax Identification Number(TIN)
Thisservesas the businesstax ID.
EnvironmentalComplianceCertificate(ECC)
Thisdocumentisissuedbythe departmentof Environmentandnatural Resources(DENR) after
inspectionof the facilitiesthatyouhave builtonyourfarm.
 Planningforoperations
Thisis an outline of the dayto dayoperationsof yourfarm. What gets done,how itis
done,whenitisdone,whodoesit(productioncycle).
 Development ofthe marketingplan
Thisanswersthe question: Whatdoyou doto your productsonce these become
available
 Establishingyourfinancial plan
Thisincludesbudget allotmentvs.expenses,debt,labor,andmiscellaneousexpensesof
the farm.
 Executionof the businessplan
At thispoint,youas a farm operatorare able to translate all youractionsto income
generationandexperience gain.
 Monitoring
It isimportantto keeprecordstoassesswhetheryourfarmbusinessyieldsincomeornot.
 Research and development
It isbestto keeplearningandtake innew ideasandpracticesthat can helpimprove
your dailyoperations.The internetisagood source of free information.
Taking Care of the Environmentin RaisingAnimals
It isimportantto take care of the environmentwhenraisinganimals.Some lawsregulatethe
use of a place for animal raising.Lawsprohibitthe use of residential areasforlarge-scaleanimal raising.
There isa needtosegregate waste.A definite place shouldbe allottedfordumpingthe waste.Be sure
that thiswaste doesnotpollute the surrounding areaspeciallylakes,ponds,andrivers.Animalsshould
stay intheirownfence andtheyare notallowedtoloiter.

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LET’S ANSWER
Identifythe animalsthatcanbe raisedas a source of income.
Describe the differentbreedsof swine.
What are the guidelinesinswineand goatraising?
What are the neededmaterialsforswine andgoatraising?
How dowe raise tilapia?
What are the materialsneededtostartan animal raisingproject?
Why dowe needtodo SWOT analysis?
What are the differentpermitsrequiredwhenputtingupa farm?
What are the pointsinpreparinga schedule of workwhenputtingupa farm business.
How dowe take care of the environmentinraisinganimals?
LET’S REMEMBER
The animal raisingor fishfarmingindustrycanleadtodifferententrepreneurialendeavours ranging
fromthe sale of live animalsandfishtothe productionof by-productsincludingmeat.
LET’S DO TOGETHER
Afterdecidingwhatanimal toraise,prepare apowerpointpresentationonthe following:
1. The kindof animal youwantto raise
2. A listof materialsyouwill needtostartthe project
3. Your possible expensesandincome atthe endof the project
4. List of recommendations
REINFORCEMENT
Implementplanonanimal/fishraising
Reference:
GloriaA. Peralta,etal.The Basics of BetterFamilyLiving6

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LESSON 13 IMPLEMENTATION OF PLAN ON ANIMAL/FISH RAISING
Competency
2.3 Implementsplanon animal/fishraising Code: TLE6AG-0i-11
2.3.1 monitorsgrowth and progress
2.3.2 keepsanupdatedrecordsof growth/progress
2.3.3 expands/enhancesone’sknowledgeof animal/fishraisingusing the internet
LET’S BE INFORMED
As withanybusiness,itisimportanttokeeprecordstoassesswhetheryourfarmbusinessyields
income or not.Assumingthatbusinessisgood,farmproductsare abundant,anddailyoperationsare at
theirpeak,youshould be able tosetstandardsfor all aspectsof production.Forexample,quantityof
milkproducedevery day,numberof youngborneverybreedingcycle,numberof animalssoldevery
sellingseason.
There are alsoa lot of informationaboutanimal/fish raisingavailable onthe internet.Make sure
to validate informationandcheckdifferentsources.
Rubrics for Animal and FishRaising
Indicators Excellent
(5 points)
Good
(3-4)
Poor
(1-2)
He or she monitorsthe
growthand progressof
the project
He or she keepsan
updatedrecordof the
growthand progressof
the project
He or she
expands/enhanceshis
or her knowledgeof
animal andfishraising
usingthe internetand
othersourcesof
information.
Total
LET’S EXPLAIN
1.Why iskeepingrecordsinanybusinessimportant?
2.Why do we needtomonitorgrowthand progressof the business?
3. How can we enhance ourknowledgeinanimal/fishraising?

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LET’S REMEMBER
In the implementationprocess,asfarmoperatorswe shouldbe able totranslate all our actions
to income generationandexperiencegain.
LET’S DO TOGETHER
Create a monitoringformforrecordinggrowthandprogressof yields.
REINFORCEMENT
Monitorprogress of any businessinyourlocalityforone week.Use your monitoringform torecord
growthand progress.
Reference:
GloriaA. Peralta,etal.The Basics of BetterFamilyLiving6

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LESSON 14 MARKETING OF ANIMAL/FISH RAISED
Learning Competencies: Code TLE6AG-0J-13
2.5 managesmarketingof animals/fishraised
2.5.1 discussesindicatorsforharvesting/capturing
2.5.2 demonstratesskill inharvesting/capturinganimal/fish
2.5.3 preparesmarketingstrategybyaskinghelpfromothersorusingthe internet
2.5.4 marketsanimal/fish
LessonObjectives
Discussindicatorsforharvesting animals/fish
Demonstrate skill inharvesting/capturinganimal/fish
Prepare marketingstrategybyaskinghelpfromothers usingthe internet
Market animals/fish
Compute the income earnedfrommarketedproducts(Grosssale-Expenses =NetIncome)
Prepare plansforexpansionof animal-raisingventure
LET’S BE INFORMED
Indicators for harvesting/capturing fish
Tilapiacan be harvestedafterthree tofourmonthsof feeding.
Milkfishcanbe harvestedafterseventotenmonthsof feeding.
Catfishcan be harvested betweenfourtosix monthsof feeding.
Ways incapturing fish
1.Total pondharvestisaccomplishedbydrainingandseining.
2. The pondis partiallydrained (20-30%) to concentrate the fish.
3. The pondis repeatedlyseineduntil most(80%) of the fishare captured.
4. The pondis drainedfurtherandseiningiscontinued.
Marketing the farm produce
Here are some waysto marketyour farmproduce:
1.Direct farm sales
You can sell animal orfishby-productsdirectlyfromyourfarm.Thisisa veryconvenientwayto
generate income since there isnoextracostforrent.All yoursellingtransactionscanbe done within
your farm.
2.Farmers market/livestockauctionmarket
As an animal raiser/farmoperator,youshouldbe onthe lookoutforeventssuchaslivestockauction
marketsor similareventsinyourareawhere peoplefromnearbyprovincescome tobuylivestockdirect
fromraisersthemselves.
3.Farm to market
Some farmingfamiliesorentrepreneursalsohave meatshoporfishstall inthe nearbywetmarketto
sell theirownanimal products.

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4.Restaurants
One possible livestockclientcanbe the nearbyrestaurantsinyour area.You couldestablish“suki”
system.
5.Sellingthroughthe internet
Due to the wide coverage of the internet,aside fromplacingadvertisementsondifferentwebsites,you
couldalsouse social mediatomarket youranimal andfishfarm productsand services.
6.Sellingthroughmiddlemen
There are entrepreneursandthere are people whoworkwithentrepreneurstomake dealswithother
entrepreneurs,resellers,anddealers.Theseare calledmiddlemen.Middlemenare peoplewhobuy
goodsfrom animal andfish raisersandsellsthemtoretailersorotherconsumers.
Marketing Pork, Beef,and By-products
Today,there isa greatdemandformeat like porkandbeef.Porkandbeef are soldinthe
followingforms:fresh,frozen,choice cuts,andcuredas intocino,tapa,longganisa,andhotdogs. Cow’s
milkispackedas freshmilk,evaporatedmilk,powderedmilk,orusedasingredientforcheese,butter,
yogurt,ice cream, pastillas,andleche flanandotherdessertproducts.
Example computation for the income of a backyard piggery doinga grow out operation.
Assumingthatthere isan existingsmall piggeryinyourbackyardand youbought(10) two-
montholdpigletsat3,500.00 each whichyouintendtogrow and sell afterfourmonths.Incaseswhere
no infrastructure hasbeenbuiltyet,constructioncost(laborandmaterials) orrentof facilitiesshouldbe
takenintoconsideration.
Given:
10 pigletsat3,500.00
Cost of feeds1,000/head/month(x 4months)
A six montholdpigreadyfor selling(averagesof 90kgassuming price perkilois120.00).
(3,500.00/piglet) x (10 heads) = 35,000.00 (cost to buypiglets)
(1,000 foodallowance/head/month) x (10heads) x (4 months) – 40,000.00 (cost of foodforn10 growing
pigs)
(90 kg ideal sellingweightat6 monthsold) x (120.00/kiloof live pig) –10,800.00 (sellingprice of each
pigafterthe 4 –month growingperiod)
10,800.00/head x 10 heads= 108,000.00
108,000.00 (sellingprice of 10 pigsgrown after4 months)
-(less)
35,000.00 (costof 10 headsof pigas starter)
-(less)
40,000.00 (costof foodfor4 months)

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33,000.00 (income in4 monthsor 8,250.00 permonth)
Withthe assumptionthatlaborisfree since workisdone bymembersof the family
RECORD OF EXPENSES/PRODUCTION
Date Item/s Quantity Amount Remarks
Make sure to keepyourrecordbook updated.Listdownexpense itemsastheyare incurredso
youwill notforgetthem.Be specificinlistingdownitems.Keepreceiptsandfile theminafolderor
envelope.
LET’S EXPLAIN
1.Whenis the besttime toharvestTilapia,Milkfish,andCatfish?
2. Explain the waysof capturingfish.
3. Discussthe waysof marketingfarmproduce.
4. What are the by-productsfromporkand beef?
LET’S REMEMBER
Due to the wide coverage of the internet,aside fromplacingadvertisementsondifferentwebsites,you
couldalsouse social mediatomarket youranimal andfishfarm productsand services.
LET’S DO TOGETHER
Answerthe following:
_______ 1. Thiskindof fishcanbe harvestedafterthree tofourmonthsof feeding.
_______2. Thisfishcan be harvestedafterseventotenmonthsof feeding.
_______3. Fishthat can be harvested betweenfourtosix monthsof feeding.
_______4. What percentage shouldapondbe partiallydrainedtoconcentrate the fish?
_______5. Theyare people whobuygoodsfromanimal andfishraisersandsellsthemtoretailersor
otherconsumers.
_______6. Example of fishby-products.
_______7. Example of porkby-products.
_______8. Example of beef by-products.
_______9. How do we compute the netincome?
_______10. How isharvestingfishdone?
REINFORCEMENT
Prepare fora summative test.
Reference
The Basics of BetterLiving6