Lesson 5 - Set ADT.pdf
•
0 likes•5 views
This document discusses the set abstract data type (ADT). It defines a set as a collection of elements drawn from a single universe with no duplicates and no ordering. The document outlines common set operations and provides examples of using sets to represent collections like articles or students. It then describes two common implementations of sets - using a bit vector for a finite set of elements, or linked lists for more flexible sets. Code snippets are provided for common set operations like insertion, deletion, union and intersection under both implementations.
Report
Share
Report
Share
Download to read offline
Recommended
Arrays in programming
The document provides an overview of arrays in Java, including:
- Arrays can hold multiple values of the same type, unlike primitive variables which can only hold one value.
- One-dimensional arrays use a single index, while multi-dimensional arrays use two or more indices.
- Elements in an array are accessed using their index number, starting from 0.
- The size of an array is set when it is declared and cannot be changed, but reference variables can point to different arrays.
- Common operations on arrays include initializing values, accessing elements, looping through elements, and copying arrays.
Array
The document discusses arrays in Java. It begins by defining what an array is - a structured data type that stores a fixed number of elements of the same type. It then covers how to declare and initialize one-dimensional arrays, manipulate array elements using loops and indexes, and how to pass arrays as parameters to methods. The document also discusses arrays of objects and multidimensional arrays.
07+08slide.pptx
The document discusses arrays in Java. It begins by defining an array as a data structure that holds a collection of the same type of data. It then covers topics such as declaring and creating arrays, accessing array elements using indexes, default values, passing arrays to methods, returning arrays from methods, and two-dimensional arrays. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate key concepts related to working with arrays in Java programs.
Array & Exception Handling in C# (CSharp)
The document discusses arrays and exception handling in C#. It describes arrays as groups of like-typed variables referred to by a common name. Arrays can be one-dimensional or multi-dimensional. Exception handling in C# uses try, catch, finally and throw keywords to handle errors. The try block contains code that may cause exceptions, catch blocks catch specific exception types, finally ensures code runs regardless of exceptions, and throw raises exceptions. An example demonstrates declaring, initializing, and accessing arrays as well as try/catch exception handling.
CAP615-Unit1.pptx
The document provides an overview of key Java concepts including development tools like JDK, JRE and JVM. It discusses primitive and non-primitive data types, operators, control statements, arrays, strings and string methods. Inner and nested classes as well as inheritance are also covered at a high level. The document serves as an introduction to core Java programming concepts.
Arrays & Strings
Arrays & Strings can be summarized as follows:
1. Arrays are fixed-size collections of elements of the same data type that are used to store lists of related data. They can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or multi-dimensional.
2. Strings in C are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. They are commonly used to store text data. Common string operations include reading, writing, combining, copying, comparing, and extracting portions of strings.
3. Arrays are declared with a data type, name, and size. They can be initialized with a block of comma-separated values. Individual elements are accessed using indexes in square brackets. Two-dimensional arrays represent tables
ARRAYS.pptx
Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same data type together in computer memory. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript to access each element, while two-dimensional arrays use two subscripts to represent the row and column of each element. Elements in arrays are stored contiguously in memory. Common operations on arrays include initialization, accessing elements, and sorting or searching elements.
Data structures in c#
The document discusses various data structures used in programming, including arrays, lists, linked lists, stacks, queues, and dictionaries. It provides definitions and summaries of each data structure, including their common operations and time complexities. For example, it notes that arrays provide O(1) direct access by index but fixed size, while lists are dynamically sized but insertion/deletion at non-end positions is O(n).
Recommended
Arrays in programming
The document provides an overview of arrays in Java, including:
- Arrays can hold multiple values of the same type, unlike primitive variables which can only hold one value.
- One-dimensional arrays use a single index, while multi-dimensional arrays use two or more indices.
- Elements in an array are accessed using their index number, starting from 0.
- The size of an array is set when it is declared and cannot be changed, but reference variables can point to different arrays.
- Common operations on arrays include initializing values, accessing elements, looping through elements, and copying arrays.
Array
The document discusses arrays in Java. It begins by defining what an array is - a structured data type that stores a fixed number of elements of the same type. It then covers how to declare and initialize one-dimensional arrays, manipulate array elements using loops and indexes, and how to pass arrays as parameters to methods. The document also discusses arrays of objects and multidimensional arrays.
07+08slide.pptx
The document discusses arrays in Java. It begins by defining an array as a data structure that holds a collection of the same type of data. It then covers topics such as declaring and creating arrays, accessing array elements using indexes, default values, passing arrays to methods, returning arrays from methods, and two-dimensional arrays. Examples are provided throughout to illustrate key concepts related to working with arrays in Java programs.
Array & Exception Handling in C# (CSharp)
The document discusses arrays and exception handling in C#. It describes arrays as groups of like-typed variables referred to by a common name. Arrays can be one-dimensional or multi-dimensional. Exception handling in C# uses try, catch, finally and throw keywords to handle errors. The try block contains code that may cause exceptions, catch blocks catch specific exception types, finally ensures code runs regardless of exceptions, and throw raises exceptions. An example demonstrates declaring, initializing, and accessing arrays as well as try/catch exception handling.
CAP615-Unit1.pptx
The document provides an overview of key Java concepts including development tools like JDK, JRE and JVM. It discusses primitive and non-primitive data types, operators, control statements, arrays, strings and string methods. Inner and nested classes as well as inheritance are also covered at a high level. The document serves as an introduction to core Java programming concepts.
Arrays & Strings
Arrays & Strings can be summarized as follows:
1. Arrays are fixed-size collections of elements of the same data type that are used to store lists of related data. They can be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or multi-dimensional.
2. Strings in C are arrays of characters terminated by a null character. They are commonly used to store text data. Common string operations include reading, writing, combining, copying, comparing, and extracting portions of strings.
3. Arrays are declared with a data type, name, and size. They can be initialized with a block of comma-separated values. Individual elements are accessed using indexes in square brackets. Two-dimensional arrays represent tables
ARRAYS.pptx
Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same data type together in computer memory. One-dimensional arrays use a single subscript to access each element, while two-dimensional arrays use two subscripts to represent the row and column of each element. Elements in arrays are stored contiguously in memory. Common operations on arrays include initialization, accessing elements, and sorting or searching elements.
Data structures in c#
The document discusses various data structures used in programming, including arrays, lists, linked lists, stacks, queues, and dictionaries. It provides definitions and summaries of each data structure, including their common operations and time complexities. For example, it notes that arrays provide O(1) direct access by index but fixed size, while lists are dynamically sized but insertion/deletion at non-end positions is O(n).
datastructure concepts ppt-190327174340.pptx
The document provides an introduction to data structures. It defines data structures as representations of logical relationships between data elements that consider both the elements and their relationships. Data structures can be primitive, directly operated on by machine instructions, or non-primitive, built from primitive structures. Non-primitive structures include linear structures like stacks and queues and non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Arrays are introduced as a basic data structure that stores homogeneous elements in contiguous memory locations. Common array operations like traversal, searching, sorting and merging are described. Two-dimensional arrays and their row-major and column-major representations are also covered.
Discrete mathematic
The document discusses the key topics in discrete mathematics that will be covered across 5 units. Unit 1 covers sets, relations, functions and their properties. Unit 2 discusses mathematical induction, counting techniques, and number theory topics. Unit 3 is on propositional logic, logical equivalence and proof techniques. Unit 4 covers algebraic structures like groups, rings and fields. Unit 5 is about graphs, trees, and their properties like coloring and shortest paths. The document also lists 3 recommended textbooks for the course.
javaarray
Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type in contiguous memory locations. An array is declared with the data type followed by square brackets and the array name. The array is instantiated using the new keyword and square brackets containing the size. Array elements are accessed using an index from 0 to length-1. The length field returns the array size. Multidimensional arrays are arrays of arrays, declared with multiple bracket pairs after the name.
Core java by a introduction sandesh sharma
This document provides an overview of core Java concepts including primitive types, wrappers, static methods and blocks, strings, abstract classes and interfaces, collections, equals and hashcode methods, and threads. It defines each concept, provides examples of usage, and notes key behaviors and properties. The document serves as a reference for fundamental Java programming concepts.
Lecture 7
The objective of the Level 5 Diploma in Information Technology is to provide learners with an excellent foundation for a career in a range of organisations. It designed to ensure that each learner is ‘business ready’: a confident, independent thinker with a detailed knowledge of Information Technology, and equipped with the skills to adapt rapidly to change.
Data structures and algorithms short note (version 14).pd
The document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It discusses why data structures are needed, common measurements of efficiency, and the costs of algorithms. It defines abstract and concrete data structures, and provides examples of stacks and queues as abstract data types that can be implemented using concrete data structures like arrays. It also discusses algorithms for operations like sorting, searching, insertion and removal. Overall, the document serves as an introductory overview of key concepts in data structures and algorithms.
ch11.ppt
Arrays are ordered collections of values of the same type. They have a fixed length and elements are accessed via an integer index. Common array operations include initializing, selecting, and passing elements. Two-dimensional arrays store arrays of the same length. ArrayLists provide dynamic size and additional methods compared to primitive arrays. Linked lists allow flexible insertion and removal but slower element access than arrays.
3.ppt
The document discusses lists and linked lists. It begins by defining lists and some basic list operations like traversing, searching, inserting and deleting. It then contrasts arrays and linked lists, explaining that linked lists overcome limitations of arrays by allowing easy insertion and deletion without shifting elements. The document proceeds to describe singly linked lists and doubly linked lists in detail, including their implementation and various operations like insertion, deletion, and traversal. It notes the Java built-in LinkedList class and provides an example of its use.
3.ppt
Lists & Linked Lists
The document discusses lists and linked lists. It defines a list as a sequence of elements in a linear order. It explains the differences between arrays and linked lists. Linked lists overcome limitations of arrays by allowing easy insertion and deletion using nodes that store data and a link to the next node. The document covers singly linked lists, doubly linked lists, and their variations. It provides examples of basic linked list operations like insertion, deletion, and traversal.
02._Object-Oriented_Programming_Concepts.ppt
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts and provides an example of analyzing a software development process using object-oriented principles. It describes a typical 5-step software development process of analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It then introduces object-oriented programming concepts like modeling a problem as a set of collaborating objects and components. As an example, it analyzes the classic game Tetris in terms of its objects like pieces and boards, their properties and capabilities.
C++ STL (quickest way to learn, even for absolute beginners).pptx
C++ STL (quickest way to learn, even for absolute beginners)
Programming with c++ need to have C++ STL Knowledge
C++ STL (quickest way to learn, even for absolute beginners).pptx
C++ STL is a collection of containers and algorithms that provide common programming tasks. It includes data structures like vector, set, map as well as sorting and searching algorithms. Using STL containers makes code shorter, faster and more error-free compared to manually writing these routines. STL is important for learning advanced C++ concepts like graphs and algorithms.
Set Theory, Relations,Functions (Discrete Structures)
This document outlines the course content for a Discrete Structures course taught by Dr. Sandhya Umrao. The course covers topics including set theory, relations, functions, combinatorics, recurrence relations, generating functions, and proof techniques. The course objectives are to enhance logical thinking and problem solving abilities. The syllabus covers sets, relations, functions, algebraic structures, lattices, Boolean algebra, logic, and trees and graphs. Prerequisites include knowledge of mathematics through 12th standard.
COMPLEX AND USER DEFINED TYPESPlease note that the material on t.docx
COMPLEX AND USER DEFINED TYPES
Please note that the material on this website is not intended to be exhaustive.
This is intended as a summary and supplementary material to required textbook.
INTRODUCTION
Previously we have been dealing with C++ built-in types, that is: types that the language already supports. In addition, all of the types we have been using so far (with two exceptions: string, and the reference type: &) have been simple types. In this module we will begin to look at complex types, sometimes called structured types. Complex types allow the programmer to define their own types, which we will call user defined types.
C++ Built-In Types
Classification
Name
Examples
Can be unsigned?
Simple
Integral
char
yes
"
"
short
yes
"
"
int
yes
"
"
long
yes
"
"
bool
no
"
Enumerated
enum
"
"
Decimal
float
"
"
"
double
"
"
"
long double
"
Address
Pointer
* (asterisk)
"
"
Reference
& (ampersand)
"
Complex
Array
[ ] (brackets)
"
"
Structured
struct
"
"
Union
union
"
"
Abstract
class
"
In this module we will explain enumerations, structures, and unions. In future modules we will cover arrays and classes.
Some classifications above may come as a surprise. How can char be an integral type (and even unsigned), and why is bool considered an integral type?
Characters in C++ are considered 8-bit bytes, and hence they are represented internally as integers in base 2: just 0s and 1s. If you want an integer that only ranges between 0 and 255 (unsigned), or between -128 and 127 (signed), you can use a char. All of the arithmetic operations can be used on char.
A character (char) was originally taken to be one of the symbols on your keyboard, and to represent those only need 7 bits are needed. Extended character sets must use 2 or more bytes to represent characters not on your keyboard (such a representation scheme is known as Unicode), for instance, Cyrillic characters or some mathematic symbols.
We have already seen that the Boolean true and false are really internally represented as 1 and 0, respectively. However, arithmetic operations will not work on bool.
You will also notice that a type we have used repeatedly (string) is not listed above. The strings we have been using are really of type class, which will be introduced another module.
ENUMERATIONS
Enumerated types are user-defined; that is, you get to choose what you want to enumerate. Here are some simple examples:
enum PrimaryColors {RED, YELLOW, BLUE}; enum Days {SUN, MON, YUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT};
C++ will internally represent these types using 0, 1, 2, 3, .... Notice that the standard convention is to use upper-case alphas in the enumeration, as they are really very similar to constants. You can override the internal defaults with something like the following:
enum PrimaryColors {RED = 5, YELLOW = 10, BLUE = 20};
The default internal representation is often very convenient, as the enumeration symbol strings can then be used as indices of arrays, a future topic.
STRUCT.
Coding Component (50)Weve provided you with an implementation .docx
Coding Component (50%)
We've provided you with an implementation of an unbalanced binary search tree. The tree implements an ordered dynamic set over a generic comparable type T. Supported operations include insertion, deletion, min, max, and testing whether a value is in the set (via the exists method). Because it's a set, duplicates are not allowed, and the insert operation will not insert a value if it is already present.
We have implemented the BST operations in a recursive style. For example, inserting a value into a tree recurses down the tree seeking the correct place to add a new leaf. Each recursive call returns the root of the subtree on which it was called, after making any modifications needed to the subtree to perform the insertion. Deletion is implemented similarly.
Your job is to add the functionality needed to keep the tree balanced using the AVL property. In particular, you will need to
· augment the tree to maintain the height of each of its subtrees, as discussed in Studio;
· compute the balance at the root of a subtree (which is the height of the root's left subtree minus that of its right subtree);
· implement the AVL rebalancing operation, along with the supporting rotation operations; and
· call the height maintenance and rebalancing operations at the appropriate times during insertion and deletion.
Code Outline
There are two main source code files you need to consider, both in the avl package:
· TreeNode.java implements a class TreeNode that represents a node of a binary search tree. It holds a value (the key of the node) along with child and parent pointers. It has a height data member that is currently not used for anything. You should not modify this file, but you need to understand its contents.
· AVLTree.java implements an ordered set as a binary search tree made out of TreeNode objects.
The AVLTree class provides an interface that includes element insertion and deletion, as well as an exists() method that tests whether a value is present in the set. It also offers min() and max() methods. These methods all work as given for (unbalanced) BSTs, using the algorithms we discussed in lecture.
To implement the AVL balancing method, you will need to fill in some missing code to maintain the height of each subtree and perform rebalancing. Look for the 'FIXME' tags in AVLTree.java to see which methods you must modify.
Height Maintenance
You'll need to set the height data member each time a new leaf is allocated in the tree. You can then maintain the height as part of insertion or deletion using the incremental updating strategy you worked out in Studio 10, Part C.
The update procedure updateHeight() takes in a node and updates its height using the heights of its two subtrees. It should run in constant time.
You'll need to call updateHeight() wherever it is needed – in insertion, deletion, and perhaps elsewhere.
Rebalancing
You must implement four methods as part of AVL rebalancing:
· getBalance() computes the balance fact.
Arrays C#
This document discusses different types of arrays in C#, including simple arrays, multidimensional arrays, jagged arrays, and tuples. Simple arrays store elements of the same type and can be initialized with syntax like "datatype[] myArray = new datatype[size]". Multidimensional arrays are indexed by two or more integers. Jagged arrays allow each row to have a different size. Tuples were introduced in .NET 4.0 and act as a way to group multiple data types together.
Set operations in python (Dutch national flag and count &say problem).pptx
This document discusses sets in Python. It explains how to create a set using curly braces or the set() constructor, add elements using the add() method, and remove elements using the remove() or discard() method. It also describes set operations like union using |, intersection using &, difference using -, and symmetric difference using ^. Finally, it briefly mentions set comprehensions which are similar to list comprehensions but use curly brackets.
Cso gaddis java_chapter8
This document provides an overview of key topics covered in Chapter 8, which discusses arrays and the ArrayList class. The chapter introduces arrays as collections of like values indexed in memory. It covers creating and initializing arrays, accessing array elements, and performing common operations on array contents such as finding highest/lowest values and averaging elements. The chapter also discusses passing arrays to methods, comparing arrays, and using arrays with files. It introduces the ArrayList class as an alternative to primitive arrays.
Computer programming 2 Lesson 13
Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type in a single variable. An array is declared by specifying the data type, followed by square brackets containing the array name. Individual elements in the array are accessed using their index number within square brackets after the array name. The Arrays class contains methods for sorting, searching, comparing, and filling arrays that are overloaded for all primitive data types.
0-Slot18-19-20-ContiguousStorage.pdf
Arrays are a simple data structure for storing a group of elements of the same type in contiguous memory locations. Elements in an array are identified by an index, with one-dimensional arrays having a single index and two-dimensional arrays having two indices for row and column. Common operations on arrays include traversing elements, searching for a value, and sorting the elements. Arrays can be declared statically at compile-time or dynamically allocated at runtime using pointers and memory allocation functions.
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
Bossa N’ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.
Bossa N Roll Records presentation by Izzy Vazquez for Music Retail and Distribution class at Full Sail University
More Related Content
Similar to Lesson 5 - Set ADT.pdf
datastructure concepts ppt-190327174340.pptx
The document provides an introduction to data structures. It defines data structures as representations of logical relationships between data elements that consider both the elements and their relationships. Data structures can be primitive, directly operated on by machine instructions, or non-primitive, built from primitive structures. Non-primitive structures include linear structures like stacks and queues and non-linear structures like trees and graphs. Arrays are introduced as a basic data structure that stores homogeneous elements in contiguous memory locations. Common array operations like traversal, searching, sorting and merging are described. Two-dimensional arrays and their row-major and column-major representations are also covered.
Discrete mathematic
The document discusses the key topics in discrete mathematics that will be covered across 5 units. Unit 1 covers sets, relations, functions and their properties. Unit 2 discusses mathematical induction, counting techniques, and number theory topics. Unit 3 is on propositional logic, logical equivalence and proof techniques. Unit 4 covers algebraic structures like groups, rings and fields. Unit 5 is about graphs, trees, and their properties like coloring and shortest paths. The document also lists 3 recommended textbooks for the course.
javaarray
Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type in contiguous memory locations. An array is declared with the data type followed by square brackets and the array name. The array is instantiated using the new keyword and square brackets containing the size. Array elements are accessed using an index from 0 to length-1. The length field returns the array size. Multidimensional arrays are arrays of arrays, declared with multiple bracket pairs after the name.
Core java by a introduction sandesh sharma
This document provides an overview of core Java concepts including primitive types, wrappers, static methods and blocks, strings, abstract classes and interfaces, collections, equals and hashcode methods, and threads. It defines each concept, provides examples of usage, and notes key behaviors and properties. The document serves as a reference for fundamental Java programming concepts.
Lecture 7
The objective of the Level 5 Diploma in Information Technology is to provide learners with an excellent foundation for a career in a range of organisations. It designed to ensure that each learner is ‘business ready’: a confident, independent thinker with a detailed knowledge of Information Technology, and equipped with the skills to adapt rapidly to change.
Data structures and algorithms short note (version 14).pd
The document provides an introduction to data structures and algorithms. It discusses why data structures are needed, common measurements of efficiency, and the costs of algorithms. It defines abstract and concrete data structures, and provides examples of stacks and queues as abstract data types that can be implemented using concrete data structures like arrays. It also discusses algorithms for operations like sorting, searching, insertion and removal. Overall, the document serves as an introductory overview of key concepts in data structures and algorithms.
ch11.ppt
Arrays are ordered collections of values of the same type. They have a fixed length and elements are accessed via an integer index. Common array operations include initializing, selecting, and passing elements. Two-dimensional arrays store arrays of the same length. ArrayLists provide dynamic size and additional methods compared to primitive arrays. Linked lists allow flexible insertion and removal but slower element access than arrays.
3.ppt
The document discusses lists and linked lists. It begins by defining lists and some basic list operations like traversing, searching, inserting and deleting. It then contrasts arrays and linked lists, explaining that linked lists overcome limitations of arrays by allowing easy insertion and deletion without shifting elements. The document proceeds to describe singly linked lists and doubly linked lists in detail, including their implementation and various operations like insertion, deletion, and traversal. It notes the Java built-in LinkedList class and provides an example of its use.
3.ppt
Lists & Linked Lists
The document discusses lists and linked lists. It defines a list as a sequence of elements in a linear order. It explains the differences between arrays and linked lists. Linked lists overcome limitations of arrays by allowing easy insertion and deletion using nodes that store data and a link to the next node. The document covers singly linked lists, doubly linked lists, and their variations. It provides examples of basic linked list operations like insertion, deletion, and traversal.
02._Object-Oriented_Programming_Concepts.ppt
This document discusses object-oriented programming concepts and provides an example of analyzing a software development process using object-oriented principles. It describes a typical 5-step software development process of analysis, design, implementation, testing, and maintenance. It then introduces object-oriented programming concepts like modeling a problem as a set of collaborating objects and components. As an example, it analyzes the classic game Tetris in terms of its objects like pieces and boards, their properties and capabilities.
C++ STL (quickest way to learn, even for absolute beginners).pptx
C++ STL (quickest way to learn, even for absolute beginners)
Programming with c++ need to have C++ STL Knowledge
C++ STL (quickest way to learn, even for absolute beginners).pptx
C++ STL is a collection of containers and algorithms that provide common programming tasks. It includes data structures like vector, set, map as well as sorting and searching algorithms. Using STL containers makes code shorter, faster and more error-free compared to manually writing these routines. STL is important for learning advanced C++ concepts like graphs and algorithms.
Set Theory, Relations,Functions (Discrete Structures)
This document outlines the course content for a Discrete Structures course taught by Dr. Sandhya Umrao. The course covers topics including set theory, relations, functions, combinatorics, recurrence relations, generating functions, and proof techniques. The course objectives are to enhance logical thinking and problem solving abilities. The syllabus covers sets, relations, functions, algebraic structures, lattices, Boolean algebra, logic, and trees and graphs. Prerequisites include knowledge of mathematics through 12th standard.
COMPLEX AND USER DEFINED TYPESPlease note that the material on t.docx
COMPLEX AND USER DEFINED TYPES
Please note that the material on this website is not intended to be exhaustive.
This is intended as a summary and supplementary material to required textbook.
INTRODUCTION
Previously we have been dealing with C++ built-in types, that is: types that the language already supports. In addition, all of the types we have been using so far (with two exceptions: string, and the reference type: &) have been simple types. In this module we will begin to look at complex types, sometimes called structured types. Complex types allow the programmer to define their own types, which we will call user defined types.
C++ Built-In Types
Classification
Name
Examples
Can be unsigned?
Simple
Integral
char
yes
"
"
short
yes
"
"
int
yes
"
"
long
yes
"
"
bool
no
"
Enumerated
enum
"
"
Decimal
float
"
"
"
double
"
"
"
long double
"
Address
Pointer
* (asterisk)
"
"
Reference
& (ampersand)
"
Complex
Array
[ ] (brackets)
"
"
Structured
struct
"
"
Union
union
"
"
Abstract
class
"
In this module we will explain enumerations, structures, and unions. In future modules we will cover arrays and classes.
Some classifications above may come as a surprise. How can char be an integral type (and even unsigned), and why is bool considered an integral type?
Characters in C++ are considered 8-bit bytes, and hence they are represented internally as integers in base 2: just 0s and 1s. If you want an integer that only ranges between 0 and 255 (unsigned), or between -128 and 127 (signed), you can use a char. All of the arithmetic operations can be used on char.
A character (char) was originally taken to be one of the symbols on your keyboard, and to represent those only need 7 bits are needed. Extended character sets must use 2 or more bytes to represent characters not on your keyboard (such a representation scheme is known as Unicode), for instance, Cyrillic characters or some mathematic symbols.
We have already seen that the Boolean true and false are really internally represented as 1 and 0, respectively. However, arithmetic operations will not work on bool.
You will also notice that a type we have used repeatedly (string) is not listed above. The strings we have been using are really of type class, which will be introduced another module.
ENUMERATIONS
Enumerated types are user-defined; that is, you get to choose what you want to enumerate. Here are some simple examples:
enum PrimaryColors {RED, YELLOW, BLUE}; enum Days {SUN, MON, YUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT};
C++ will internally represent these types using 0, 1, 2, 3, .... Notice that the standard convention is to use upper-case alphas in the enumeration, as they are really very similar to constants. You can override the internal defaults with something like the following:
enum PrimaryColors {RED = 5, YELLOW = 10, BLUE = 20};
The default internal representation is often very convenient, as the enumeration symbol strings can then be used as indices of arrays, a future topic.
STRUCT.
Coding Component (50)Weve provided you with an implementation .docx
Coding Component (50%)
We've provided you with an implementation of an unbalanced binary search tree. The tree implements an ordered dynamic set over a generic comparable type T. Supported operations include insertion, deletion, min, max, and testing whether a value is in the set (via the exists method). Because it's a set, duplicates are not allowed, and the insert operation will not insert a value if it is already present.
We have implemented the BST operations in a recursive style. For example, inserting a value into a tree recurses down the tree seeking the correct place to add a new leaf. Each recursive call returns the root of the subtree on which it was called, after making any modifications needed to the subtree to perform the insertion. Deletion is implemented similarly.
Your job is to add the functionality needed to keep the tree balanced using the AVL property. In particular, you will need to
· augment the tree to maintain the height of each of its subtrees, as discussed in Studio;
· compute the balance at the root of a subtree (which is the height of the root's left subtree minus that of its right subtree);
· implement the AVL rebalancing operation, along with the supporting rotation operations; and
· call the height maintenance and rebalancing operations at the appropriate times during insertion and deletion.
Code Outline
There are two main source code files you need to consider, both in the avl package:
· TreeNode.java implements a class TreeNode that represents a node of a binary search tree. It holds a value (the key of the node) along with child and parent pointers. It has a height data member that is currently not used for anything. You should not modify this file, but you need to understand its contents.
· AVLTree.java implements an ordered set as a binary search tree made out of TreeNode objects.
The AVLTree class provides an interface that includes element insertion and deletion, as well as an exists() method that tests whether a value is present in the set. It also offers min() and max() methods. These methods all work as given for (unbalanced) BSTs, using the algorithms we discussed in lecture.
To implement the AVL balancing method, you will need to fill in some missing code to maintain the height of each subtree and perform rebalancing. Look for the 'FIXME' tags in AVLTree.java to see which methods you must modify.
Height Maintenance
You'll need to set the height data member each time a new leaf is allocated in the tree. You can then maintain the height as part of insertion or deletion using the incremental updating strategy you worked out in Studio 10, Part C.
The update procedure updateHeight() takes in a node and updates its height using the heights of its two subtrees. It should run in constant time.
You'll need to call updateHeight() wherever it is needed – in insertion, deletion, and perhaps elsewhere.
Rebalancing
You must implement four methods as part of AVL rebalancing:
· getBalance() computes the balance fact.
Arrays C#
This document discusses different types of arrays in C#, including simple arrays, multidimensional arrays, jagged arrays, and tuples. Simple arrays store elements of the same type and can be initialized with syntax like "datatype[] myArray = new datatype[size]". Multidimensional arrays are indexed by two or more integers. Jagged arrays allow each row to have a different size. Tuples were introduced in .NET 4.0 and act as a way to group multiple data types together.
Set operations in python (Dutch national flag and count &say problem).pptx
This document discusses sets in Python. It explains how to create a set using curly braces or the set() constructor, add elements using the add() method, and remove elements using the remove() or discard() method. It also describes set operations like union using |, intersection using &, difference using -, and symmetric difference using ^. Finally, it briefly mentions set comprehensions which are similar to list comprehensions but use curly brackets.
Cso gaddis java_chapter8
This document provides an overview of key topics covered in Chapter 8, which discusses arrays and the ArrayList class. The chapter introduces arrays as collections of like values indexed in memory. It covers creating and initializing arrays, accessing array elements, and performing common operations on array contents such as finding highest/lowest values and averaging elements. The chapter also discusses passing arrays to methods, comparing arrays, and using arrays with files. It introduces the ArrayList class as an alternative to primitive arrays.
Computer programming 2 Lesson 13
Arrays allow storing multiple values of the same type in a single variable. An array is declared by specifying the data type, followed by square brackets containing the array name. Individual elements in the array are accessed using their index number within square brackets after the array name. The Arrays class contains methods for sorting, searching, comparing, and filling arrays that are overloaded for all primitive data types.
0-Slot18-19-20-ContiguousStorage.pdf
Arrays are a simple data structure for storing a group of elements of the same type in contiguous memory locations. Elements in an array are identified by an index, with one-dimensional arrays having a single index and two-dimensional arrays having two indices for row and column. Common operations on arrays include traversing elements, searching for a value, and sorting the elements. Arrays can be declared statically at compile-time or dynamically allocated at runtime using pointers and memory allocation functions.
Similar to Lesson 5 - Set ADT.pdf (20)
Data structures and algorithms short note (version 14).pd
Data structures and algorithms short note (version 14).pd
C++ STL (quickest way to learn, even for absolute beginners).pptx
C++ STL (quickest way to learn, even for absolute beginners).pptx
C++ STL (quickest way to learn, even for absolute beginners).pptx
C++ STL (quickest way to learn, even for absolute beginners).pptx
Set Theory, Relations,Functions (Discrete Structures)
Set Theory, Relations,Functions (Discrete Structures)
COMPLEX AND USER DEFINED TYPESPlease note that the material on t.docx
COMPLEX AND USER DEFINED TYPESPlease note that the material on t.docx
Coding Component (50)Weve provided you with an implementation .docx
Coding Component (50)Weve provided you with an implementation .docx
Set operations in python (Dutch national flag and count &say problem).pptx
Set operations in python (Dutch national flag and count &say problem).pptx
Recently uploaded
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
(A Free eBook comprising 3 Sets of Presentation of a selection of Puzzles, Brain Teasers and Thinking Problems to exercise both the mind and the Right and Left Brain. To help keep the mind and brain fit and healthy. Good for both the young and old alike.
Answers are given for all the puzzles and problems.)
With Metta,
Bro. Oh Teik Bin 🙏🤓🤔🥰
Bossa N’ Roll Records by Ismael Vazquez.
Bossa N Roll Records presentation by Izzy Vazquez for Music Retail and Distribution class at Full Sail University
HYPERTENSION - SLIDE SHARE PRESENTATION.
IT WILL BE HELPFULL FOR THE NUSING STUDENTS
IT FOCUSED ON MEDICAL MANAGEMENT AND NURSING MANAGEMENT.
HIGHLIGHTS ON HEALTH EDUCATION.
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
NIPER JEE PYQ
NIPER JEE QUESTIONS
MOST FREQUENTLY ASK QUESTIONS
NIPER MEMORY BASED QUWSTIONS
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
Practical manual for National Examination Council, Nigeria.
Contains guides on answering questions on the specimens provided
Educational Technology in the Health Sciences
Plenary presentation at the NTTC Inter-university Workshop, 18 June 2024, Manila Prince Hotel.
Wound healing PPT
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation results
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
In this webinar, member learned how to stay in compliance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) for restricted grants.
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
Recently uploaded (20)
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
A Free 200-Page eBook ~ Brain and Mind Exercise.pptx
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
NIPER 2024 MEMORY BASED QUESTIONS.ANSWERS TO NIPER 2024 QUESTIONS.NIPER JEE 2...
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
SWOT analysis in the project Keeping the Memory @live.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
BIOLOGY NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL (NECO) 2024 PRACTICAL MANUAL.pptx
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
Accounting for Restricted Grants When and How To Record Properly
220711130088 Sumi Basak Virtual University EPC 3.pptx
220711130088 Sumi Basak Virtual University EPC 3.pptx
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptx
Lesson 5 - Set ADT.pdf
- 1. SET ADT Jun Y. Ercia
- 2. The Set ADT Learning Outcomes At the end of this lesson, students should be able to • discuss set processing • define a set abstract data type • compare set implementations • demonstrate how a set can be used to solve problems • write codes for various set implementations
- 3. The Set ADT a collection of elements. Properties 1. Elements are drawn from a single universe 2. Each element is either a member of the set or not. 3. Elements may be a set in itself or a primitive 4. No duplicate elements 5. No particular ordering of elements Examples o Set of first 5 natural numbers: {1,2,3,4,5} o {x | x is a positive integer and x < 100} o {x | x is a driver with > 10 years of driving experience and 0 accidents in the last 3 years}
- 4. Operations on a Set
- 5. Examples 1. Sets: Articles in Yahoo Science (A), Technology (B), and Sports (C) o Find all articles on Wright brothers. o Find all articles dealing with sports medicine 2. Sets: Students in CS10 (A), CS20 (B), and CS40 (C) o Find all students enrolled in these courses o Find students registered for CS10 only o Find students registered for both CS10 and CS20
- 6. Uses of Sets in Computing • Many applications deal with sets 1. Compilers have symbol tables (set of keywords, classes, etc.) 2. Dictionary is a set of words. 3. Routers have sets of forwarding rules. 4. Web servers have set of clients, etc
- 7. Implementation of Set ADT 1. Bit-Vector implementation of set ▪ The set is represented by a bit-vector (i.e., an array containing 0’s and 1’s or, equivalently, true or false) in which the ith bit (cell) is true if i is a member of the set. ▪ Suitable for applications in which the set to be represented is a subset of a small finite universal set. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
- 8. Code for inserting new element into a set
- 9. Code for deleting an element from a set
- 10. Code for determining whether the set is empty
- 11. Code for determining whether the element is a member of a set
- 12. Code for making the set empty
- 13. Code for union of two sets
- 14. Code for intersection of two sets
- 15. Code for difference of two sets
- 16. Implementation of Queue ADT ▪ Linked List implementation of Set [SLL] ▪ The entire set is represented by a linked list of nodes. ▪ Suitable for applications in which the set to be represented does not necessarily have to be a subset of some finite universal set.
- 17. Code for inserting new element into a set
- 18. Code for deleting an element from a set
- 19. Code for determining whether the set is empty
- 20. Code for determining whether the element is a member of a set
- 21. Code for making the set empty
- 22. Code for union of two sets
- 23. Code for intersection of two sets
- 24. Code for difference of two sets
- 25. Set Implementation Issue • Are the elements of the set belongs to a universal set or a subset of some universal set?