Lesson 9Lesson 9Lesson 9Lesson 9Lesson 9Lesson 9

1. Human Skin

2. Introduction
• The human skin is the outer covering of the body.
• In humans, it is the largest organ of the
integumentary system. The skin has up to seven
layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying
muscles, bones, ligaments and internal organs.

3. • There are two general types of skin, hairy and glabrous skin (hairless).
• Because it interfaces with the environment, skin plays an important
immunity role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive
water loss.
• Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation,
synthesis of vitamin D, and the protection of vitamin B folates.
• Severely damaged skin will try to heal by forming scar tissue.
• In humans, skin pigmentation varies among populations, and skin type
can range from dry to oily.

4. STRUCTURE OF SKIN

5. • Skin is composed of three primary layers: the epidermis, the dermis
and the hypodermis.
EPIDERMIS
• Epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin.
• It forms the waterproof, protective wrap over the body's surface
which also serves as a barrier to infection.
• The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and cells in the deepest
layers are nourished almost exclusively by diffused oxygen from the
surrounding air.

6. • The main type of cells which make up the epidermis are
keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells and Markel's cells. The
epidermis helps the skin to regulate body temperature.
• Epidermis is divided into the following 5 sub layers
• Stratum corneum
• Stratum lucidum
• Stratum granulosum
• Stratum spinosum
• Stratum basale

8. Stratum corneum
• The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis.
• It consisting of dead cells (corneocytes).
• The stratum corneum is the rate limiting barrier that restricts the
inward & outward movement of chemical substances.
• These corneocytes are embedded in a lipid matrix composed of
ceramides, cholesterol, and fatty acids.

9. • The stratum corneum functions to form a barrier to protect
underlying tissue from infection, dehydration, chemicals and
mechanical stress.
• stratum corneum contain a dense network of keratin, a protein that
helps keep the skin hydrated by preventing water evaporation.
• These cells can also absorb water, further aiding in hydration.
• This layer is responsible for the "spring back" or stretchy properties
of skin.

10. • The stratum corneum exhibit regional difference in thickness over
the body.
• In the over most of the body it is about 10µm thick.
• When dry, increasing to about 40µm to 50µm.
• It is thick on the palm of the hand & soles of the feet in an adult.

11. DERMIS
• The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists
of epithelial tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain.
• The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement
membrane.
• It also harbors many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch
and heat.

12. • It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands,
apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
• The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste
removal from its own cells as well as from the Stratum basale of
the epidermis.
• The dermis is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area
adjacent to the epidermis, called the papillary region, and a deep
thicker area known as the reticular region.

14. Routes of Penetration
Absorption of substances through the skin depends on a number of
factors:
• Concentration
• Molecular Weight of the molecule
• Duration of contact
• Solubility of medication
• Physical condition of the skin
• Part of the body exposed including the amount of hair on the skin.

15. • small amounts of chemicals may enter the body rapidly through the
glands or hair follicles, they are primarily absorbed through the
epidermis.
• The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis and
the rate-limiting barrier in absorption of an agent.
• Once a substance passes through stratum corneum, then its no
significant further hindrance to penetration of the remaining
epidermal layer & corium.

16. • The stratum corneum is primarily composed of lipophilic
cholesterol, cholesterol esters and ceramides (fatty acids).
• Thus lipid-soluble chemicals make it through the layer and into
the circulation faster, however nearly all molecules penetrate it to
some minimal degree.
• Also, penetration depending upon effective blood flow, interstitial
fluid movement.

17. BIOAVAILABILITY OF DRUG
For bioavailability there are two factors are most important
1. Choice of vehicle (Base).
2. Maximizing movement (partitioning) of drug from vehicle to stratum
corneum.

18. Choice of vehicle (Base)
• Greases & oils are the most occlusive vehicles those induce the
greatest hydration through sweat & accumulation at the skin-vehicle
interface.
• Vehicle such as, humectants, they have high affinity for water.
• Such vehicle dehydrate the stratum corneum & decrease the
penetration.

19. • Powders increases the rate of evaporation of water.
• paraffin bases suppress transepidermal water diffusion.
• Skin secretions are more readily miscible with emulsion bases than
with greasy bases.
• This miscible drugs is more rapidly release to the skin.
• So, that type of the bases required small amount of medicament
required.

20. Maximizing movement of drug from vehicle to
stratum corneum
• The medicament is favored vehicles which have low soluble.
• On that reason, they loosely combine with vehicle.
• Therefore, the rate of release from such drug-vehicle combination is
fast.

21. • Surface active agents appears to increase permeability of the skin to
water by altering the physical state of water in the skin.
• Anionics surfactant have good ability to penetration than cationics &
non-ionics.
• Soaps of different fatty acids have greater penetration for salts of
fatty acids having a carbon length of 10 or less.

22. • Drugs with molecular weight of 100 to 800 & adequate lipid &
aqueous solubility can permeate skin.
• The ideal molecular weight of drug for transdermal drug delivery is
to be 400 or less.
• Generally, longer the medicated application is permitted to remain
contact with the skin, the greater is the total drug absorption.