lesbosuri_feminizmi_

1. feministuri
biblioTeka
lesbosuri feminizmi
elaiza Ceinieri
1970-1980-ian wlebSi, SeerTebul StatebSi, kanadasa da britaneTSi, lesbosuri
feminizmi dominanturi ideologia iyo politizirebul lesboselebs Soris.
lesboselobisa da feminizmis cnebebis Rrma Sinaarsobriv urTierTkavSiris gamo, am
ori sityvas xSirad iyenebdnen myar Sesityvebad.
lesbosurma feminizmma mkveTrad gaakritika patriarqati da institucionalizebuli
heteroseqsualoba. misi mtkicebiT, es mamakacis dominanturobis gamyarebis
politikuri iaraRi iyo. praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT lesbosuri feminizmi gamovlinda
rogorc erTgvari cxovrebis stili, rac aisaxeboda faqtiurad yvelaferSi - Tmis
varcxnilobiTa da CacmulobiT dawyebuli, seqsualur qceviT damTavrebuli. saerTo
jamSi misi gavlena sakmaod didi iyo, Tumca Sedegebi araerTgvarovani.
warmomavloba
gviandel 1960-ian wlebSi, sxva socialur jgufebs Soris, romlebic diskriminaciis
winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen, iyvnen lesboselebic. isini, vinc SeuerTdnen geebis
ganmaTavisuflebel moZraobas, xSirad ganicdidinen imedgacruebas seqsisturi
damokidebulebis gamo mamakac wevrTa umravlesobis mxridan. meinstrimuli
feminizmic, miuxedavad imisa, rom bevri lesboseli qali iyo feministur organiza-
ciebSi gawevrianebuli, ar amJRavnebda keTilganwyobas am jgufis mimarT. isini Riad
gaurbodnen imas, rom lesboseli qali feministuri organizaciis saxe gamxdariyo.
1970 wels qalTa nacionaluri organizaciis (NOW) prezidentma beti fridanma
lesbosuri sakiTxebis am organizaciis platformaSi CarTva da win wamoweva “farul
safrTxed” gamoacxada. amas mohyva reaqcia gloria steimenis mxridan, romelmac
Tqva, rom feminizmi revoluciaa da ara saxalxo moZraoba, da 1971 wels qalTa
nacionaluri organizaciis wevrebma kenWisyris Sedegad aRiares lesbosuri
sakiTxebis CarTvis aucilebloba feministur sakiTxebSi.
qalis mier gansazRvruli qali (qalismieri qali)
1970 wels fridanis frazam myisieri gamoxmaureba hpova im qalTa jgufSi,
romlebic Tavidan sakuTar Tavs “farul safrTxed” moixseniebdnen, Semdeg ki

2. lesbosuri feminizmi
elaiza Ceinieri
“radikal lesboselebad” gaxdnen cnobilni. maTi mokle manifesti “qalismieri qali”
aRiarebulia, rogorc lesbosur-feministuri politikis pirveli ganacxadi.
misi avtorebi acxadeben rom lesboselebi da lesboseloba feministuri moZraobis
ara periferiuli, aramed centraluri mniSvnelobis sakiTxia. isini amtkiceben, rom
qalis kavSiri qalTan mamakacisgan damoukideblad da qalis mier identificirebuli
qali Zalauflebas arTmevs mamakacs da Zirs uTxris patriarqats. sanam qali
mamakacis da mamakacuri institutebis Sefasebis gziT ganisazRvreba, igi
damoukidebel, avtonomiur arsebobas ver SeZlebs.
aRsaniSnavia isic, rom lesboselisa da homoseqsualis kategorias am manifestis
avtorebi aRiqvamdnen ara rogorc arsebiT identobis gamoxatulebas, aramed rogorc
heteroseqsualuri patriarqatis Sedegs. maT sjerodaT, rom es kategoriebi
dakargavdnen Tavis mniSvnelobas, rom ar arsebuliyo qalis Cagvra da yvelas rom
hqonoda sakuTari grZnobebis mixedviT cxovrebis SesaZlebloba.
“qalis mieri qali” da is naSromebi, romlebic mas mohyva, yuradRebas amaxvilebs
zogadad seqsualobis mniSvnelobaze feministur Teoriasa da praqtikaSi da exmianeba
feministuri moZraobis ufro farTo masStabis mcdelobebs, romlebic piradi
qcevebis politizirebisken iyo mimarTuli, rogoricaa saSinao saqmis, bavSvis
movlisa da mSobiarobis kontrolis sakiTxebi. am naSromebSi ara mxolod qaluri
homoseqsualobis evoluciis xelaxali pozitiuri gaazrebaa warmodgenili, aramed
heteroseqsualobis mZafri kritikac.
magaliTad, “soflis xmis” (Village Voice) popularuli Jurnalistis jil
jonstonis 1973 wels gamocemuli wigni “lesbosuri sazogadoeba: feministuri
gadawyveta” (Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution) romantikas narkotiks, gamabruebel
saSualebas adarebs, xolo monogamias aRiqvams, rogorc qalis mudmiv, saSinao
monobaSi CaTrevis xerxs. “es iwyeba maSin, roca Sen mis mklavebSi iZirebi da
mTavrdeba, roca Seni mklavebi mis gankargulebaSia.” ambobs jonstoni da miiCnevs
rom yvela qalma unda uaryos Tavisi feminuroba da masTan dakavSirebuli pasiuroba,
unda uaryos monogamuroba da ufro agresiulad iswrafvodes seqsualuri
siamovnebis Ziebisken. misi azriT es aris gza, romelic qalma unda gaiaros sakuTari
avTenturi “me”-s aRmosaCenad.
politikuri lesboselebi
lesboseli feministebi miiCnevdnen, rom seqsualuri survili ar SeiZleba iyos
politikurad ganpirobebuli, magram amave dros lesboselobas gansazRvravdnen,
rogorc politikur arCevans. “politikuri lesboselebisTvis” savaldebulo ar iyo
qalTan intimuri kavSiris damyareba, magram, rogorc wesi, isini ar qorwindebodnen.
ana koerdtis gaxmaurebuli naSromis Semdeg, romelic klitoraluri da vaginaluri
orgazmis politikur analizs warmoadgens, lesboseli feministebi mouwodednen
2

3. lesbosuri feminizmi
elaiza Ceinieri
lesboselebs, Tavi SeekavebinaT iseTi “mamakacuri qcevisgan”, rogoricaa vaginaluri
da sxva saxis SeRwevadi seqsi da pornografiis gamoyeneba.
mokle varcxniloba, jinsebi, kubokruli perangi da samuSao maRalyeliani fexsac-
melebi¬ sakmaod gavrcelda axalgazrda qalaqel qalebs Soris. Cacmulobis amgvari
stili, sadac ukugdebulia feminuroba, kargad gamoxatavda lesboseli feministebis
esTetikas, romelic emijneba heteroseqsualobasa da klasobriv privilegiebs.
“buCi” da “femi”
lesboseli feministebi emijnebodnen “buCisa” da “femis” subkulturas. es gaxldaT
lesbosuri kulturis erTaderTi arsebuli ganStoeba imdroindel sazogadoebaSi.
lesboseli feministebi, rogoricaa del martini, filis lioni, jil jonstoni da
britaneli avtori Seila jegrisi, akritikebdnen maT, radgan Tvlidnen rom buCebi
mamkacurobasTan axdendnen TviTidentifikacias, xolo femebi qalur pasiur
mdgomareobaSi rCebodnen. aseTi roluri qceva ki heteroseqsualuri kavSiris
mimbaZveloba iyo, rac patriarqatis ganmtkicebas uwyobda xels da winaaRmdegobaSi
modioda feminizmTan.
sainteresoa aseve is, rom buCi da femi qalebi sakuTar Tavs geebad moixseniebdnen,
radgan termin lesboselis semantikaSi, maTTvis gonebrivad daavadebulis damatebis
mniSvnelobac igulisxmeboda. lesboseli feministebi ki ar gaurbodnen am termins,
piriqiT, maT miaCndaT, rom mas saamayo etimologia aqvs da iyvnen pirvelni, vinc es
sityva socio-seqsualuri identobis pozitiur msazRvrelad gamoiyenes. marTlac, am
gziT lesboselma feministebma didi wvlili Seitanes socio-politikuri kavSirebis
gaZlierebis saqmeSi, rac mniSvnelovnad uwyobda xels izolaciis, stigmis da im
sakanonmdeblo problemebis daZlevas, romlebsac xSirad awydebodnen
homoseqsualebi.
droTa ganmavlobaSi seqsualobis komponenti lesbosur feminizmSi ukana planze
iwevs. Sarlota banCis 1972 wlis statia “lesboselTa amboxi” lesbosur feminizms
warmoaCens, rogorc ganurCevlad yvela qalis Cagvrisgan gaTavisuflebi gzas. igi
amtkicebs, rom “leboseloba safuZvels uryevs mamakacis upiratesobas” ara imitom,
rom qalebi erTmaneTTan seqsualur kavSirs amyareben, aramed imitom, rom xdeba
Zalauflebrivi berketebis Camocileba mamakacisgan. banCi Cagvrisgan gamaTavi-
suflebeli sxva moZraobebis gavlenasac ganicdida, mas sjeroda, rom mamakacis
dominantobis rRvevis Sedegad daiZleoda rasizmi, kapitalizmi da imperializmi.
1973 wels, Sarlotam rita mae braunTan da sxva lesbosel feministebTan erTad
daarsa Jurnali (quest: a feminist quarterly), romelic miznad isaxavda debatebis
provocirebas da feministuri Teoriis gaviTarebas. Jurnali gamodioda sam TveSi
erTxel 1974 wlidan 1984 wlis CaTvliT da lesbosuri feminizmis erT-erTi
wamyvani Teoriuli gamocema iyo.
3

4. lesbosuri feminizmi
elaiza Ceinieri
erToblivi RonisZiebebi da lesbosuri separatizmi
qalebis, geebisa da lesboselebis gamaTavisuflebel brZolaSi erToblivi
Zalisxmevebi da RonisZiebebic Sedioda. maT Soris yvelaze mniSvnelovani amerikis
fsiqologTa asociaciasTan (APA) Catarebuli samuSaoa. am asociaciis klinikuri
praqtika da diagnostika homoseqsualobas paTologiad moiazrebda. qalebis, geebisa
da lesboselTa jgufis saerTo aqtivizmis pirdapiri Sedegi iyo is, rom amerikis
fsiqiatriuli asociaciis yovelwliuri Sexvedrebis ganmavlobaSi, 1971-dan 1973
wlamde, moxerxda homoseqsualobis gonebrivi daavadebebis siidan amoReba.
erToblivma RonisZiebebma sagrZnoblad iklo 1972 wlis rita mae braunis gamosvlis
Semdeg, romelSic man lesbosuri feminizmi avtonomiur moZraobad gamoacxada, xolo
gansxvaveba heteroseqsual qalebsa da lesboselebs Soris aRwera, rogorc
“gansxvaveba reformasa da revolucias Soris”. misi azriT intimuri urTierTobis
SenarCuneba mamakacTan mterTan TanamSromlobis tolfasi iyo.
braunis es gamosvla lesbosuri separatizmis dasawyisi gaxda. man didi gamoxmaureba
hpova britaTis, Sotlandiisa da avstriis lesboselebs Soris da gadaizarda
kulturul moZraobasa da ideologiaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikis SeerTebuli
Statebis farglebs gareT lesboseli feministebi ufro midrekilni iyvnen qalTa
moZraobasa da geebis moZraobasTan TanamSromlobisken, “qalis mier gansazRvruli
qalis” cnobierebam, rac qalis gaTavisuflebis gzad esaxeboda lesbosur-
separatistul feminizms, mTels inglisurenovan feministur sazogadoebaSi hpova
gamoZaxili.
lesbosuri sazogadoebis Seneba kulturuli industriebis SeqmniT daiwyo, sadac
qalis unarebi da SesaZleblobebi ufro gamovlindeboda da dafasdeboda. 1972 wels
daarsda “olivia rekordsi”, romelmac daiwyo iseTi popularuli lesboseli
feministi momReralebis Cawera, rogoricaa holi niari da loren segato, romelic
mxolod qalTa sazogadoebisTvis marTavda warmodgenebs. daarsda “naiad presi”
(1973-2004), sadac intensiurad ibeWdeboda lesbosuri poezia, mxatvruli Tu sxva
saxis literatura. qalaqebSi gaCnda wignis maRaziebi da sazogadoebrivi centrebi,
romlebsac lesbosuri sazogadoebis warmomadgenlebi xelmZRvanelobdnen.
kulturisa da politikis Serwymis erT-erTi warmatebuli magaliTi iyo aseve
miCiganis musikaluri festivalis daarseba, romelic mxolod qalebisTvisaa gankuTv-
nili da 1976 wlidan moyolebuli yoveli wlis agvistos TveSi imarTeba lesbo-
selTa mcire jgufis mier Sesyidul teritoriaze. aTasobiT qali Camodis sxvada-
sxva qveynidan festivalze dasaswrebad. maT SeuZliaT monawileoba miiRon politi-
kur da pirovnul sakiTxebze mowyobil samuSao SexvedrebSi. yvelas eZleva imis Se-
saZlebloba, rom wvlili Seitanos yoveldRiur saqmianobaSi, iqneba es mzareuloba,
dasufTaveba Tu sxva saxis saqmianoba... uzrunvelyofilia moqnili sagadasaxado
sistema da bavSvebze zrunvis servisi, magram mamrobiTi sqesis warmomadgenel baSvebs
6 wlis asakidan, calke, sqesobrivad segregirebul sivrceSi uvlian. festivalis
4

5. lesbosuri feminizmi
elaiza Ceinieri
amgvari politika, romelic gamoricxavs sadomazoxisturi praqtikis gamtarebel
sazogadoebas da mxolod qalebisTvisaa, bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi kritikis da
davis sagans warmoadgens. miuxedavad amisa, cnobili multiplikatori elison
beCdeli am festivals aRwers, rogorc “wliur utopias” qalebisaTvis.
kulturuli feminizmi
lesbosuri feminizmis kidev erTi ganStoeba _ kulturuli feminizmia, romelic
miuxedavad sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT gaviTarebisa, mainc im saerTo mosazrebebsa da
varaudebs efuZneba, romelsac misi radikalurad ganwyobili winamorbedebi
iziarebdnen. kerZod, es aris rwmena imisa, rom mamakacuri kulturidan Tavis
daRweva, patriarqatis rRveva sxva saxis Cagvrisganac gaaTavisuflebs sazogadoebas,
rom aqedan unda daiwyos anti-seqsistur, anti-rasistul, anti-kapitalistur da
anti-imperialistur utopiebze fiqri.
kulturul feminizmSi farTod ganixileba es sakiTxi. Teorizacia eyrdnoba
mosazrebas, rom Tavad bavSvis gaCenis unari gansazRvravs qalis bunebas da
Rirebulebebs, es unari ubiZgebs mas pacifizmi amjobinos oms, rom qalisTvs ucxoa
mogebis motivi da is dgas upirobo siyvarulis mxares. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT,
xdeba upirobo siyvarulis genderizacia, da qaluri bunebis, rogorc ufro
upiratesisa da amaRlebulis aRiareba.
xSirad erTmaneTSi erevaT lesbosuri separatizmi da kulturuli feminizmi.
separatistebi qalisa da mamakacis aliansis daSlis gziT mamakacisTvis Zalauflebis
CamorTmevas emxrobodnen, raTa ptriarqati daemxoT. kulturuli feminizmi ki
axdens qalis Tvisebebis, rogorc biologiuri determinantebis esencializacias da
damoukidebeli qaluri kulturis Seqmnas sTavazobs sazogadoebas.
kulturul feminizimTan yvelaze xSirad asocirdeba amerikeli poeti da eseisti
edrian riCi. misi nawerebi dedis rolze sakmaod didi gavleniT sargeblobda
yvelanairi politikuri poziciis mqone feministebs Soris, magram gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania misi 1980 wels dawerili statia "savaldebulo heteroseqsualoba
da lesbosuri arseboba". seqsualobis miseuli kritika dResac did gavlenas axdens
seqsualobis Teoriebze, xolo mis mier SemoRebuli lesbosuri kontinuumis cneba
safuZvlad daedo kulturul feminizms.
separatistebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic lesboselobas upiratesad patriarqatis
dasamxobad strategiulad mobilizebul politikur poziciad warmoaCendnen, riCi
lesboselobas axasiaTebs rogorc uwyvet kontinuums, anu uwyvet jaWvs qalebs
Soris, romelic aerTianebT maT. riCi ambobs, rom kavSiris Sesusteba moxda kacebis
moTxovnilebebisa da qalis Sromaze kontrolis gamo da qalis gza pirovnuli
srulyofisa da gaTavisuflebisaken swored am kavSiris aRdgenaze gadis.
riCiseuli lesbosuri kontinuumis interpretirebisas damkvidrda lesboselis
cnebis Semdegi mniSvneloba, rom yvela qali visac emociurad intimuri urTierToba
5

6. lesbosuri feminizmi
elaiza Ceinieri
aqvs sxva qalTan, SeiZleba CaiTvalos lesboselad. lesboselis es modeli gvxvdeba
istorikos lilian fadermanis SromaSi, sadac aRwerilia XIX saukune da XX
saukunis adreuli wlebSi arsebuli urTierTobebi qalebs Soris. Tavis mxriv,
federmans akritikeben imis gamo, rom mis naSromSi bundovnadaa gadmocemuli
fizikuri siaxlovis mniSvneloba identobis Camoyalibebis sakiTxSi.
reaqcia da kritika
droTa ganmavlobaSi lesboseli feministebis saubrebi universalur qalur
erTianobaze kritikis obieqti gaxda. feradkaniani da muSaTa klasis warmomadgeneli
qalebi damatebiT rasobriv da klasobriv diskriminacias ganicdidnen da Tvlidnen
rom feminizmi maT problematikas saTanado yuradRebas ar aqcevda.
Ceri moragasa da gloria anzalduas Sroma "es xidi Cemi zurgia: radikali
feradkaniani qalebis nawerebi" (This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women
of Color, 1981) akritikebs lesboseli da sxva feministebis naSromebs da
arasrulyofils uwodebs maT, radgan isini ver axdendnen mravalmxrivi Cagvris
problematikis saTanado gaazrebas da amiT ufro uwyobdnen xels rasobriv da kla-
sobriv segregacias, miuxedavad imisa, rom aseTi struqturebis rRvevis momxreni
iyvnen. am kritikam mniSvnelovani debatebi gamoiwia feminist aqtivistebsa da inte-
leqtualur wreebSi. amis Sedegad Seiqmna axali politikuri strategiebi, romelic
uaryofda separatistul politikas da koaliciis Senebisken iyo mimarTuli.
1970-ian wlebSi lesbosel feministTa mtkice seqsualuri politikisagan
frustraciam konfrontaciebi gamoiwvia, romlis mTavari sagani seqsualuri
TviTgamoxatva da transgenderuli sakiTxebi iyo. lesbosel sadomazoxist
feministTa jgufs, romelsac samoistebad moixseniebdnen, ar misces san franciskos
qalTa gaerTianebis wevrobis ufleba. sapasuxod samois jgufis wevrma patrik
kalifia-raisma (pet kalifia) sajarod ganacxada, rom lesboselTa seqsualuri
politika seqsuluri represiis erT-erT formas warmoadgenda.
cota xnis Semdeg lesbosel feministTa jgufma scada, CaeSalaT akademikosTa mier
organizebuli konferencia, romelic miznad isaxavda qaluri seqsualobis analizs,
rac cenzurisa da aratolerantobis gamovlinebad CaiTvala. 1990-ian wlebSi
transeqsualebi da qvier aqtivistebi regularulad aprotestebdnen arabiologiuri
qalebis gamoricxvis politikas "mxolod qalebisTvis" Catarebuli RonisZiebebidan.
daskvna
lesbosurma feminizmma didi gavlena moaxdina araerTi Taobis warmomadgeneli qalis
rogorc pirad, aseve politikur mdgomareobaze. 1972 wels ukve moxda qalebs
Soris intimuri kavSiris institucionalizacia, 1973 wels SesaZelebeli gaxda
lesbosel momReralTa audio Canawerebis da lesbosur Temaze Seqmnili wignebis
6

7. lesbosuri feminizmi
elaiza Ceinieri
gamocema da SeZena, daswreba mxolod qalebisTvis gankuTvnil RonisZiebebze.
sainteresoa, rom bevri dResac axdens lesbosur feminizmTan TviTidentifikacias.
magram Sida dapirispirebebma rasobriv da seqsualur politikas Soris lesbosel
feministebSi Tavisave ideologiur SezRudvebTan Sejaxeba gamoiwvia. 1990 wels
feministTa axali Taoba modis, romelic sakuTar Tavs "mesame talRas" uwodebs. igi
inarCunebs feministuri moZraobis ramdenime adreul Sexedulebas, magram
prioritetuls xdis anti-rasistul, anti-kolonialur, qvier da genderze
dayrdnobil Teoriul brZolas. am cvlilebebis miuxedavad, miCiganis qalTa
musikaluri festivali dRemde warmatebiT imarTeba, im mosazrebaze dayrdnobiT, rom
"mxolod qalebisTvis" gankuTvnili sivrcis survili jer kidev arsebobs.
miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom lesbosuri feminizmi, rogorc politikuri
ideologia, dRes ufro nakleb qalSi poulobs gamoZaxils, vidre es 1970-1980ian
wlebSi xdeboda.
inglisuridan Targmna
nino xarCilavam
7