lecture3.ppt

RFIC Design
Lecture 3:
Data transmission Concept

CMOS VLSI Design
3:Data Transmission Slide 2
Outline
 Channel filtering
 RF Channel Effect
 Interference
 Channel coding
 Wireless Standards

CMOS VLSI Design
Channel filtering

CMOS VLSI Design
Intersymbol interference
 Filter can be used to shape the pulse and limit the bandwidth.
 Filtering effect will cause a spreading of individual data
symbols.
 For consecutive symbols, this spreading causes part of the
symbol energy to overlap with neighboring symbols, causing
intersymbol interference (ISI).

CMOS VLSI Design
No ISI filtering
 For this type of channel response, the data symbols
are still smeared, but the waveform passes through
zero at multiples of the symbol period .

CMOS VLSI Design
Nyquist channel filtering
 A Nyquist channel response
 Its transfer function has a transition band between
passband and stopband that is symmetrical about a
frequency equal to 0.5 x 1/Ts.
 Ts is the transmission symbol time.

CMOS VLSI Design
Nyquist bandwidth
 The Nyquist bandwidth is the minimum bandwidth
than can be used to represent a signal.

CMOS VLSI Design
Zero ISI
 Pulse shaping for zero ISI: Nyquist channel filtering.
 It is also evident that the sample timing must be very
accurate to minimize the ISI problem.

CMOS VLSI Design
Raised cosine filtering
 A commonly used realization of the Nyquist filter is a
raised cosine filter.
 So called because the transition band (the zone
between passband and stopband) is shaped like
part of a cosine waveform.
 The sharpness of the filter is controlled by the
parameter a, the filter roll-off factor.
 When a = 0 this conforms to an ideal brick-wall filter.

CMOS VLSI Design
Raised cosine filtering
 Actual modulation bandwidth, B = 0.5 X 1/Ts (1 + a)

CMOS VLSI Design
FIR
 Traditionally it has been difficult to construct a filter
having a Nyquist response using analogue
components.
 and it has taken the development of the digital
signal processor (DSP) to bring Nyquist and raised
cosine filters into everyday use.
– finite impulse response (FIR)

CMOS VLSI Design
Eye Diagrams
 The eye diagram is a convenient visual method of
diagnosing problems with data systems
 An eye diagram is generated conventionally using
an oscilloscope connected to the demodulated,
filtered symbol stream, prior to conversion of the
symbols to binary digits.

CMOS VLSI Design
Diagnose eye diagram

CMOS VLSI Design
Eye diagrams
 Eye diagrams for raised cosine filtered data

CMOS VLSI Design
Where to put the filter?

CMOS VLSI Design
Filter consideration
 Pulse shaping for limited bandwidth
 Avoid interference between each defined channel
 ISI free
 In Rx path, it can remove strong interference out of
the desired band.

CMOS VLSI Design
RRC filter
 The root raised cosine filter is generally used in
series pairs, so that the total filtering effect is that of
a raised cosine filter.
 The advantage is that if the transmit side filter is
stimulated by an impulse, then the receive side filter
is forced to filter an input pulse shape that is
identical to its own impulse response.
 The pairs sets up a matched filter and maximizing
signal to noise ratio while at the same time
minimizing ISI.

CMOS VLSI Design
Choice of a
 Benefits of small a
– Maximum bandwidth efficiency achieved.
 Benefits of large a
– Simpler filter – fewer stages (taps) hence easier to
implement with less processing delay.
– Less signal overshoot, resulting in lower peak to
mean excursions of the transmitted signal.
– Less sensitivity to symbol timing accuracy – wider
eye opening.

CMOS VLSI Design
Symbol timing recovery (I)
 Utilize the raised cosine filter with a = 1
 The main drawback :
– an a = 1 data system to achieve symbol timing is
the sacrifice in bandwidth that such a large a
entails.
– zero-crossings may be corrupted by the noise

CMOS VLSI Design
Symbol timing recovery (II)

CMOS VLSI Design
Symbol timing recovery (III)
 Yet the last method of symbol timing recovery is the
early-late gate method.

CMOS VLSI Design
RF Channel Effect

CMOS VLSI Design
Gain distortion – filters
 Filters are never perfectly 'flat' in the passband .
 Elliptic or Chebychev filters have very high passband ripple, but
also achieve very fast roll-off.
 Butterworth or Bessel filters have much less ripple but also
much slower roll-off.
 The raised cosine filter also
exhibits passband ripple,
 It depends on the length (number
of taps) used in the filter.
 The degree of ripple can be
small with very long filter
length, but complex.

CMOS VLSI Design
Gain distortion – amplifiers
 RF Amplifiers sometimes do not exhibit a linear
relationship between input power and output power.

CMOS VLSI Design
Gain distortion – amplifiers
 Effects:
– the careful pulse shaping achieved with a Nyquist
filter can be corrupted, reintroducing ISI into the
link.
– the non-linearity can result in what is commonly
termed spectral regrowth due to intermodulation
products being generated within devices.
 In digital cellular systems, spectral regrowth is a
major problem and a lot of design effort is focused
on compensating for this problem.

CMOS VLSI Design
Gain distortion with frequency
 In most RF applications, the passband is a narrow
band.
 L,C are narrow band component.
 The wideband system is getting more important,
such as UWB.

CMOS VLSI Design
Phase distortion
 Many filters have phase variations across the
passband and in the transition band.
 Bessel filter having a very good near linear phase
response with frequency, and
 But Elliptic filter having a very poor response.

CMOS VLSI Design
Group delay
 Group delay is defined as the rate of change of
phase shift with frequency.
 For a non-linear phase response, the group delay
will vary with frequency as shown here,

CMOS VLSI Design
Phase distortion
 High power amplifiers
– have non-linear amplitude response with input
power.
– they also usually have a non-linear phase
response with input power
 Caused by non-linear devices
– Such as varactors.
 Cause AM-PM distortion.
 Has a detrimental effect on
phase based modulation
formats such as M-ary PSK.

CMOS VLSI Design
Group delay
 For a filter with a linear phase response, the rate of
change of phase with frequency is constant.
 With the effect that data pulses or symbols passing
through the filter are smeared by the different delays
across the frequency components, reintroducing ISI
into the signal.
 Both gain and phase/group delay distortion can be
compensated to some extent with the use of
equalization circuits.

CMOS VLSI Design
Local oscillator error
 Accurate frequency achieved by Crystal Oscillator.
 If we now consider the case of a cellular radio
modem operating with a carrier of 1 GHz,
then the oscillator frequency error for a 1-ppm
source is +/–1000 Hz.
 Here, it is fast to out of coherency more than a few
microseconds.
 It can be compansated by the carrier recovery.

CMOS VLSI Design
Interference

CMOS VLSI Design
Interference
 adjacent channel interference
 co-channel interference
 multipath interference

CMOS VLSI Design
Dealing with interference
 Multipath interference : Ghosting caused by
multipath can often be cured by using directive
antennas to avoid picking up reflections.
 Co-channel and adjacent
channel interference : They are again
controllable by good system
planning and good selective
filtering within the receiver modem.

CMOS VLSI Design
Multipath distortion
 More than one propagation path exist
 It causes significant distortion of the received data
symbols.
 The same source signal,
arriving by a different route,
will experience a different
path length and hence a
different propagation delay

CMOS VLSI Design
Multipath fading
 If the phase difference approaches 180° ,then the
signals will in fact partially cancel each other.
 If the phase difference approaches 0 ° they will
reinforce.

CMOS VLSI Design
frequency selective fading
 The effect is known as frequency selective fading
and gives rise to notches in the frequency response
of the channel.

CMOS VLSI Design
Multipath fading
 Time domain problem : intersymbol interference will
occur.
 Channel equalizers are often employed.

CMOS VLSI Design
Coping with multipath fading
 Spectral spreading
 Direct sequence spread spectrum uses a wideband data
sequence to mix with a narrowband data signal and thence
spread the energy .
 A small proportion of the spread signal energy will be lost in
the frequency selective fades and the majority will pass.
 By de-spreading the signal in the receiver, a reasonable copy
of the original transmitted signal can be obtained.
 Data coding and channel equalization are often employed in
addition to the spreading to improve the integrity of the channel.

CMOS VLSI Design
 Frequency hopping
 It approach means that for some of the time the
signal will fall within a selective fade, but for most of
the time, it will be passed within a non-fading portion
of the channel.
 With extra coding a high integrity communications
link can be established

CMOS VLSI Design
 Channel equalizers
 These involve sending a sounding pulse into the channel and
measuring the level, phase and time delay of each significant
echo received from the various transmission paths.
 The receiver has to work out the inverse channel transfer
function with which to correct the subsequent message data.
 A sounding data sequence is sent embedded in the centre of
each GSM data packet (frame) which is repeated every 4.615
ms.

CMOS VLSI Design
Diversity
Space Diversity
Time Diversity
Frequency Diversity

CMOS VLSI Design
Channel coding

CMOS VLSI Design
Channel coding
 Error detection schemes – ARQ (Automatic Repeat
Request Systems).
– Stop and Wait ARQ,Go Back N ARQ ,Selective
ARQ
 Error detection and correction –This process is
known as FEC (Forward Error Correction).

CMOS VLSI Design
Types of ARQ operation
 Stop and Wait ARQ
 Go Back N ARQ
 Selective ARQ

CMOS VLSI Design
Parity Check
 Parity Check

CMOS VLSI Design
Parity Check Circuit
 Parity Check Circuit

CMOS VLSI Design
FEC coding
 Block coding – where a
group (block) of bits is
processed as a whole in
order to generate a new
(longer) coded block for
transmission.
 Convolutional coding –
operates on the incoming
serial bit stream
generating a real-time
encoded serial output
stream.

CMOS VLSI Design
Block coding
 Hamming codes
 Interleaving
 BCH (Bose-Chaudhuri-Hocquenghem)
 Reed–Solomon (RS) codes

CMOS VLSI Design
Convolutional coding
 Viterbi convolutional code
 Trellis Diagrams
 Turbo Code

CMOS VLSI Design
Viterbi algorithm
 The Viterbi algorithm was conceived by Andrew
Viterbi.
 It is an error-correction scheme for noisy digital
communication links.
 It’s finding universal application in decoding the
convolutional codes used in both CDMA and GSM
digital cellular, dial-up modems, satellite, deep-
space communications, and 802.11 wireless LANs.
 It is now also commonly used in speech recognition,
keyword spotting, computational linguistics, and
bioinformatics.

CMOS VLSI Design
Shannon–Hartley theorem
 It establishes the maximum amount of error-free
digital data (information) that can be transmitted
over such a communication link with a specified
bandwidth in the presence of the noise interference.
 The law is named after Claude Shannon and Ralph
Hartley.
 The Shannon limit or Shannon capacity of a
communications channel is the theoretical maximum
information transfer rate of the channel.
If S/N >> 1, C = 0.332 · BW · SNR (in dB).

CMOS VLSI Design
Turbo code
 Prior to Turbo codes, the best known technique
combined a Reed-Solomon error correction block
code with a Viterbi algorithm convolutional code,
also known as RSV codes. These RSV codes never
were able to approach the Shannon limit as closely
as Turbo codes have been able to.
 Future DVB-S (sat TV) standards will use Turbo
Codes to replace Reed-Solomon (RS) codes now
used
 Some future NASA missions will use Turbo Codes
as standard, replacing concatenated RS-Viterbi
codes now used

CMOS VLSI Design
Duplex,
Multiplexing
and
Multiple Access

CMOS VLSI Design
Duplex
 Half-duplex
 Full-duplex
 Time division duplex (TDD)
– Time division duplex has a strong advantage in
the case where the asymmetry of the uplink and
downlink data speed is variable
 Frequency division duplex (FDD)
– Frequency division duplex is much more efficient
in the case of symmetric traffic. In this case TDD
tends to waste bandwidth during switchover from
transmit to receive.

CMOS VLSI Design
TDD & FDD

CMOS VLSI Design
Multiplexing
 Multiplexer :Multiplexing is the combining of two or
more information channels onto a common
transmission medium.
 Generally, it is always used in telecommunication.
 In electrical communications, the two basic forms of
multiplexing are :
– time-division multiplexing (TDM) and
– frequency-division multiplexing (FDM).
 In optical communications:
– FDM is referred to as wavelength-division
multiplexing (WDM).

CMOS VLSI Design
Multiplexing

CMOS VLSI Design
Difference
 - Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) imply partitioning
the bandwidth of the channel connecting two nodes
into finite set of time slots.
 - Time Division multiple Access (TDMA) imply
partitioning the bandwidth of a channel shared by
many nodes, typically an infrastructure node and
several mobile nodes, where each node gets to
access its dedicated time slot.

CMOS VLSI Design
Multiple Access
 FDMA : Speak with different pitches
 TDMA : Speak alternately
 CDMA : Speak with different language

CMOS VLSI Design
FDMA
 Frequency Division Multiple Access
 If a channel has a bandwidth W Hz, and individual
users require B Hz, then the channel in theory
should be able to support W/B users

CMOS VLSI Design
FDMA
 Efficiency of frequency multiplexing
– It is governed by how effectively the transmission
bandwidth is constrained by each user, such as a
of RRC.
– It is also dependent on how good (selective) the
'de-multiplexing' system is at filtering out the
modulation corresponding to each user.

CMOS VLSI Design
Challenges of FDMA
 Near-far effect
– very large variations in received signal power
that arise from users in different frequency is one
of the biggest challenges.
– If the strong signal is producing any out-of-band
radiation in the slot occupied by the weak signal,
this can easily swamp the weak signal corrupting
the communications
– Typical up to 100 dB

CMOS VLSI Design
Challenges of FDMA
 Solution :
– Side-lobe energy of digital modulation formats, such as and
on designing modulation formats that are not overly
sensitive to amplifier distortion.
– CPFSK , GMSK: are all driven by this near-far problem in
the wireless application
 Other challenges
– Doppler shift and local oscillator error : in the radio
environment include dealing with the frequency cause
uncertainty for any individual user .
– This inevitable error requires guard-bands to be allocated
between frequency slots, thus sacrificing some of the
efficiency of the FDMA scheme.

CMOS VLSI Design
Advantages of FDMA
 Better ISI performance arising from path delay
– Longer symbol time
 Another advantage of FDMA is that the bandwidth
of the TX and RX circuitry is kept to a minimum or
narrow, (particularly the bandwidth over which power
amplifiers are to be made linear),

CMOS VLSI Design
Disadvantage of FDMA
 Frequency stability : if the guard-bands are to be
kept to a minimum, the need for guard-bands has
traditionally been a bigger problem for FDMA use.
– Solution : Requiring very costly and high stability
oscillators in the modems.
 Frequency selective fading :
– FDMA has the susceptibility of any individual
narrow frequency slot to frequency selective
fading which can cause loss of signal.

CMOS VLSI Design
TDMA
 Operation : The user has access to a modem
operating at a rate several times.
 Channel Capacity : if the data rate on the channel is
w bits/second, and each individual user requires
only b bits/second, then the system can support w/b
simultaneous users.

CMOS VLSI Design
Capacity of TDMA
 Issue : TDMA is very likely that the channel capacity
is being 'wasted‘ because time slots are regularly
assigned.
 Solution :To maximize the use of a channel resource
under these circumstances.
– packet based transmission is now common on
wired links. (e.g. Ethernet)
– user is not given a fixed repeated time slot, but
rather allocated a time slot 'on demand'

CMOS VLSI Design
Challenges of TDMA
 Challenge : Again, the 'near-far' effect comes into
play, with signals from a distant user taking longer to
arrive at the base-station than those from a near
user.
 Solution : Guard-times are required between time
slots
 Challenge : The near-far problem also gives rise to
the same signal strength fluctuations in the base-
station.
 Result : No problem with adjacent channel
interference as no user is operating concurrently
with another.

CMOS VLSI Design
Challenges of TDMA
 Challenges : Round-trip delay
– If the distance between MS&BS is 30Km, the
delay is about 0.2ms.
 Solutions : Time Advance
– The timing advance(TA) is calculated by the BSS,
based on the bursts received from the MS.
– automatically advances the start time of its own
uplink transmission in order to compensate for
the up-link time delay.

CMOS VLSI Design
Advantages of TDMA
 Slighter Frequency selective fading:
 Variable user data rate : the ease with which users
can be given variable data rate services by simply
assigning them multiple time slots.

CMOS VLSI Design
Advantages of TDMA
 Only one PA : There is only one power amplifier
required to support multiple users for all time slot
users.
 Traditionally with FDMA, each user channel at the
base-station has required an individual power
amplifier, the output of which is combined at high
power to feed a single common antenna.
– Because the frequency is different.
 Saves Power : Each units is only on for part of time
for receiver.

CMOS VLSI Design
Disadvantages of TDMA
 System Timing Issue : For the same data rate,
TDMA is with shorter symbol data period than FDMA.
 higher peak power rating for the power amplifier :
– Because TDMA use also requires each user
terminal to support a much higher data rate than
the user information rate

CMOS VLSI Design
CDMA
 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
 Advantages :
– The interference immunity of CDMA for multi-user
communications
– It has very good spectral efficiency characteristics.
 There are two very distinct types of CDMA system
classified as :
– direct sequence CDMA
– frequency hopping CDMA

CMOS VLSI Design
Frequency hopped CDMA
 Frequency Hopping : it involves taking the narrow
bandpass signals for individual users and constantly
changing their positions in frequency with time.
 Benefit : changing frequency is to ensure that any
one user's signal will not remain within a fade for any
prolonged period of time.
 Operation : the carrier
frequencies are assigned
according to a predetermined
sequence or code.

CMOS VLSI Design
Frequency hopped CDMA
 Speed : Frequency hopping is most effective if a fast
hopping rate is used (several thousand times per
second)
 Problem 1:
– Need the design of fast switching synthesizers
– Broadband power amplifiers which in practice put
an upper limit on the hopping rate
 Problem 2: the narrowband channels are
susceptible to Doppler shift, local oscillator error.
 Advantages : less vulnerable to
– discrete narrowband interference
– near-far effect problems.

CMOS VLSI Design
Direct sequence CDMA
 The wideband spreading signal is generated using a
pseudo-random sequence generator clocked at a
very high rate (termed the chipping rate).
 De-spreading :
– the correct sequence is used at both ends of links.
– the two sequences are time aligned

CMOS VLSI Design
Direct sequence CDMA
 Capacity Limits : If there is some correlation
between spreading codes, as is almost always the
case, then there will be a small contribution to any
individual de-spread user signal from all the other
spread users on the channel.

CMOS VLSI Design
Advantages of CDMA
 Spread spectrum CDMA overcomes frequency
selective fading by ensuring that most of the spread
signal energy falls outside the fading 'notches‘.
 Flexible user data rate: flexibility to accommodate
variable user data capacity
– Each user in a spread spectrum CDMA system
can increase their modulation rate and local
narrowband modulation bandwidth.
 Flexible user numbers :
– By slightly over-subscribing the number of users
and their 'spread energy quota' on a spread
spectrum CDMA system

CMOS VLSI Design
Disadvantages of CDMA
 Penalty : the signal processing overhead involved
with such high rate and bandwidth transmission.
 Power control : it has also been identified as a
critical issue in maximizing the number of users that
can be supported on a given common frequency
channel.
 Contiguous block :CDMA also requires a large
amount of bandwidth to be available in a contiguous
block
– Typically bandwidths of 5 MHz upwards are
desirable for best communications performance.
– 1.25 MHz for IS-95

CMOS VLSI Design
Combination
 TDMA / FDMA combination
 We have already seen some examples of digital
communication systems exploiting combinations of
multi-user access techniques.
 GSM, although primarily a TDMA system, requires
several 200 kHz frequency channels (each carrying
eight time slots) in order to provide a practical high
capacity cellular system and can thus be viewed as
an FDMA system also.

CMOS VLSI Design
CDMA / FDMA
 CDMA / FDMA :IS-95

CMOS VLSI Design
Wireless Standards

CMOS VLSI Design
AMPS
 Channel Number : 833

CMOS VLSI Design
NADC
 North American Digital System
 IS-54 when it includes AMPS

CMOS VLSI Design
GSM
 Global System for Mobile Communication
 TDMA/FDM

CMOS VLSI Design
IS95
 Qualcomm CDMA

CMOS VLSI Design
DECT
 Digital European Cordless Telephone

CMOS VLSI Design
Analog Cellular Telephone
n/a
n/a
n/a
Channel Bit Rate
FM
FM
FM
Modulation
NMT-450: 25 kHz
NMT-900: 12.5 kHz
ETACS: 25 kHz
NTACS: 12.5 kHz
AMPS: 30 kHz
NAMPS: 10 kHz
Channel Spacing
1
Users Per Channel
NMT-450: 200
NMT-900: 1999
ETACS: 1240
NTACS: 400
AMPS: 832
NAMPS: 2496
Number of Channels
FDD
FDD
FDD
Duplex Method
FDMA
FDMA
FDMA
Multiple Access
Method
NMT-450:
Rx: 463-468
Tx: 453-458
NMT-900:
Rx: 935-960
Tx: 890-915
ETACS:
Rx: 916-949
Tx: 871-904
NTACS:
Rx: 860-870
Tx: 915-925
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
NMT
Nordic Mobile
Telephone
TACS
Total Access
Communication System
AMPS/NAMPS
Narrow Band Advanced
Mobile Phone System
Standard
Analog Cellular Telephones
n/a
n/a
n/a
Channel Bit Rate
FM
FM
FM
Modulation
NMT-450: 25 kHz
NMT-900: 12.5 kHz
ETACS: 25 kHz
NTACS: 12.5 kHz
AMPS: 30 kHz
NAMPS: 10 kHz
Channel Spacing
1
Users Per Channel
NMT-450: 200
NMT-900: 1999
ETACS: 1240
NTACS: 400
AMPS: 832
NAMPS: 2496
Number of Channels
FDD
FDD
FDD
Duplex Method
FDMA
FDMA
FDMA
Multiple Access
Method
NMT-450:
Rx: 463-468
Tx: 453-458
NMT-900:
Rx: 935-960
Tx: 890-915
ETACS:
Rx: 916-949
Tx: 871-904
NTACS:
Rx: 860-870
Tx: 915-925
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
NMT
Nordic Mobile
Telephone
TACS
Total Access
Communication System
AMPS/NAMPS
Narrow Band Advanced
Mobile Phone System
Standard
Analog Cellular Telephones

CMOS VLSI Design
Digital Cellular Telephone
270.833 kb/s
1.2288 Mb/s
48.6 kb/s
Channel Bit Rate
GMSK
(0.3 Gaussian Filter)
8-PSK (EDGE only)
QPSK/OQPSK
/4 DQPSK
Modulation
200 kHz
1250 kHz
30 kHz
Channel Spacing
8
15-50
3
Users Per Channels
124
20
832
Number of Channels
FDD
FDD
FDD
Duplex Method
TDMA/FDM
CDMA/FDM
TDMA/FDM
Multiple Access
Method
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Rx: 925-960
Tx: 880-915
Rx: 1805-1880
Tx: 1710-1785
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
Rx: 2110-2170
Tx: 1920-1980
(CDMA2000 Asia)
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
Digita
GSM
Global System for Mobile Communication
CDMA
IS-95
Code Division Multiple Access
TDMA
IS-54/IS-136
Time Division Multiple Access
Standard
Digital Cellular Telephones
270.833 kb/s
1.2288 Mb/s
48.6 kb/s
Channel Bit Rate
GMSK
8-PSK (EDGE only)
QPSK/OQPSK
/4 DQPSK
Modulation
200 kHz
1250 kHz
30 kHz
Channel Spacing
8
15-50
3
Users Per Channels
124
20
832
Number of Channels
FDD
FDD
FDD
Duplex Method
TDMA/FDM
CDMA/FDM
TDMA/FDM
Multiple Access
Method
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Rx: 925-960
Tx: 880-915
Rx: 1805-1880
Tx: 1710-1785
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
Rx: 2110-2170
Tx: 1920-1980
(CDMA2000 Asia)
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
Digita
GSM
CDMA
IS-95
TDMA
IS-54/IS-136
Standard

CMOS VLSI Design
270.8
1.2288 Mb/s
48.6 kb/s
Channel Bit Rate
G
(0.3 Gau
8-PSK (E
QPSK/OQPSK
/4 DQPSK
Modulation
20
1250 kHz
30 kHz
Channel Spacing
15-50
3
Users Per Channels
20
832
Number of Channels
F
FDD
FDD
Duplex Method
TDM
CDMA/FDM
TDMA/FDM
Multiple Access
Method
Rx: 8
Tx: 8
Rx: 9
Tx: 8
Rx: 18
Tx: 17
Rx: 19
Tx: 18
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
Rx: 2110-2170
Tx: 1920-1980
(CDMA2000 Asia)
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
G
Global System for M
CDMA
IS-95
TDMA
IS-54/IS-136
Standard
270.8
1.2288 Mb/s
48.6 kb/s
Channel Bit Rate
G
(0.3 Gau
8-PSK (E
QPSK/OQPSK
/4 DQPSK
Modulation
20
1250 kHz
30 kHz
Channel Spacing
15-50
3
Users Per Channels
20
832
Number of Channels
F
FDD
FDD
Duplex Method
TDM
CDMA/FDM
TDMA/FDM
Multiple Access
Method
Rx: 8
Tx: 8
Rx: 9
Tx: 8
Rx: 18
Tx: 17
Rx: 19
Tx: 18
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
Rx: 2110-2170
Tx: 1920-1980
(CDMA2000 Asia)
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
G
Global System for M
CDMA
IS-95
TDMA
IS-54/IS-136
Standard
42 kb/s
270.833 kb/s
270.833 kb/s
Mb/s
/4 DQPSK
GMSK
GMSK
8-PSK (EDGE only)
QPSK
25 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
Hz
3
8
0
1600
374
124
FDD
FDD
FDD
TDMA/FDM
TDMA/FDM
TDMA/FDM
DM
Rx: 810-826
Tx: 940-956
Rx: 1429-1453
Tx: 1477-1501
Rx: 1805-1880
Tx: 1710-1785
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Rx: 925-960
Tx: 880-915
Rx: 1805-1880
Tx: 1710-1785
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
894
849
1990
1910
2170
1980
0 Asia)
PDC
Personal Digital Cellular
DCS 1800/DCS 1900
Digital Communication System
GSM
A
5
ltiple Access
42 kb/s
270.833 kb/s
270.833 kb/s
Mb/s
/4 DQPSK
GMSK
GMSK
8-PSK (EDGE only)
QPSK
25 kHz
200 kHz
200 kHz
Hz
3
8
0
1600
374
124
FDD
FDD
FDD
TDMA/FDM
TDMA/FDM
TDMA/FDM
DM
Rx: 810-826
Tx: 940-956
Rx: 1429-1453
Tx: 1477-1501
Rx: 1805-1880
Tx: 1710-1785
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Rx: 925-960
Tx: 880-915
Rx: 1805-1880
Tx: 1710-1785
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
894
849
1990
1910
2170
1980
0 Asia)
PDC
Personal Digital Cellular
DCS 1800/DCS 1900
Digital Communication System
GSM
A
5
ltiple Access

CMOS VLSI Design
Analog Cordless Telephone
n/a
n/a
Channel Bit Rate
FM
FM
Modulation
25 kHz
1.7, 20, 25 or 40 kHz
Channel Spacing
CT1: 40
CT1+: 80
10, 12, 15, 20 or 25
Number of Channels
FDD
FDD
Duplex Method
FDMA
FDMA
Multiple Access
Method
CT1: 914/960
CT1+: 885/932
2/48 (U.K.)
26/41 (France)
30/39 (Australia)
31/40 (The Netherlands/Spain)
46/49 (China, S. Korea, Taiwan, U.S.A.)
48/74 (China)
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
CT1/CT1+
Cordless Telephone 1
CT0
Standard
Analog Cordless Telephones
n/a
n/a
Channel Bit Rate
FM
FM
Modulation
25 kHz
1.7, 20, 25 or 40 kHz
Channel Spacing
CT1: 40
CT1+: 80
10, 12, 15, 20 or 25
Number of Channels
FDD
FDD
Duplex Method
FDMA
FDMA
Multiple Access
Method
CT1: 914/960
CT1+: 885/932
2/48 (U.K.)
26/41 (France)
30/39 (Australia)
31/40 (The Netherlands/Spain)
46/49 (China, S. Korea, Taiwan, U.S.A.)
48/74 (China)
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
CT1/CT1+
CT0
Standard
Analog Cordless Telephones

CMOS VLSI Design
Digital Cordless Telephone
384 kb/s
1.152 Mb/s
72 kb/s
Channel Bit Rate
/4 DQPSK
GFSK
GFSK
Modulation
300 kHz
1.728 MHz
100 kHz
Channel Spacing
4
12
1
Users Per Channel
300
10
40
Number of Channels
TDD
TDD
TDD
Duplex Method
TDMA/FDM
TDMA/FDM
TDMA/FDM
Multiple Access
Method
1895-1918
1880-1900
CT2: 864/868
CT2+: 944/948
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
PHS
Personal Handy Phone System
DECT
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone
CT2/CT2+
Standard
Digital Cordless Telephones
384 kb/s
1.152 Mb/s
72 kb/s
Channel Bit Rate
/4 DQPSK
GFSK
GFSK
Modulation
300 kHz
1.728 MHz
100 kHz
Channel Spacing
4
12
1
Users Per Channel
300
10
40
Number of Channels
TDD
TDD
TDD
Duplex Method
TDMA/FDM
TDMA/FDM
TDMA/FDM
Multiple Access
Method
1895-1918
1880-1900
CT2: 864/868
CT2+: 944/948
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
PHS
Personal Handy Phone System
DECT
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone
CT2/CT2+
Standard
Digital Cordless Telephones

CMOS VLSI Design
Wireless Data
12 M
1, 2 or 11 MB/s
1 Mb/s symbol rate
1.6, 10 Mbps
1 Mb/s symbol rate
721 kb/s raw data
56 kb/s return
19.2 kb/s
Channel Bit Rate
OFD
(0.5
OFDM:
OFDM: 1
OFDM:
FHSS: GFSK
DSSS: DBPSK (1/MB/s)
DQPSK (2 MB/s)
CCK: QPSK (11 Mb/s)
FHSS
Shaped Binary FM
GMSK
Modulation
O
FHSS: 1 MHz
DSSS: 25 MHz
1 MHz, 3.5 MHz
1 MHz
30 kHz
Channel Spacing
127
8 active
7 active, 200 inactive
1
Users Per Channel
FHSS: 79
DSSS: 11
79
(23 in Japan, Spain, France)
832
Number of Channels
TDD
TDD
TDD
FDD
Duplex Method
CSMA/CA
Frequency hopping
Frequency hopping
FDMA
Multiple Access
Method
(US
(US
(US
2401-2462
1000 mW/MHz
(North America)
2412-2472
100 mW/MHz
(Europe)
2483
10 mW/MHz
(Japan)
2402-2480
(North America & Europe)
2447-2473 (Spain)
2448-2482 (France)
2473-2495 (Japan)
2402-2480
2447-2473 (Spain)
2448-2482 (France)
2473-2495 (Japan)
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
IE
IEEE 802.11b
HomeRF
Bluetooth
CDPD
Cellular Digital
Packet Data (WAN)
Standard
Wireless Data
(see telephone specs for data over cell phone)
12 M
1, 2 or 11 MB/s
1 Mb/s symbol rate
1.6, 10 Mbps
1 Mb/s symbol rate
721 kb/s raw data
56 kb/s return
19.2 kb/s
Channel Bit Rate
OFD
(0.5
OFDM:
OFDM: 1
OFDM:
FHSS: GFSK
DQPSK (2 MB/s)
CCK: QPSK (11 Mb/s)
FHSS
Shaped Binary FM
GMSK
Modulation
O
FHSS: 1 MHz
DSSS: 25 MHz
1 MHz, 3.5 MHz
1 MHz
30 kHz
Channel Spacing
127
8 active
1
Users Per Channel
FHSS: 79
DSSS: 11
79
832
Number of Channels
TDD
TDD
TDD
FDD
Duplex Method
CSMA/CA
Frequency hopping
Frequency hopping
FDMA
Multiple Access
Method
(US
(US
(US
2401-2462
1000 mW/MHz
(North America)
2412-2472
100 mW/MHz
(Europe)
2483
10 mW/MHz
(Japan)
2402-2480
2447-2473 (Spain)
2448-2482 (France)
2473-2495 (Japan)
2402-2480
2447-2473 (Spain)
2448-2482 (France)
2473-2495 (Japan)
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
IE
IEEE 802.11b
HomeRF
Bluetooth
CDPD
Cellular Digital
Packet Data (WAN)
Standard
Wireless Data

CMOS VLSI Design
Wireless Data
1, 2 or 11 MB/s
1 Mb/s symbol rate
1.6, 10 Mbps
1 Mb/s symbol rate
721 kb/s raw data
56 kb/s return
19.2 kb/s
Channel Bit Rate
O
OFD
O
FHSS: GFSK
DQPSK (2 MB/s)
CCK: QPSK (11 Mb/s)
FHSS
Shaped Binary FM
GMSK
Modulation
FHSS: 1 MHz
DSSS: 25 MHz
1 MHz, 3.5 MHz
1 MHz
30 kHz
Channel Spacing
127
8 active
1
Users Per Channel
FHSS: 79
DSSS: 11
79
832
Number of Channels
TDD
TDD
TDD
FDD
Duplex Method
CSMA/CA
Frequency hopping
Frequency hopping
FDMA
Multiple Access
Method
2401-2462
1000 mW/MHz
(North America)
2412-2472
100 mW/MHz
(Europe)
2483
10 mW/MHz
(Japan)
2402-2480
2447-2473 (Spain)
2448-2482 (France)
2473-2495 (Japan)
2402-2480
2447-2473 (Spain)
2448-2482 (France)
2473-2495 (Japan)
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
IEEE 802.11b
HomeRF
Bluetooth
CDPD
Cellular Digital
Packet Data (WAN)
Standard
Wireless Data
1, 2 or 11 MB/s
1 Mb/s symbol rate
1.6, 10 Mbps
1 Mb/s symbol rate
721 kb/s raw data
56 kb/s return
19.2 kb/s
Channel Bit Rate
O
OFD
O
FHSS: GFSK
DQPSK (2 MB/s)
CCK: QPSK (11 Mb/s)
FHSS
Shaped Binary FM
GMSK
Modulation
FHSS: 1 MHz
DSSS: 25 MHz
1 MHz, 3.5 MHz
1 MHz
30 kHz
Channel Spacing
127
8 active
1
Users Per Channel
FHSS: 79
DSSS: 11
79
832
Number of Channels
TDD
TDD
TDD
FDD
Duplex Method
CSMA/CA
Frequency hopping
Frequency hopping
FDMA
Multiple Access
Method
2401-2462
1000 mW/MHz
(North America)
2412-2472
100 mW/MHz
(Europe)
2483
10 mW/MHz
(Japan)
2402-2480
2447-2473 (Spain)
2448-2482 (France)
2473-2495 (Japan)
2402-2480
2447-2473 (Spain)
2448-2482 (France)
2473-2495 (Japan)
Rx: 869-894
Tx: 824-849
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
IEEE 802.11b
HomeRF
Bluetooth
CDPD
Cellular Digital
Packet Data (WAN)
Standard
Wireless Data
250/28 kb/s
12 Mb/s symbol rate
5.5-54 Mb/s
1, 2 or 11 MB/s
1 Mb/s symbol rate
1.6, 10 Mbps
1 Mb/s symbol rate
721 kb/s raw data
56 kb/s return
GFSK
OFDM: QPSK, QAM
(0.5 Gaussian filter)
OFDM: BPSK (5.5 Mb/s)
OFDM: 16QAM (24, 26 Mb/s)
OFDM: 64QAM (54 Mb/s)
FHSS: GFSK
DQPSK (2 MB/s)
CCK: QPSK (11 Mb/s)
FHSS
Shaped Binary FM
4 MHz
OFDM: 20 MHz
FHSS: 1 MHz
DSSS: 25 MHz
1 MHz, 3.5 MHz
1 MHz
255
127
127
8 active
FHSS: 79
DSSS: 11
79
FDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDMA
CSMA/CA
CSMA/CA
Frequency hopping
Frequency hopping
2402-2480
1000 mW/MHz
(N. America)
2412-2472
100 mW/MHz
(Europe)
2483
10 mW/MHz
(Japan)
5150-5250
(USA lower band)
5250-5350
(USA middle band)
5725-5825
(USA upper band)
2401-2462
1000 mW/MHz
(North America)
2412-2472
100 mW/MHz
(Europe)
2483
10 mW/MHz
(Japan)
2402-2480
2447-2473 (Spain)
2448-2482 (France)
2473-2495 (Japan)
2402-2480
2447-2473 (Spain)
2448-2482 (France)
2473-2495 (Japan)
IEEE 802.15.4
ZigBee
IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11b
HomeRF
Bluetooth
)
Wireless Data
250/28 kb/s
12 Mb/s symbol rate
5.5-54 Mb/s
1, 2 or 11 MB/s
1 Mb/s symbol rate
1.6, 10 Mbps
1 Mb/s symbol rate
721 kb/s raw data
56 kb/s return
GFSK
OFDM: QPSK, QAM
(0.5 Gaussian filter)
OFDM: BPSK (5.5 Mb/s)
OFDM: 16QAM (24, 26 Mb/s)
OFDM: 64QAM (54 Mb/s)
FHSS: GFSK
DQPSK (2 MB/s)
CCK: QPSK (11 Mb/s)
FHSS
Shaped Binary FM
4 MHz
OFDM: 20 MHz
FHSS: 1 MHz
DSSS: 25 MHz
1 MHz, 3.5 MHz
1 MHz
255
127
127
8 active
FHSS: 79
DSSS: 11
79
FDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDD
TDMA
CSMA/CA
CSMA/CA
Frequency hopping
Frequency hopping
2402-2480
1000 mW/MHz
(N. America)
2412-2472
100 mW/MHz
(Europe)
2483
10 mW/MHz
(Japan)
5150-5250
(USA lower band)
5250-5350
(USA middle band)
5725-5825
(USA upper band)
2401-2462
1000 mW/MHz
(North America)
2412-2472
100 mW/MHz
(Europe)
2483
10 mW/MHz
(Japan)
2402-2480
2447-2473 (Spain)
2448-2482 (France)
2473-2495 (Japan)
2402-2480
2447-2473 (Spain)
2448-2482 (France)
2473-2495 (Japan)
IEEE 802.15.4
ZigBee
IEEE 802.11a
IEEE 802.11b
HomeRF
Bluetooth
)
Wireless Data

CMOS VLSI Design
Personal Communication Systems
•PACS
(based on PHS cordless)
•DCT-U
(based on DECT cordless)
•Composite CDMA/TDMA
•PCS TDMA
(based on IS-136 cellular)
•PCS CDMA
•PCS 1900
(based on GSM cellular)
Wideband CDMA
Multiple Access
Method
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
Low Tier Standards
High Tier Standards
Standard
•PACS
(based on PHS cordless)
•DCT-U
(based on DECT cordless)
•Composite CDMA/TDMA
•PCS TDMA
•PCS CDMA
•PCS 1900
(based on GSM cellular)
Wideband CDMA
Multiple Access
Method
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
Rx: 1930-1990
Tx: 1850-1910
Mobile Frequency
Range (MHz)
Low Tier Standards
High Tier Standards
Standard

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