2. Values and Behavior - Tradition - Religion - Social habits Cultural Factors - Climate (sun, wind, rain, temp) - Topography (terrain) - Material Availability (soil types) Environmental Factors - Population concentration - Business (trades, industry, agriculture). - Food and Water Economical Factors - Threats - Wars - Conflicts Political Factors ARCHITECTURE
3. - CITY : organic, walled, sea ports - NEIGHBORHOOD : houses, mosques, markets, etc. - HOUSES : spaces and volumes, design elements, construction techniques, building materials - ROOMS : doors, wind catchers, roof shape and design - FURNITURE : design and decorations.
4. * Studies have shown that men, women, and their children have both the capacity and the desire to shape their personal environment and to related them to those of other members of their societies. * They have the skills and competence , the sensibility, and the know-how to build effectively with regard to climate and the resources they had at hand.
5. * Embodying the values and needs that are special to them, they have built homes in ways that have often achieved, in their integrity and authenticity, beauty of form and harmony of design.
8. SHELTER FOR THE NOMADS * Nomadic hunters whose food and raw materials for clothing and dwellings are mainly from sea mammals . * Clothes: Sea-lion skins , waterproofed by sea oil, undergarment from feather. * Over the years, they have mastered the art of survival. Eskimos
9. * Winter Dwelling Construction ( Iglu ) : Extensively used by Canada’s Central Eskimos. 1. A level site 2. Blocks cut from snow drift (built up from several years). 3. The blocks are cut by “ orsulung ” into smaller blocks: (1m x 0.5m and 0.2m thick)
10. * Iglu Construction (cont.): 4. A circle of 5m in diameter is scribed (scratched). 5. The first layer is laid and the rest layers are inclined in continuos spiral. 6. They are inclined inward and rested against the preceding block. The spiral continue to slope inwards without the dome collapsing during the construction. 5 m
11. 7. One man work inside (building) while the other cutting the block outside. 8. A key block is placed. 9. An opening (entrance) is made and a tunnel below to trap the cooler air. 10. The aperture is on top of the entrance (small enough to admit some daylight and little air draft). 11. The door is snow block or grizzly skin.
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13. Misconceptions - A lot of people think of Eskimos living in domed snow houses (iglus) throughout the year. The iglu was probably a recent development (within 200 years) and limited to the central Arctic Eskimo. Iglus were often used on hunting trips as temporary shelters, often a single dome. Some iglus were used throughout the winter. Iglus could have multiple domes (as in the sketch above). As the snow melted in spring, skins were used as coverings over the dwelling, like a tent.
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16. * Social Life: 1. Close family, sociable, like to visit and celebrate. 2. Keep warm (blubber lamp+body heat = raise Temperature from -40 o C to +16 o C). Ventilation is allowed through small hole ( qangrin ) 3. Certain habits: Honesty and quite 4. Like to play games, story telling, drink tea, receive visitors. 5. Club houses ( karigi ): Song dances to relief repressed feelings.
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18. * What makes the Iglu an efficient shelter? 1. The vault is constructed without frame (spiral and chamfered blocks) 2. The dome offer the maximum volume possible for the minimum surface area. 3. The dome has no internal corners (no air pockets) 4. The internal skin keep the ice blocks from the heat inside thus preventing it from melting.
19. * Summer Dwelling ( tupiq ): As the winter ends, they build the summer tent “ tupiq ”. 1. Ridge piece 2. Pieces of antler or willow wands 3. Tight fitting membrane of sealskin 4. Caribou skin.
20. * Lessons: 1. Shape is greatly affected by the climate and the building material. 2. Eskimos developed and discovered their own techniques for structural system (of unsupported vaults). 3. Marine life (mammals) formed the backbone of the Arctic subsistence economy . 4. Timber, grass, and other natural organic materials were virtually non-existence. They turned to the available material : snow and sea creatures (whales, seals).
