The document discusses the legality of objects in agreements under Indian law. It provides examples of when an object would be considered unlawful or void. Specifically: 1) The object is unlawful if it is forbidden by law, contravenes statutes, or is meant to defraud authorities. 2) The object is void if it implies injury to persons or property, is regarded as immoral, or is opposed to public policy - such as restraint of trade beyond reasonable limits or personal liberties. 3) Exceptions where restraint of trade may be valid include sale of goodwill and partners' or service agreements, but similar restraints after termination of service are void.

1. Legality of Object

2. LEGALITY OF OBJECT According to Section 23 of the Act, the object of an agreement isunlawful in the following cases: If it is forbidden by law: [Case: Srinivas v. Raja Ram Mohan] A loan granted to the guardian of a minor to enable him to celebrate the minor’s marriage

3. It is in contravention of the Child Marriage Restraint Act and is illegal and cannotbe recovered 2. If it is of such a nature that if permitted, it would defeat the provisions of any law

4. [Alexander v. Rayson] A let a flat to B at a rent of £1200 a year. With a view to reduce the municipaltax A made two agreements with B. One, by which the rent was stated to be £450only and the other, by which B agreed to pay £750 for services in connection with the flat. Held : A could not recover £750 since the agreement was made to defraud themunicipal authority and thus void

5. 3. If it is fraudulent Example:A, B and C enter into an agreement for the division among them of gains acquiredor to be acquired, by them by fraud. The agreement is void as its object is unlawful

6. 4. If it involves or implies injury to the person or property of another [Case: Ram Saroop v. Bansi] A borrowed Rs. 100 from B. He (A) executed a bond promising to work for B without pay for 2 years and in case of default agreed to pay interest at a very exorbitant rate and the principal amount at once. Held : The contract was void

7. 5. If the Court Regards it as Immoral [Baivijli v. HamdaSagar] M advanced money to R , a married woman to enable her to obtain a divorce from her husband. M agreed to marry her as soon as she could obtain a divorce. Held: M could not recover advanced money because the object of agreement was immoral.

8. 6. If it is opposed to public policy Trading with enemy (ii) Agreements for stifling prosecution (iii) Contracts in the nature champerty and maintenance

9. (iv) Agreements for the sale of public offices and titles [Case: Saminathan v. Muthusami ] A promises to pay a sum to B in order to induce him to retireso as to provide room for A’s appointment to the public office held by B Held: Theagreement is void

10. (v) Agreements in restraint of parental rights [GidduNarayanish v. Mrs. Annie Besant] A father having two minor sons agreed to transfer their guardianship in favour of Mrs. Annie Besant and also agreed not to revoke the transfer. Subsequently, he filed a suit for recovery of the boys and a declaration that he was the rightful guardian,

11. Held: TheCourt held that he had the right to revoke his authority and get back the children. (vi) Marriage brokerage [Venkatakrishna v. Venkatachalam ] A sum of money was agreed tobe paid to the father in consideration of his giving his daughter in marriage. Held: Such a promise amounted to a marriage brokerage contract and was void

12. (vii) Agreement in restraint of marriage (viii) Agreements in restraint of legal proceedings (ix) Agreements in restraint of trade

13. [Oakes & Co. v. Jackson ] J, an employee of a company, agreed not to employ himself in a similar concernwithin a distance of 800 miles from Madras after leaving the company’s service. Held : The agreement was void

14. Exceptions: [Cases in which restraint of trade is valid in India] Sale of goodwill [Goldsollv. Goldmand] S, a seller of imitation jewellery, sells his business to B and promises not to carry onbusiness in imitation jewellery and real jewellery.

15. Held : The restraint with regard to imitation jewellery was valid but not regarding realjewellery 2. Partners’ agreement: 3. Service agreements Any other engagement during his employment [ valid] A similar engagement after the termination of his services [void]

16. A agreed to become assistant for 3 years to B who was a doctor practising at Chennai. It was agreed that during the term of the agreement A was not to practise on his ownaccount in Chennai. After one year, A started his own practice.

17. Held : The agreement was valid and A could be restrained by an injunction from doingso. Example A bank appoints an officer subject to the condition that afterceasing to be in service he would not join the service of any other bank in India for a periodof 5 years

18. Held: The bank shall not be in a position to enforce such condition. (x) Agreement restricting personal liberty (xi) Agreement tending to create interest opposed to duty

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