3. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
NON FERROUS MATERIALS
• Non-ferrous metals are those which do not contain significant quantity of iron or
iron as base metal.
• They are utilized in industry due to following advantages:
1. High corrosion resistance
2. Easy to fabricate, i.e., machining, casting, welding, forging and rolling
3. Possess very good thermal and electrical conductivity
4. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
NON FERROUS MATERIALS
The various non-metals used in industry are:
o Copper,
o Aluminium,
o Tin,
o Lead,
o Zinc, and
o Nickel, etc., and their alloys.
6. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
Copper is a corrosion resistant metal of an attractive reddish brown colour.
Ores of Copper and their content of Copper
1. Cuprite or red oxide of copper……………………………….88%
2. Copper Glance……………………………………………………….80%
3. Copper Pyrites……………………………………………………….35%
4. Malachite or green carbonate of copper………………..56%
5. Azurite or blue malachite……………………………………….55%
7. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
High Thermal
Conductivity
Electrical
Conductivity
Soft &
Malleable
Ductile &
Non-Magn
etic
Can be
worked in hot
and cold
conditions.
Corrosion
Resistant &
Anti-Microbial
It is not attacked by
water at any
temperature
PROPERTIES
Reddish brown color
It melts at 1083 C
and boiling point is
2300 C
Specific Gravity 8.92
8. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
BACKDROP
Oldest metal of mankind.
The Bronze Age was named after the copper alloy.
Copper was used as early as -
7000 BC
To make weapons
5000 BC
For making jewellery
and ornaments
3500 BC
Increase of metal
supply
2500 BC
Production of
objects & tools
1500 BC
Belts and Gongs –
First musical
instrument
700 BC
Coins – Bronze used
as a mode of
payment
9. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
MANUFACTURE PROCESS
• Varies according to type of ores and desired purity.
• Unwanted materials are physically and chemically removed.
• Concentration of copper is increased progressively.
Mining Concentrating Smelting Refining
10. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
ALLOYS OF COPPER
S.NO ALLOYS COMPONENTS USES
1 BRASS COPPER + ZINC Bullets, Plumbing, Handles, Utensils
2 BRONZE COPPER + TIN Sculptures, Instruments, Medals.
3 CUPRONICKEL COPPER + NICKEL Used for outer cladding, coins
4 CUPROALUMINIUM COPPER + ALUMINIUM Have a golden color, used for
decorations.
BRASS BRONZE CUPRONICKE
L
CUPROALUMINIU
M
11. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
ALLOYS OF COPPER
• It is the most widely used alloy of copper.
• It is stronger than copper and is used in structural applications.
• It also possessed good corrosion resistance.
• It can be cast into moulds, drawn in wired, rolled into sheets and turned into tubes.
• Very often 1 to 3% of lead is added to brass for improving its machinery properties.
BRASS
WIRES SHEETS
TUBES &
MOULDS
12. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
ALLOYS OF COPPER BRASS
S.No VARIETIES COMPONENTS PROPERTIES USES
1 Cartridge Brass 70 % Copper + 30% Zinc Ductile and possessed
high tensile strength.
Tubes, springs
2 Delta Metal 60 % Copper + 37% Zinc
+ 3% Iron
Resistance to
corrosion is high.
May be used in
place of mild steel.
3 Low Brass 80 % Copper + 20% Zinc Moderately strong Pump lines,
ornamental work,
music instruments
4 Red Brass or metal 85 % Copper + 15% Zinc Action of corrosion,
superior to copper for
handling water.
Plumbing lines,
electrical sockets.
13. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
ALLOYS OF COPPER BRASS
S.No VARIETIES COMPONENTS PROPERTIES USES
5 White Brass 10 % Copper + 90% Zinc Similar to zinc except
for addition of copper
makes it hard and
strong.
Ornamental work
6 Yellow Brass 65 % Copper + 35% Zinc Very strong Used for plumbing
accessories, lamp
fixtures, grillwork,
screws, rivets and
tubes,
14. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
ALLOYS OF COPPER
• It is an alloy copper and tin.
BRONZE
Bronze
Bell Metal Gun Metal
Phosphor
Bronze
Speculum
Metal
15. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
ALLOYS OF COPPER
S.No VARIETIES COMPONENTS PROPERTIES USES
1 Bell Metal 82 % Copper + 18% Tin Hard and Brittle Making Bells
2 Gun Metal 88 % Copper + 10% Tin +
2% Zinc
Tough, strong and
hard. It resists
corrosion by sea
water.
• Bolts, nuts and
for many items
in naval
construction.
• Used for casting
into cannons in
the middle
ages.
BRONZE
16. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
ALLOYS OF COPPER
S.No VARIETIES COMPONENTS PROPERTIES USES
3 Phosphor Bronze 89% Copper + 10% tin +
1% phosphorus
Hard and Strong, It
resists corrosion by
sea water.
Used for springs,
gears
4 Speculum Metal 67 % Copper + 33% Tin It is silvery in color. It
has a high reflective
surface, when
polished.
Used for making
telescopes.
BRONZE
17. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
USES – MARKET FORMS
4. Extensively used for making electric cables,
household utensils, lighting conductors, blocks for
printing, dowels for stone masonry.
1.
SHEETS
2. TUBES 3. WIRES
5. It is mainly used in the
manufacture of alloys such as
brass and bronze.
18. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
USES
19. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
USES – ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATIONS
• Heavily employed in the construction industry.
• It is commonly found in buildings because it is waterproof. This makes it suitable
for cladding, roofing and plumbing.
• It is also applied in freestanding structures because of its light weight and
durability.
• Architectural copper is used in roofing systems, flashings and copings, rain gutters
and downspouts, building expansion joints, domes,, vaults, and various other
design elements.
20. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
USES – ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATIONS
Hapo Museum, Freedom Park, South Africa
Public Middle School, FRANCE
21. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
USES – ARCHITECTURAL APPLICATIONS
GMS Estates, London Museum of Fire, Żory,
Poland
22. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
USES – INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
• The metal’s high ductility makes it a practical tool for industrial use.
• It is the third most widely used metal in industries next to aluminum and iron.
• It is commonly used in shipbuilding.
• The metal is alloyed with nickel.
23. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
USES – INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS
Uses of Copper in Electricity
• Its core functions are transmission of electricity and power generation.
• The metal is employed in generators, motors and transformers.
• The metal is also used in wiring and electrical equipment. It is present in mobile
phones, TV and computers.
• Copper is present in electric circuit and microprocessors. It is also applied for
electrical transmission. It is superior to aluminum.
24. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
USES – TRANSPORTATION
• The element is used in construction of trains, cars, lorries and other vehicles.
• Battery currents use high purity copper wire harness systems.
• The current is transmitted to satellite navigation systems, on-board computers,
central locking and lights.
• Electric supper trams built from this material reduces the pollution that
transportation usually produces.
25. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
USES – TRANSPORTATION
26. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
COPPER
USES – DAILY USES
• The metallic element is applied in fixtures, doorknobs and other elements in a
house. It is used for some knives, spoons, knives and frying pans.
• The same material is used for counters, sinks, bathtubs, and heating cylinders.
• As pigmented salt the metal can be used for sculptures, statues and decorative art.
28. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
ALUMINIUM
• The aluminium occurs in abundance on the surface of earth.
• It available in various forms such as oxides, sulphates, silicates, phosphates etc.
• But it is commercially produced mainly from bauxite which is hydrated oxide of
aluminium.
• About 8.2% of the earth's crust is composed of aluminum.
29. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
ALUMINIUM
• Aluminium ore is called bauxite (Al2
O3
). The bauxite is purified to yield a white
powder – aluminium oxide (also known as alumina) – from which aluminium can
be extracted.
• The extraction is done by electrolysis, but first the aluminium oxide must be
melted so that electricity can pass through it. However, aluminium oxide has a very
high melting point (over 2,000°C) so it would be expensive to melt it.
MANUFCATURE
30. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
ALUMINIUM
• Instead it is dissolved in molten
cryolite- an al compound with a lower
melting point than aluminium oxide.
• The use of molten cryolite as a solvent
reduces some of the energy costs
involved in extracting aluminium by
allowing the ions in aluminium oxide to
move freely at a lower temperature.
MANUFCATURE
The molten aluminium sinks to the bottom of
the cell, where it is tapped off.
31. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
ALUMINIUM
PROPERTIES Good conductor
of heat and
electricity
Silver white
metal & Soft
Non-Magnetic,
great toughness
Light in
weight
Malleable and
ductile
Corrosion
Resistant &
Anti-Microbial
It is not attacked by
water , organic
acid.
It melts at 660 C and
boiling point is 2056
C
Specific Gravity 2.70
32. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
ALUMINIUM
EVALUATION AS BUILDING MATERIAL
1. AIR TIGHTNESS
2. APPEARANCE
3. EASE IN FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY
4. HANDLING AND TRANSPORT
33. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
BUILDING MATERIAL AND SCIENCE-IV
ALUMINIUM
EVALUATION AS BUILDING MATERIAL
5. HIGH CORROSION RESISTANT
6. HIGH REFLECTIVITY
7. MAINTENANCE COST
8. NOISE CONTROL
34. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
ALUMINIUM
DEMANDS
IN
VARIOUS
SECTORS
35. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
ALUMINIUM
FORMS OF ALUMINIUM
SHEET BASED
1. Baluster-head
2. Hardware and
fittings
3. Security and
decorative
1. Door and
window frames
2. Panels and
curtain walls
3. Domes and
grids
4. Green houses
and roof tops
5. Hardware and
fittings
6. Partitions and
space dividers
1. Flat type false
ceilings
2. Prefabricated
houses
3. Rain-water
articles
4. Roofing and
siding
1. Decorative
laminate
2. Insulative foils
3. Paints
4. Water proofing
sheets
FOIL & POWDER
CASTING BASED EXTRUSION BASED
36. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
ALUMINIUM
ARCHITECTURE APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINIUM
Today, aluminium is the second most used metal in buildings after steel.
LONG- SPAN ROOF SYSTEMS Areas such as halls and auditoriums
STRUCTURES LOCATED IN INACCESSIBLE PLACES Such as electrical transmission towers.
STRUCTURES IN CORROSIVE OR HUMID AREAS
Swimming pools, bridges, hydraulic
structures, offshore superstructures
STRUCTURES WITH MOVING SECTIONS Such as bridges.
STRUCTURES TO WHICH ACCESS FOR MAINTENANCE IS LIMITED Such as lighting towers,
antenna towers
38. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
ALUMINIUM & ITS ALLOYS
AL
ZINC
COPPER
MANGANESE
SILICON
MAGNESIUM
Zn – Increases strength
and hardness.
Cu- Increases strength and
hardness & ductility
Reduced resistance to corrosion
Increases tensile strength and
good resistance to corrosion.
Good corrosion resistance
Increases strength and
hardness. Good resistance to
corrosion. Increases welding
properties
39. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
ALUMINIUM & ITS ALLOYS
Y-ALLOY
1. Also known as
ALCLAD and it
has a thin
coating of pure
aluminium.
2. The thickness of
layer od pure
aluminium is
about 5 % of
thickness of
core.
3. And this layer
prevents
corrosion.
1. This is in fact
copper alloy.
2. Consists of 10 to
22% aluminium
and 90 to 78%
of copper.
3. Strong, hard,
light, elastic and
malleable,
yellowish brown
alloy.
Aluminium92.5%
Copper……..4.0%
Magnesium..1.5%
Nickel……....2.0%
Total 100%
• Good conductor
of heat.
• Possesses high
strength at high
temperature.
• Making pistons
of engines,
cylinder heads,
gear boxes.
Aluminium…94%
Copper……..4.0%
Magnesium…0.5%
Manganese....0.5%
Silicon………0.5%
Iron…………0.5%
Total 100% Used in
aircraft and
automobile
industries, electric
cables, in surgical
and orthopedic
implements or
gadgets.
DURALUMIN
ALDURAL
ALUMINIUM
BRONZE
40. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
ALUMINIUM
ARCHITECTURE APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINIUM
41. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
ALUMINIUM
ARCHITECTURE APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINIUM
42. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
ALUMINIUM
ARCHITECTURE APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINIUM
St Mary Axe, London, United Kingdom The Co-operative Group, Manchester, UK
43. LECTURE 3 – Non Ferrous
Materials
ALUMINIUM
ARCHITECTURE APPLICATIONS OF ALUMINIUM
The Wave, Almere, Holland Gaylord Texan Resort & Convention Cente
