This document discusses performance-based seismic evaluation and rehabilitation of masonry buildings according to guidelines from FEMA 356. It outlines acceptance criteria for different performance levels including immediate occupancy, life safety, and collapse prevention. Analysis methods include linear static procedure using force-displacement curves and deformation-controlled actions like bed-joint sliding and rocking. Retrofitting techniques aim to enhance wall strength and stiffness through methods such as reinforced cores, shotcrete, and reticulated reinforcement.
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
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Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
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The financial system of a country is an important tool for economic development of the country, as it helps in creation of wealth by linking savings with investments.
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The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
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What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
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how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Latino Buying Power - May 2024 Presentation for Latino CaucusDanay Escanaverino
Unlock the potential of Latino Buying Power with this in-depth SlideShare presentation. Explore how the Latino consumer market is transforming the American economy, driven by their significant buying power, entrepreneurial contributions, and growing influence across various sectors.
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how can I sell my pi coins for cash in a pi APPDOT TECH
You can't sell your pi coins in the pi network app. because it is not listed yet on any exchange.
The only way you can sell is by trading your pi coins with an investor (a person looking forward to hold massive amounts of pi coins before mainnet launch) .
You don't need to meet the investor directly all the trades are done with a pi vendor/merchant (a person that buys the pi coins from miners and resell it to investors)
I Will leave The telegram contact of my personal pi vendor, if you are finding a legitimate one.
@Pi_vendor_247
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how to sell pi coins at high rate quickly.DOT TECH
Where can I sell my pi coins at a high rate.
Pi is not launched yet on any exchange. But one can easily sell his or her pi coins to investors who want to hold pi till mainnet launch.
This means crypto whales want to hold pi. And you can get a good rate for selling pi to them. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor below.
A vendor is someone who buys from a miner and resell it to a holder or crypto whale.
Here is the telegram contact of my vendor:
@Pi_vendor_247
1. Seismic Design and Assessment of
Seismic Design and Assessment of
Masonry Structures
Masonry Structures
Lesson 11: Performance-Based Seismic
Evaluation and Rehabilitation of
Masonry Buildings
Notes Prepared by:
Daniel P. Abrams
Willett Professor of Civil Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
October 25, 2004
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 1
NEHRP Guidelines
FEMA 273, FEMA 356
first national consensus document for
rehabilitation
performance-based design
ductility-based rehabilitation
displacement-based analyses
For free copy of FEMA 356 call:
1-800-480-2520
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 2
2. Performance Based Rehabilitation
cost
basic safety objectives
increasing
collapse reliability
life safety
2%
immediate 10%
occupancy
20% probability of
operability 50% exceedance in 50 years
increasing
performance
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 3
Seismic Hazard Maps
NEHRP Provisions and Guidelines
Sa
T
0.2To To 1.0
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 4
3. Scope of Masonry Chapter
Existing, rehabilitated or new masonry lateral-force resisting
elements.
Clay and concrete masonry, hollow clay tile
Unreinforced and reinforced masonry.
In-plane and out-of-plane elements.
See Simplified Rehabilitation or Nonstructural chapters for
parapets, cladding or partition walls.
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 5
Performance of Brick Veneer
brick veneer
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 6
12. Linear Static Procedure
V=C1C2C3SaW
C1= interpolate between 1.0 and 1.5 for T=0.1 and To
C2= from Table 3-1 for framing type 1
C3= 1.0 for non-bearing wall
Sa = spectral acceleration
W = weight of building
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 23
Linear Static Procedure – FEMA 356
k
QE QCE
Vb
Force
∆i
QCE ∆y
∆y ∆i
Deflection
mκQ CE ≥ Q E
Q CE ∆i
∆y = mi =
k ∆y
io = immediate occupancy
ls = life safety
cp= Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 24
collapse prevention
13. Bed-Joint Sliding mκQCE ≥ QE
Deformation-controlled action
Vbjs
Vbjs = v me An
expected strength
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 25
Rocking mκQCE ≥ QE
Deformation-controlled action PCE
Vr
h
L
⎛L⎞
Vr = 0.9αPCE ⎜ ⎟
⎝h⎠
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 26
14. LSP Acceptability Criteria
mκQCE ≥ QUD = QE
m factors for primary elements
IO LS CP
Bed-joint sliding 1 3 4
Rocking 1.5 heff/L>1 3.0 heff/L>1 4.0heff/L>1
(Multiply m factors by 2 for secondary elements
for Life Safety (LS) and Collapse Prevention (CP))
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 27
Diagonal Tension mκQCE ≥ QE
Force-controlled action
P = f aA
Vdt
L ⎛L⎞ f
for 0.67 < < 1.00 Vdt = f ' dt An ⎜ ⎟ 1 + a
h ⎝h⎠ f ' dt
lower bound value
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 28
15. Toe Crushing mκQCE ≥ QE
Force-controlled action
PCL
Vtc
⎛ L ⎞⎛ fa ⎞
Vtc = αPCL ⎜ ⎟⎜ 1 −
⎜ ⎟
⎟
⎝ h ⎠⎝ 0.7 f ' m ⎠
lower bound value
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 29
Modeling and Acceptability Criteria
Nonlinear Static Procedure
e
d primary walls
force
LS CP
secondary walls
0.75d
LS CP c
0.75e
drift
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 30
16. NSP: Acceptable Drifts
Drifts for Primary Elements
IO LS CP
Bed-Joint Sliding 0.1% 0.3% 0.4%
Rocking 0.1% 0.3 heff/L% 0.4 heff/L%
(Multiply drifts by 2 for secondary elements for LS and CP)
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 31
Example Building
direction of earthquake
• URM clay-unit masonry
• two-wythe brick walls
• constructed prior to 1960
wood roof joists • located in St. Louis
4’-0”
• total roof dead load = 60 kips
• symmetrical structure
8’-0” • soil class B
• case A: no testing, visual exam
URM • case B: testing and inspection
bearing wall
URM
pier
4’-0” Problem: check adequacy of
Problem: check adequacy of
7.63” pier for BSO and suggest
24’-0” 32’-0”
pier for BSO and suggest
rehabilitation scheme if necessary.
rehabilitation scheme if necessary.
4’-0”
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 32
17. Seismic Demand: LSP
Sa S XS Fa SS
Sa = =
BS BS
S FS
Sa = X 1 = v 1
B1 B1
T Fa= Fv= 1 for site class B
0.2To To 1.0
BS = B1 = 1 for 5% damping
Fv S 1 B S S
To = = 1
Fa S S B1 SS
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 33
Seismic Demand: LSP
3 3
T = Ct h 4 = 0.020 ( 12 feet ) 4 = 0.129 seconds
S1 SS To C1 C2 C3 Sa V/W
BSE-1
10% /50 years 0.05g 0.18g 0.278 1.42 1.30 1.00 0.18g 0.332
Life Safety sec.
St. Louis
BSE-2 0.18g 0.58g 0.310 1.43 1.50 1.00 0.58g 1.244
2% /50 years sec.
Collapse Prevention
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 34
18. Lateral Force Distribution
60.0 kips
10.6 kips
2.7 kips
31.8 kips
Weights (kips)
2.7 kips 30.0 + 2(31.8/4) = 45.9
10.6 4’-0”
5.4 8’-0”
total weight per shear wall = 61.9 kips
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 35
Pier Strength: Case A, no tests
PG = 5.29k Vme= 27psi f’me= 900 psi from default values
QCE bed-joint sliding:
Vbjs = v me An = ( 0.027 ksi )( 7.63quot; x 48quot; ) = 9.89 kips
8’-0” rocking:
⎛ L ⎞
Vr = 0.9 α PCE ⎜
⎜h ⎟ = 0.9 ( 1.0 )( 5.29 kips )( 0.5 ) = 2.38 kips
⎟
⎝ eff ⎠
4’-0”
governs
toe crushing:
⎛ L ⎞⎛ fa ⎞ ⎛ 14.4 ⎞
Vtc = αPCL ⎜ ⎟⎜ 1 − ⎟ = ( 1.0 )( 5.29 kips )( 0.5 )⎜ 1 −
⎜ ⎟ = 2.54 kips
⎜h
⎝ eff
⎟⎜
⎠⎝ 0 .7 f ' m ⎟
⎠ ⎝ 0.7 ( 563 ) ⎟
⎠
5290 lbs fme
fa = = 14.4 psi f' m = = 563 psi
7.63quot; ( 48quot; ) 1 .6
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 36
19. Pier Strength: Case B
Vte = 150 psi from shove tests f’me = 2000 psi from prism tests
PG = 5.29k
0.75 ( 0.75 x150 psi + 14.4 psi )
QCE v me = = 63.5 psi
1.5
bed-joint sliding:
8’-0”
Vbjs = v me An = ( 0.0635 ksi )( 7.63quot; x 48quot; ) = 23.2 kips
rocking:
4’-0” ⎛ L ⎞
Vr = 0.9 αPCE ⎜
⎜h ⎟ = 0.9( 1.0 )( 5.29kips )( 0.5 ) = 2.38kips
⎟
⎝ eff ⎠
governs
toe crushing:
⎛ L ⎞⎛ fa ⎞ ⎛ 14.4 ⎞
Vtc = αPCL ⎜
⎜h ⎟⎜1 −
⎟⎜ 0.7 f ' ⎟ = ( 1.0 )( 5.29kips )( 0.5 )⎜1 − 0.7 ( 1250 ) ⎟ = 2.60kips
⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎝ eff ⎠⎝ m ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 37
Acceptability Criteria mκQCE ≥ QUD
BSE-1 Q UD = 0 . 332 ( 61 . 9 kips )( 0 . 5 ) = 10 . 3 kips
m = 6 for Life Safety
Case A:
m κ QCE = 6 ( 0 .75 )( 2 .38 kips ) = 10 .7 kips > 10 .3 kips ok
Case B:
mκQCE = 6 ( 1.00 )( 2.38 kips ) = 14.3 kips > 10.3 kips ok
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 38
24. Infill Damage Patterns
crack pattern, large-scale static test
crack pattern, half-scale dynamic test
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 47
Frame-Infill Systems
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 48
25. In-Plane Masonry Infills
at inf E me
Stiffness k=
rinf
rinf
a = 0.175 ( λ1 hcol ) −0.4 rinf
H
1
⎡ E t sin 2 θ ⎤ 4
a λ1 = ⎢ me inf ⎥
⎣ 4 E fe Icol hinf ⎦
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 49
In-Plane Masonry Infills
Strength
QCE = Vine = Ani fvie
mκQCE ≥ QE
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 50
26. m Factors for Masonry Infills
Table 7-6
m
Example: 8.0
Life Safety 6.0
7.0
4.0
5.2
3.5
6.0
3.0 4.5
V fre
β =
L inf V ine
0.3
h inf 0.7 0.5
1.3 1.0
2.0
page 7-20 Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 51
Out-of-Plane Infill Strength
Pressure, psf
Center Deflection / Height %
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 52
27. Out-of-Plane Infills
Table 7-8: maximum h/t ratios for
which no analysis is necessary
low moderate high
seismicity seismicity seismicity
IO 14 13 8
LS 15 14 9
CP 16 15 10
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 53
Out-of-Plane Infills
If arching action is prevalent:
⎛h ⎞
0.002 ⎜ inf
⎜t ⎟
⎟
∆ inf ⎝ inf ⎠ ∆inf
=
hinf ⎛h ⎞
2
hinf
1 + 1 − 0.002 ⎜ inf
⎜t ⎟
⎟
⎝ inf ⎠
< 2% for IO and 3% for CP
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 54
28. Out-of-Plane Infills
If arching action is prevalent:
0.75 f ' m λ 2
QCL = q in = x144
⎛ hinf ⎞
⎜
⎜t ⎟ ⎟
⎝ inf ⎠
< load per Sec. 2.11.7
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 55
Undesirable Interventions
Maintain deformation controlled mechanisms
– do not change rocking to shear mechanism with
coatings, overlays, shotcrete or reinforcement
– do not change bed-joint sliding to diagonal
tension with brittle coatings or overlays
Alter force controlled mechanisms
– enlarge openings to promote rocking
– lighten gravity loads to piers to avoid toe
compression
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 56
29. Concluding Remarks
• Systematic rehabilitation of
masonry buildings.
• Guidelines are first
performance-based provisions
for masonry structures.
• Judgement of engineer is
essential for proper
application of Guidelines.
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 57
Famous Last Words
Infrequent events will not
happen tomorrow….
1886 Charleston, South Carolina 2001 Gujarat
Masonry Structures, lesson 11 slide 58