- Soybean is a highly nutritive crop that is cultivated globally, including in countries like the USA, Brazil, China, and India.
- It is used for its cooking oil, soymilk, flour and other food products. Non-food uses include ingredients in paints, varnishes, and cosmetics.
- Sri Lanka imports over 220,000 metric tons of soybeans annually due to low domestic production of around 22,500 metric tons, far below demand. Varieties suitable for Sri Lankan conditions and production methods were described.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops globally and in Egypt. Egypt is the second largest rice producer after Spain. Rice cultivation in Egypt occurs primarily in the Lower Nile River valley. There are three main growth phases for rice - vegetative, reproductive, and ripening - which take approximately 3-6 months total depending on variety and conditions. The two main cultivation methods in Egypt are broadcasting and transplanting. Transplanting has advantages of lower seeding rates, better weed control, and higher yields compared to broadcasting. Fertilizer and water management practices are also described. Rice is harvested somewhat before full maturity when heads are well turned down. Average yields in Egypt are 4-5 tons per feddan.
the soyeans varieties production&challengesFatima499186
The document provides information about soybean including its uses, production areas, growth stages, and cultivation practices. It discusses soybean's importance as a global crop and major source of protein and vegetable oil. Key points covered include top soybean producing countries, India's production statistics by state, land preparation methods, fertilizer application, hybrid seed production techniques involving emasculation and pollination, common pests and diseases, and new high-yielding varieties.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Mustard is a cool season crop native to temperate regions of Europe. It has perfect flowers with four sepals, four petals, and six stamens. The fruit is a seed pod containing small round seeds. Major growing areas include Nepal, Canada, Myanmar, China, and the United States. Mustard is used as a condiment and in cosmetics and agrochemical production. It requires fertile, well-drained soil and adequate moisture. Pests include diamondback moth and mustard sawfly, while diseases include alternaria blight and downy mildew. Mustard is harvested when pods are mature and seeds are dried before processing.
This document provides information about cowpea cultivation. Cowpea is an important food legume crop that is well adapted to relatively dry environments. It fixes atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules and grows well in poor soils. The document discusses cowpea's origin, distribution, climatic and soil requirements, recommended varieties, cultivation practices including land preparation, sowing, nutrient management, harvesting and yield. Key recommended varieties are MI 35, Wijaya, Waruni, Dhawala and Bombay which differ in growth habit, flower and pod color, and disease resistance. Cowpea is planted during yala and maha seasons using various spacing and methods depending on soil drainage.
The document provides information about soybean production including its uses, area and production statistics, cultivation practices, and hybrid production. It discusses soybean's importance as a global crop and major source of protein and oil. Key points covered include top soybean producing countries, cultivation steps like land preparation, fertilizer application, and harvesting. Hybrid seed production techniques like emasculation and pollination are outlined. New high-yielding soybean varieties suited for different states in India are also mentioned.
Cauliflower is a variety of the species Brassica oleracea cultivated for its edible curd. It originated in the Mediterranean region and was introduced to India in the 19th century. It is widely grown for its white curds which are high in vitamins and minerals. There are two main types - tropical/Indian types which can tolerate higher temperatures, and European/temperate types. Cauliflower requires cool weather and precise temperatures during growth to form good curds. It is cultivated across India and China, with China being the world's top producer. Proper soil nutrition, weed management, irrigation and harvesting are important for high yields.
1. Cassava is a perennial shrub grown for its starchy tuberous roots and is an important food crop in tropical and subtropical regions.
2. India is one of the top producers of cassava globally, with Tamil Nadu producing over 80% of the country's total cassava.
3. Cassava can be grown year-round in irrigated conditions or during the rainy seasons in rainfed areas. It is drought tolerant and can grow in low fertility soils.
Rice is one of the most important cereal crops globally and in Egypt. Egypt is the second largest rice producer after Spain. Rice cultivation in Egypt occurs primarily in the Lower Nile River valley. There are three main growth phases for rice - vegetative, reproductive, and ripening - which take approximately 3-6 months total depending on variety and conditions. The two main cultivation methods in Egypt are broadcasting and transplanting. Transplanting has advantages of lower seeding rates, better weed control, and higher yields compared to broadcasting. Fertilizer and water management practices are also described. Rice is harvested somewhat before full maturity when heads are well turned down. Average yields in Egypt are 4-5 tons per feddan.
the soyeans varieties production&challengesFatima499186
The document provides information about soybean including its uses, production areas, growth stages, and cultivation practices. It discusses soybean's importance as a global crop and major source of protein and vegetable oil. Key points covered include top soybean producing countries, India's production statistics by state, land preparation methods, fertilizer application, hybrid seed production techniques involving emasculation and pollination, common pests and diseases, and new high-yielding varieties.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Mustard is a cool season crop native to temperate regions of Europe. It has perfect flowers with four sepals, four petals, and six stamens. The fruit is a seed pod containing small round seeds. Major growing areas include Nepal, Canada, Myanmar, China, and the United States. Mustard is used as a condiment and in cosmetics and agrochemical production. It requires fertile, well-drained soil and adequate moisture. Pests include diamondback moth and mustard sawfly, while diseases include alternaria blight and downy mildew. Mustard is harvested when pods are mature and seeds are dried before processing.
This document provides information about cowpea cultivation. Cowpea is an important food legume crop that is well adapted to relatively dry environments. It fixes atmospheric nitrogen through root nodules and grows well in poor soils. The document discusses cowpea's origin, distribution, climatic and soil requirements, recommended varieties, cultivation practices including land preparation, sowing, nutrient management, harvesting and yield. Key recommended varieties are MI 35, Wijaya, Waruni, Dhawala and Bombay which differ in growth habit, flower and pod color, and disease resistance. Cowpea is planted during yala and maha seasons using various spacing and methods depending on soil drainage.
The document provides information about soybean production including its uses, area and production statistics, cultivation practices, and hybrid production. It discusses soybean's importance as a global crop and major source of protein and oil. Key points covered include top soybean producing countries, cultivation steps like land preparation, fertilizer application, and harvesting. Hybrid seed production techniques like emasculation and pollination are outlined. New high-yielding soybean varieties suited for different states in India are also mentioned.
Cauliflower is a variety of the species Brassica oleracea cultivated for its edible curd. It originated in the Mediterranean region and was introduced to India in the 19th century. It is widely grown for its white curds which are high in vitamins and minerals. There are two main types - tropical/Indian types which can tolerate higher temperatures, and European/temperate types. Cauliflower requires cool weather and precise temperatures during growth to form good curds. It is cultivated across India and China, with China being the world's top producer. Proper soil nutrition, weed management, irrigation and harvesting are important for high yields.
1. Cassava is a perennial shrub grown for its starchy tuberous roots and is an important food crop in tropical and subtropical regions.
2. India is one of the top producers of cassava globally, with Tamil Nadu producing over 80% of the country's total cassava.
3. Cassava can be grown year-round in irrigated conditions or during the rainy seasons in rainfed areas. It is drought tolerant and can grow in low fertility soils.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document provides information on the French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), including its description, uses, origin, distribution, cultivation practices, pests and diseases. Key points:
- French bean is a cool season legume vegetable grown for its tender pods and dry beans. It is considered native to Mexico and South America.
- The plant has trifoliate leaves and white flowers. It is mostly self-pollinated but exhibits variability.
- French beans are nutritious, containing protein, vitamins and minerals. They are commonly eaten as a vegetable or used in processed foods.
- Cultivation practices include seed inoculation, application of fertilizers and manure, staking of pole varieties, and
cultivation practices of garden peas along with processingManasa Chinnu
this deals with the study of cultivation practices along with processing technology of garden peas.i added more information regarding garden peas and other cultivation tactics which are dealed under PG and also useful for UG students aswell.
Cotton is an economically and socially important crop that is cultivated in Pakistan. It grows best in temperatures around 16°C in loamy or sandy loam soils up to 1000m elevation. The cotton plant goes through various growth stages from seeding to flowering to boll formation over approximately 25 weeks. Proper fertilization, control of pests like bollworms, and prevention of diseases like cotton leaf curl virus are important for high yields. Cotton is usually harvested manually in Pakistan by carefully picking mature bolls and ensuring the cotton is fully dry before storage.
Knol-khol originated in Western Europe and is a type of cabbage with an edible swollen stem. It is high in vitamins and minerals and has potential health benefits. The document discusses the morphology, varieties, growing requirements, and cultivation practices of knol-khol such as suitable climates, soils, fertilization, irrigation, pests and diseases, and harvesting at the tender stage.
The document provides information on three non-traditional crops: sunflower, safflower, and soybean. It discusses the history, description, cultivation practices, pests, and yields of each crop. For sunflower, it describes varieties commonly grown in Pakistan, optimal temperatures, soil types, planting times, irrigation needs, and average yields of 500-980 kg/ha. For safflower, it outlines origin in Pakistan-India, economic importance as an oilseed, recommended fertilizer doses, and pest issues like capsule fly. Details are also given on soybean's role as a major edible oil worldwide and cultivation in Pakistan.
Sesame is an important oilseed crop, with India being the world's largest producer. It belongs to the Pedaliaceae family. The seed contains 50% oil and 25% protein. Sesame grows best in warm, dry climates with temperatures between 25-27°C during growth. It is tolerant of drought but intolerant of waterlogging. Major producing areas in Sri Lanka include the Northern, Eastern, North Central and North Western provinces. Recommended varieties include MI-1, MI-2, MI-3, Uma and Malee. Sesame is usually grown as a rainfed crop in Sri Lanka during the Yala season from mid-March to early April.
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document provides information about sorghum crops including its origins in central Africa, taxonomy, uses as a food crop, production areas globally and in Mexico, and key stages of growth and management. Sorghum was domesticated in Africa and is now a major food crop grown for human and livestock consumption. The document outlines key stages of sorghum growth from emergence to half bloom and describes morphological and physiological characteristics at each stage.
An assignment on seed production of Tomato and Cole cropsPravinBudhathoki
This document provides information on seed production methods for cole crops such as cauliflower, cabbage, and broccoli. It discusses their breeding behaviors, pollination requirements, and climate needs. Two main methods of seed production are described: insitu/seed-to-seed, where plants overwinter in their original field, and transplanting/curd-to-seed, which involves selecting curds for transplanting. The steps of transplanting, roguing, isolation distances, and field inspection are outlined. Seed harvesting procedures and standards for foundation and certified seeds are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of rice cultivation including its botanical classification, key growing regions, varieties, cultivation practices, and nutritional importance. It discusses rice morphology, climatic and soil requirements, and summarizes the major production techniques including land preparation, nursery management, transplanting, and harvesting. Key production statistics for India and the world are also presented.
This document provides information on agrotechniques for growing groundnuts. It discusses the importance of groundnuts as a nutritious food and cash crop. It describes ideal growing conditions for groundnuts including soil type, temperature requirements, and cropping seasons. It outlines best practices for land preparation, variety selection, seed treatment, spacing, fertilizer use, weed control, irrigation, pest management, harvest, and expected yields. The document serves as a comprehensive guide for farmers looking to successfully grow groundnuts.
Marjoram is a perennial herb native to Southern Europe that is cultivated for its leaves and flower heads, which contain high levels of terpenes and linalool. It is grown for use in the food and fragrance industries. Major producers and consumers of marjoram oil include France, Egypt, and the United States. The document provides details on propagating, growing, harvesting, and distilling marjoram for medicinal and commercial purposes.
This document discusses principles and techniques of plant propagation from seeds, cuttings, and specialized structures. It covers the biology and methods of propagation using seeds, including seed composition, selection, germination conditions, and direct or indirect sowing. Propagation by cuttings is also examined, including the types of cuttings taken from stems, such as softwood, herbaceous, hardwood, and semi-hardwood cuttings. The document provides detailed information on starting plants from both seeds and cuttings.
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Production technology of vigna mungo,mash beanscience book
This Presentation will help you to understand the Importance,Basic information,production technology of Vigna mungo,Mash bean.
It will also help you get more yield and how to grow Vigna mungo(Mash bean) crop.
The document discusses quality seed production techniques. It emphasizes that seed is the vital input for crop production and can contribute to 10-15% higher yields. Quality seed should have high genetic and physical purity, germinability, vigor and be free from pests and diseases. The document outlines differences between seed and grain, and factors to consider in seed production including agro-climatic conditions, isolation, seed treatment, nutrition, roguing, harvesting and post-harvest handling. It provides guidelines on seed production techniques for various crops like rice, maize, cotton, groundnut and sorghum.
The document discusses pulses (legumes harvested for their dry seeds), which are an important source of plant-based proteins and nutrients. It notes that 2016 was declared the International Year of Pulses by the UN to increase awareness of their nutritional benefits and role in sustainable agriculture. The objectives of the year were to promote the value and utilization of pulses, encourage global production, and address trade challenges. Pulses mentioned include lentils, beans, peas, chickpeas, soybeans and others.
This document provides information on quality seed production technology in soybean. It discusses the importance of using certified seed sources and following standards for genetic, physical and germination purity. Key steps in the production process include field selection and preparation, variety selection based on yield and duration, seed treatment, fertilizer application, irrigation, and multiple field inspections for roguing. Harvesting is recommended when pods dry down to 15-17% moisture and proper drying, storage and packaging are essential to maintain seed quality.
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This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document provides information on the French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), including its description, uses, origin, distribution, cultivation practices, pests and diseases. Key points:
- French bean is a cool season legume vegetable grown for its tender pods and dry beans. It is considered native to Mexico and South America.
- The plant has trifoliate leaves and white flowers. It is mostly self-pollinated but exhibits variability.
- French beans are nutritious, containing protein, vitamins and minerals. They are commonly eaten as a vegetable or used in processed foods.
- Cultivation practices include seed inoculation, application of fertilizers and manure, staking of pole varieties, and
cultivation practices of garden peas along with processingManasa Chinnu
this deals with the study of cultivation practices along with processing technology of garden peas.i added more information regarding garden peas and other cultivation tactics which are dealed under PG and also useful for UG students aswell.
Cotton is an economically and socially important crop that is cultivated in Pakistan. It grows best in temperatures around 16°C in loamy or sandy loam soils up to 1000m elevation. The cotton plant goes through various growth stages from seeding to flowering to boll formation over approximately 25 weeks. Proper fertilization, control of pests like bollworms, and prevention of diseases like cotton leaf curl virus are important for high yields. Cotton is usually harvested manually in Pakistan by carefully picking mature bolls and ensuring the cotton is fully dry before storage.
Knol-khol originated in Western Europe and is a type of cabbage with an edible swollen stem. It is high in vitamins and minerals and has potential health benefits. The document discusses the morphology, varieties, growing requirements, and cultivation practices of knol-khol such as suitable climates, soils, fertilization, irrigation, pests and diseases, and harvesting at the tender stage.
The document provides information on three non-traditional crops: sunflower, safflower, and soybean. It discusses the history, description, cultivation practices, pests, and yields of each crop. For sunflower, it describes varieties commonly grown in Pakistan, optimal temperatures, soil types, planting times, irrigation needs, and average yields of 500-980 kg/ha. For safflower, it outlines origin in Pakistan-India, economic importance as an oilseed, recommended fertilizer doses, and pest issues like capsule fly. Details are also given on soybean's role as a major edible oil worldwide and cultivation in Pakistan.
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This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This document provides information about sorghum crops including its origins in central Africa, taxonomy, uses as a food crop, production areas globally and in Mexico, and key stages of growth and management. Sorghum was domesticated in Africa and is now a major food crop grown for human and livestock consumption. The document outlines key stages of sorghum growth from emergence to half bloom and describes morphological and physiological characteristics at each stage.
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This document provides an overview of rice cultivation including its botanical classification, key growing regions, varieties, cultivation practices, and nutritional importance. It discusses rice morphology, climatic and soil requirements, and summarizes the major production techniques including land preparation, nursery management, transplanting, and harvesting. Key production statistics for India and the world are also presented.
This document provides information on agrotechniques for growing groundnuts. It discusses the importance of groundnuts as a nutritious food and cash crop. It describes ideal growing conditions for groundnuts including soil type, temperature requirements, and cropping seasons. It outlines best practices for land preparation, variety selection, seed treatment, spacing, fertilizer use, weed control, irrigation, pest management, harvest, and expected yields. The document serves as a comprehensive guide for farmers looking to successfully grow groundnuts.
Marjoram is a perennial herb native to Southern Europe that is cultivated for its leaves and flower heads, which contain high levels of terpenes and linalool. It is grown for use in the food and fragrance industries. Major producers and consumers of marjoram oil include France, Egypt, and the United States. The document provides details on propagating, growing, harvesting, and distilling marjoram for medicinal and commercial purposes.
This document discusses principles and techniques of plant propagation from seeds, cuttings, and specialized structures. It covers the biology and methods of propagation using seeds, including seed composition, selection, germination conditions, and direct or indirect sowing. Propagation by cuttings is also examined, including the types of cuttings taken from stems, such as softwood, herbaceous, hardwood, and semi-hardwood cuttings. The document provides detailed information on starting plants from both seeds and cuttings.
This presentation is done by Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Fruit & Vegetable production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
Production technology of vigna mungo,mash beanscience book
This Presentation will help you to understand the Importance,Basic information,production technology of Vigna mungo,Mash bean.
It will also help you get more yield and how to grow Vigna mungo(Mash bean) crop.
The document discusses quality seed production techniques. It emphasizes that seed is the vital input for crop production and can contribute to 10-15% higher yields. Quality seed should have high genetic and physical purity, germinability, vigor and be free from pests and diseases. The document outlines differences between seed and grain, and factors to consider in seed production including agro-climatic conditions, isolation, seed treatment, nutrition, roguing, harvesting and post-harvest handling. It provides guidelines on seed production techniques for various crops like rice, maize, cotton, groundnut and sorghum.
The document discusses pulses (legumes harvested for their dry seeds), which are an important source of plant-based proteins and nutrients. It notes that 2016 was declared the International Year of Pulses by the UN to increase awareness of their nutritional benefits and role in sustainable agriculture. The objectives of the year were to promote the value and utilization of pulses, encourage global production, and address trade challenges. Pulses mentioned include lentils, beans, peas, chickpeas, soybeans and others.
This document provides information on quality seed production technology in soybean. It discusses the importance of using certified seed sources and following standards for genetic, physical and germination purity. Key steps in the production process include field selection and preparation, variety selection based on yield and duration, seed treatment, fertilizer application, irrigation, and multiple field inspections for roguing. Harvesting is recommended when pods dry down to 15-17% moisture and proper drying, storage and packaging are essential to maintain seed quality.
Similar to Lec 2 Soybean. updated with voice-45.pptx (20)
2. Introduction
• Highly nutritive crop
• Contains 40% protein and 20% oil
• Soy protein has 5% lycine, which is deficient in many
cereals
Uses:
• Food uses
– Cooking oil, soymilk, soy flour, soy cake, biscuits
3. Non food uses
• Varnish and paints
• Soy-lecithin - a by-product of oil industry is used as
an emulsifier in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals
• Plant is used as fodder
• Enrich soil by N fixation
7. Source: MOA, 2015
In 2014, GOSL has spent Rs. Mn12,753.00 for
importation
Areas
Can be cultivated both in dry and IZ
• Anuradhapura and Mahaweli Zone 'H’
• Kurunegala, Matale and Polonnaruwa districts
Total annual requirement 220,000 mt
Average production 22, 500 mt
8. MISB 01 Maturity period of 90 DAP
Average yield 3.0 t/ha,
Tolerant to shattering and lodging
Good nodulation ability
100 seed weight - 13 g
Pb-1 Maturity 80-85 DAP
Average yield 1.7-2 t/ ha
100 seed weight - 12 g
Recommended Varieties
DAP – Days after planting
9. PM 13 Maturity 90-95 DAP
Average yield 1.7-2.1 t/ h
Recommended Varieties
10. • If the seed sizes range from 12.6 to 18.9 grams per
100 seeds those varieties have good market demand.
Good seeds
Bad seeds
11. Climate
• Can be grown in most agro-climatic regions
• Preferred areas are DZ and drier pats of the IZ
• Optimum temperature range: 30-33 oC
• Temperature < 10oC and >38oC – growth retarded
• Areas receiving 600- 650 mm rainfall is suitable
13. Soil
• Grown in variety of soils ranging from light to dark
• Ideal conditions
– Well drained loam soil
– Loose and well aerated
– pH 6.0 – 7.5
• Compacted soil - not good for root nodule
development
• Water logging is harmful
14. Land Preparation
• One ploughing followed by a harrowing
• Ridge and furrow planting
– Ridges should be formed 40-50 cm apart
– facilitate irrigation.
• Seed rate is 50 kg/ha
Time of planting
Maha - Mid October - Mid November
Yala - Mid April - early May
15. Method of Planting
• If soil drainage is good - plant on a flat surface
• When drainage is poor - ridges or raised beds
Spacing
Inter row - 40 cm
Within row 5 cm
Plant not more than 3 cm deep
1 plant /hill.
18. Growth stages
1. Emergence (VE)
• The radical emerges followed by hypocotyl and
cotyledons
• The first two unifoliate leaves begin to emerge
• 5 -10 days depending on the soil temperature,
moisture and planting depth
• Cotyledons supply all nutrients needed during first
7-10 days
• Loss of cotyledons at or soon after VE reduce yield
potential by 8-9%
20. Growth stages
2. First trifoliate emergence (V1)
• Unifoliate leaves are fully expanded
• First trifoliate emerges
21. Growth stages
3. Second node (V2)
• Active N fixation begin to occur
• A brief yellowing may be observed as plant shift
from using soil available N to fixed N
• Adding N at this time inhibit N production by
nodules
• Lateral roots are developing rapidly in the top 6” of
soil
22. Growth stages
4. Third to fifth node (V3 to V5)
• Flower clusters begin to develop
• Total number of nodes that a plant can produce are
established
23. Growth stages
5. Beginning bloom (R1)
• Flowering begins on 3rd to 6th node and continues
up and down the main stem, eventually moves to
the branches
• Vertical roots, secondary roots and root hairs
continues rapid growth
24. Growth stages
6. Full bloom (R2)
• Dry matter, N, P, K levels are rapidly accumulating
• N fixation by root nodules is increasing rapidly
• P and D infection at this stage may reduce yield
potential by 6%.
25. Growth stages
7. Beginning pod (R3)
• Heat or moisture stress at this time may reduce
– Pod number
– Number of seeds per pod
– Seed size
• Favourable growing conditions during this period
result in
– greater pod number
– increased yield potential
26. Growth stages
8. Full pod (R4)
• Pods are growing rapidly
• Seeds are developing
• Stress during this period can cause reduction in yield
• Irrigation at this time may help reduce the yield loss
27. Growth stages
9. Beginning seed (R5)
• Plants attain maximum height, node number and
leaf area
• N fixation peaks
• Stress at this stage may reduce
– Pod number
– Number of seeds per pod
– Seed size
– Yield potential
28. Growth stages
10. Full seed (R6)
• “Green bean” stage
• Total pod weight peaks
• Leaves begin to yellow
29. Growth stages
11. Beginning maturity (R7)
• Pods on the main stem reaches its brown or tan
mature colour
• Seed dry matter begin to peak
• Seeds and pods loose all green colour
• Prone to seed shattering
30. Growth stages
12. Full maturity (R8)
• When 95% of pods have reached their mature
colour
• Dry weather of 5-10 days prefers
• Seed moisture should be <15%
31.
32. Fertilization
Time of application Amount (kg/ha)
Urea TSP MOP
Basal dressing 50 100 75
Top dressing (at the
onset of flowering
50 -- --
33. Irrigation management
Frequency of irrigation
• Within the first month – once in every 4 days
• Then, 6-7 days interval until 3 weeks before harvest
Method of irrigation
• Flat bed planting – flooding
• Ridge and furrow and raised bed systems – via
furrows
• Moisture stress must be avoided during flowering
and pod filling
36. Pests and disease management
1. Purple Stain(Cercospora kikuchi)
• Seed discoloration - pink to dark purple
• Cracks in the seed coat
Control
• Use disease free seed
• Treat seed with a fungicide
• Use a recommended fungicide as a foliar spray at
pod set
39. Bacterial Pustule (Xanthomonas phaseoli)
Symptoms
• Minute pale green spots on both leaf surfaces
• Become brown pustules with a yellow halo
• Irregular dark brown patches appear when lesion
coalesce
Control
Plant disease free seed
Use crop rotation
40.
41. Harvesting
Maturity indices
• At maturity plant shed leaves
• Leaves turn yellow
• Seeds are hard
• Seed MC not more than 12-14%
Time of Harvesting
• In the morning - avoid shattering