The document discusses several learning theories including behaviorism, information processing theory, humanism, constructivism, and connectionism. Behaviorism states that behavior is driven by rewards and punishments. Information processing theory describes how information moves from sensory storage to long-term memory. Humanism focuses on self-directed learning. Constructivism asserts that people learn through experiences and interactions. Connectionism describes learning as the relationship between stimulus and response, as proposed by Thorndike in his laws of effect and exercise.

1. Learning theories
AMJAD KHAN QURESHI

2. Behaviorism
 according to behaviorists people’s actions are driven by a need to gain rewards
or avoid punishments
 Behaviorists were interested only in observable behaviors, and they did all
sorts of studies to see how different rewards and punishments affected people's
behaviors.

3. Example
a child who does not do her homework when she does, it's only half-finished
 refusing to follow rules
 cracking jocks at teachers
 how can a teacher handle it?

4. Reinforcementand Punishment
 this concept was given by B. F. Skinner
 through reinforcement we always strengthen a good behavior
 through punishment we always weaken a bad behavior

5. Reinforcement
 it is further divided into two subtypes
1. positive Reinforcement
2. negative Reinforcement
 here positive doesn’t mean good but add something
 negative means taking something away

6. PositiveReinforcement
For example
 a child who is problematic and usually doesn’t do his/her work but if he tried to do his/her
homework even if the question is wrong teacher should give him/her A grade

7. NegativeReinforcement
 for example
 if a child does his homework assignment teacher should drop the lowest grade in such way
teacher is taking away something that student doesn’t want.

8. Punishment
further divided into subtypes
 positive punishment
 negative punishment

9. Positivepunishment
 for example
 a student doesn’t follow classroom rules
 by detention his/her teacher can weaken his/her behavior

10. Negative punishment
Example
 if a student doesn’t obey school’s rules teacher should ban his/her school field trip in such a
way his/her behavior can be weaken

11. Informationprocessingtheory
 the information processing theory of learning says that information from the world around us
moves from sensory storage to working memory to long-term memory.
 for example
 a student facing problem in retrieving information in a paragraph due to cognitive load
 Cognitive load involves having too much information in working memory and not being able
to remember anything

12. Cont…..
 teacher can help such a student in two ways
1. encourage attention and rehearsal
2. Only present a few things at a time

13. Humanism
 the idea that people want to grow and fulfill their ultimate potential
 Self-Directed Learning
 what student want and need to learn, not what the teacher arbitrarily decides is important. In
this way, the teacher becomes more of a facilitator than a disciplinarian

14. Constructivism
 Constructivism is a philosophy of education that says that people construct
knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world
 it says that people learn through experience, not through hearing someone give a lecture
 for example
 a student has a problem in understanding physics

15. Use in the classroom
Social Learning
 constructivism is closely linked to learning through interactions with other people, or social learning
 for example
 a student can read a textbook on her own, but it doesn't really sink in. But when student is with
others, can ask questions, brainstorm ideas, and flesh out her thoughts until she really
understands something

16. Continue….
 Psychologist Lev Vygotsky pointed out that the most effective form of social learning doesn't
come from teacher interactions with students but from students' interactions with other
students
 Example

17. Zoneof ProximalDevelopment
 zone of proximal development says that people learn best from other people who
are just a little ahead of them
 Example
 the teacher can give them the physics problem and have them work together to figure it
out
 The teacher is there to support the students

18. Connectionism
 connectionism is an educational philosophy that says that learning is a product of
the relationship between stimulus and response.
 . stimulus
is something that causes a reaction
 response
is just a reaction to a stimulus.
 The sights and smells of the cake are the stimulus, and they are very likely to produce a
response in you that involves drooling and maybe even a growling stomach.

19. Continue…..
 Edward Thorndike proposed that connectionism is key to learning
 learning is about responding to stimuli

20. Use in Classroom
 S-Rbond
 The stronger the S-R bond, the better a person has learned the lesson
 example
 The stimulus in this case is studying, and the response is the grade

21. Lawofeffect
 It says that if a stimulus results in a positive outcome, it strengthens the S-R bond, while if it
results in a negative outcome, the S-R bond is weakened
 study vs grades
 student who gets good grades when he/she studies
 student gets a bad grade after not studying

22. How to strengthenS-R bonds?
 teacher could reward effort as well as
 teacher could also punish bad habits
 Using law of effect
1. the students will be more likely to work hard
2. less likely to not pay attention

23. Continue…..
 Law of Exercise
 the more you do something, the better you are at it. That is, 'practice makes perfect'!
 Thorndike, the more you do something, the stronger the S-R bond and the easier it
becomes
 example
 students has a problem in learning multiplication tables
 teacher can use flash cards to practice the table

24. Continue….
 law of readiness
 or the ‘Law of Action Tendency’
 Readiness means a preparation of action
 example
 in classroom a student should be attracted and motivated by a curriculum

25. Thank
You…..