This document discusses various leadership concepts including leadership styles, theories, and the differences between leaders and managers. It describes several leadership styles including autocratic, democratic, laissez-faire, bureaucratic, and charismatic. It also outlines several leadership theories such as the Great Man Theory, Behavioral Theory, Contingency Theory, and Trait Theory. Additionally, it distinguishes between the roles of a leader and manager, noting that leaders focus more on inspiring and guiding people while managers focus more on controlling tasks and processes.
MGMT331 LESSON 1Leader as a Visionary LESSON TO.docxAASTHA76
MGMT331 | LESSON 1
Leader as a Visionary
LESSON TOPICS
· History of Leadership
· Leadership Traits and Behaviors
· Situational Leadership
· Effective Task Leadership and the Leadership Process
KEY TERMS
· Behavior Theory
· Contingency Model
· Environmental Factors
· Functional Model
· “Great Man” Theory
· Leadership Process Model
· Least-preferred Coworker Model (Fiedler’s Contingency Model)
· Path-Goal Model
· Relationship Theory
· Situational Leadership Model
· Trait Theory
INTRODUCTION
In this lesson, we will survey the history of leadership and how various leadership theories have evolved over time into what is now perceived as one of today’s most prominent determinants of strategic organizational success and, additionally, a pertinent area for managerial development and growth. The demands for leadership today, along with the prevalence of continued research efforts in the field, clearly demonstrate the need for exploration of leader traits and behaviors. We will also consider how theories regarding certain situations, tasks, and follower behaviors have shaped the current state, and direction, of leadership research and practice.
History of Leadership
Have you ever faced a challenging situation? Have you ever guided others in accomplishing a common goal despite tough circumstances? The earliest research on leadership grew from studying excellent leaders who seemed to emerge amidst difficult situations, surmounting challenges, to unite followers to reach a common goal.
THEORIES
GREAT MAN THEORY
The “great man” theory asserted that born leaders possessed inherent qualities attributing to their success. Many trait theorists followed that line of reasoning and sought to identify common traits and skills leaders share. Those identified traits and skills have also evolved over time.
RELATIONSHIP THEORIES
Not only were researchers interested in the qualities great leaders were born with, they were also interested in their behaviors relative to the specific situations they faced. Leadership theorists eventually realized that follower behaviors and motivations were just as relevant as leader behaviors and skills. Therefore, they adopted a more proactive stance by suggesting that leaders could develop skills, traits, and styles and select the best style, or styles, based on situational factors. Additionally, relationship theories recognize that the motivation of both leaders and followers stems from the synergy between them. Awareness and nurturing of the follower-leader relationship result in truly effective leadership, cultivated by a team mentality of “we,” as opposed to “I.” Together, followers and leaders accomplish goals. As you reflect upon the evolution of leadership theories, do you think that leaders are born, made, or, perhaps, a combination of both? Do you think successful leadership requires an individual or a team?
Some believe Winston Churchill was born a leader, with inherent traits such as excellent communicatio.
MGMT331 LESSON 1Leader as a Visionary LESSON TO.docxAASTHA76
MGMT331 | LESSON 1
Leader as a Visionary
LESSON TOPICS
· History of Leadership
· Leadership Traits and Behaviors
· Situational Leadership
· Effective Task Leadership and the Leadership Process
KEY TERMS
· Behavior Theory
· Contingency Model
· Environmental Factors
· Functional Model
· “Great Man” Theory
· Leadership Process Model
· Least-preferred Coworker Model (Fiedler’s Contingency Model)
· Path-Goal Model
· Relationship Theory
· Situational Leadership Model
· Trait Theory
INTRODUCTION
In this lesson, we will survey the history of leadership and how various leadership theories have evolved over time into what is now perceived as one of today’s most prominent determinants of strategic organizational success and, additionally, a pertinent area for managerial development and growth. The demands for leadership today, along with the prevalence of continued research efforts in the field, clearly demonstrate the need for exploration of leader traits and behaviors. We will also consider how theories regarding certain situations, tasks, and follower behaviors have shaped the current state, and direction, of leadership research and practice.
History of Leadership
Have you ever faced a challenging situation? Have you ever guided others in accomplishing a common goal despite tough circumstances? The earliest research on leadership grew from studying excellent leaders who seemed to emerge amidst difficult situations, surmounting challenges, to unite followers to reach a common goal.
THEORIES
GREAT MAN THEORY
The “great man” theory asserted that born leaders possessed inherent qualities attributing to their success. Many trait theorists followed that line of reasoning and sought to identify common traits and skills leaders share. Those identified traits and skills have also evolved over time.
RELATIONSHIP THEORIES
Not only were researchers interested in the qualities great leaders were born with, they were also interested in their behaviors relative to the specific situations they faced. Leadership theorists eventually realized that follower behaviors and motivations were just as relevant as leader behaviors and skills. Therefore, they adopted a more proactive stance by suggesting that leaders could develop skills, traits, and styles and select the best style, or styles, based on situational factors. Additionally, relationship theories recognize that the motivation of both leaders and followers stems from the synergy between them. Awareness and nurturing of the follower-leader relationship result in truly effective leadership, cultivated by a team mentality of “we,” as opposed to “I.” Together, followers and leaders accomplish goals. As you reflect upon the evolution of leadership theories, do you think that leaders are born, made, or, perhaps, a combination of both? Do you think successful leadership requires an individual or a team?
Some believe Winston Churchill was born a leader, with inherent traits such as excellent communicatio.
Searches related to Leadership report
project report on leadership styles
project report on leadership pdf
democratic leadership report
leadership essay
i opt leadership styles
internship report on leadership
report writing
leadership styles pdf
Thoughts on leadership
"Leadershipisafunctionofknowingyourself,havingavisionthatiswellcommunicated,buildingtrustamongcolleagues,andtakingeffectiveactiontorealizeyourownleadershippotential."
Prof. Warren Bennis
What is leadership?
What is leadership?
“Leadershipismobilizingtheactionsandeffortsofotherstoachievecommongoals.”
GO AND DO IT!
LET’S DO IT!
Leader
Manager
1.
The manager is an administrator.
2.
Managers react to change.
3.
the managers create strategies.
4.
Drives Team Members
5.
Managers try to be heroes.
6.
Managers take credit.
7.
A manager questions in how and when.
8.
Managers exercise power over people.
1.
The leader is an innovator.
2.
Leaders create change.
3.
Leaders give solutions
4.
Coaches Team Members.
5.
Leaders make heroes of everyone around them.
6.
Leaders take responsibility.
7.
A leader asks questions about what and why.
8.
Leaders develop power withpeople.
•
Autocratic leadership style
•
Paternalistic leadership style
•
Democratic leadership style
•
Laissez-faire leadership style
•
Transactional leadership style
•
Transformational leadership style
•
Situational Leadership style
Types of leadership style
•
AcommonbeliefofmanyAutocraticleadersisthatfollowersrequiredirectsupervisionatalltimesorelsetheywouldnotoperateeffectively.
•
Autocraticleadershipstyleworkswelliftheleaderiscompetentandknowledgeableenoughtodecideabouteachandeverything.
•
Autocraticisconsideredoneofthemosteffectiveleadershipstylesincasethereissomeemergencyandquickdecisionsneedtobetaken.
Autocratic leadership style
ThewayaPaternalisticleaderworksisbyactingasafatherfigurebytakingcareoftheirsubordinatesasaparentwould.
Inthisstyleofleadershiptheleadersuppliescompleteconcernforhisfollowersorworkers.
Inreturnhereceivesthecompletetrustandloyaltyofhispeople.Therelationshipbetweentheseco-workersandleaderareextremelysolid.
Theworkersareexpectedtostaywithacompanyforalongerperiodoftimebecauseoftheloyaltyandtrust.
Paternalistic leadership Style
Thedemocraticleadershipstyleconsistsoftheleadersharingthedecision-makingabilitieswithgroupmembersbypromotingtheinterestsofthegroupmembersandbypracticingsocialequality.
Thisstyleofleadershipencompassesdiscussion,debateandsharingofideasandencouragementofpeopletofeelgoodabouttheirinvolvement.
Insituationswhererolesareunclearortimeisoftheessence,democraticleadershipcanleadtocommunicationfailuresanduncompletedprojects.
Democraticleadershipworksbestinsituationswheregroupmembersareskilledandeagertosharetheirknowledge.
Democratic leadership style
Laissez-faireleadership,alsoknownasdelegateleadership,isatypeofleadershipstyleinwhichleadersarehands-offandallowgroupmemberstomakethedecisions.
Laissez-faireleadersallowfollowerstohavecompletefreedomtomakedecisionsconcerningthecompletionoftheirwork.
Itallowsfollowersahighdegreeofautonomyandself-rule,whileatthesametimeofferingguidanceandsupportwhenrequested.
Laissez-faire leadership style
Inthiskindofleadership,aclearchainofcommandisestablished.Theleadermotivateshissubordinatesbypresentingthem
Please help me add more things into each attributes. I need quite al.pdfalokkesh1
Please help me add more things into each attributes. I need quite alot
5 attributes you look for a leader
Integrity- Always do the right thing, complete honesty, always tell the true to everyone. Once
you being dishonest, people will never think about you the same anymore
Cooperation- Be able to work together to achieve common goals
Communication- Being able to express yourself so other people can understand exactly what you
mean
Courage- Willing to take risk with no insurance to success
Humility- Humble, recognize values of others, willing to admit that you could be wrong
Solution
Leadership is a process where someone influences others to reach a goal.
Integrity
Leaders bring credibility, to their followers, through their actions and integrity.They stand by
their vision & values. Their resilience brings confidence and trust among the followers. Their
actions are aligned and integrated towards the common goal for all.
Courage
Leadership is about chasing the unknown and this involves a lot of obstacles. Leaders exhibit the
courage to overcome the fear of uncertainty and persevere through difficult times. Their
perseverance and confidence in their vision offers the moral support for followers to stay on
course
Communication
Leadership is about people and communication. It is about working with others to achieve a
common goal. Leaders exhibit the ability to express their selves and their thoughts with great
clarity for others to understand. Since a leader’s role involves a lot of delegation and
coordination, communication is of paramount to them. A leader spends a lot of time in
communicating the vision and values to the subjects.
Motivation
Leaders delegate tasks to others and encourage others to progress in their endeavors. They bring
the best of their followers through motivation and through inspiration. The leader stands
exemplary to his followers. Leaders help the followers to go beyond boundaries and
psychological barriers. Leaders are inspiring through their vision and their actions.
Vision
“Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things.” - Peter Drucker
Probably the most important criteria for a leader is the ability to have a vision for future. Even a
great management team would fail without a good vision. Leaders have a good vision about
future. Leadership is about having a grand vision for human beings and mobilizing the resources
to achieve the goal. It may involve challenging status quo. A leader sets the direction and drives
the change
Management is about structure, processes, system, execution, tasks, and results. Leadership is
about goals and being correct in the long term.
“Leadership is working with goals and vision; management is working with objectives.” -
Russell Honore.
You were recently appointed as a new manager. You face a number o.docxjeffevans62972
You were recently appointed as a new manager. You face a number of issues in your new position. Please address each.
The previous manager used a transactional leadership approach, which has been relatively ineffective. Evaluate one leadership style and describe which you would take.
An experienced executive assistant discovered that she made the same amount of money as a newly hired janitor. Consider the role the human resources department plays in driving organization performance. What HR strategies would you employ to address this?
To keep people motivated in a tough economic environment, the company has shifted from annual to semiannual bonuses. Do you think offering semiannual bonuses is a good way to motivate the kind of behaviors organizations need to survive the economic downturn? What might be some potential problems associated with this approach? What other strategies would you use?
Post answers in paragraph form (minimum of 500-600 words)
SCORING AND INTERPRETATION: A recent view of leadership called Level 5 leadership says that the most successful leaders have two prominent qualities: humility and will. Give 1 point for each item marked Mostly True.
· Humility: Items 1, 2, 3, 4
· Will: Items 5, 6, 7, 8
“Humility” means a quiet, modest, self-effacing manner. A humble person puts group or organizational success ahead of personal success. “Will” means a quiet but fierce resolve to stay the course to achieve the group's desired outcome and to help the group succeed. The traits of humility and will are opposite the traditional idea of leadership as loud and self-centered. If you scored 3 or 4 on either humility or will, you are on track to Level 5 leadership, which says that ordinary people often make excellent leaders.
Remember This
·
(Daft, 2012, p.493)
Nature of Leadership
In most situations, a team, military unit, department, or volunteer group is only as good as its leader. Yet there are as many variations among leaders as there are among other individuals, and many different styles of leadership can be effective.
So, what does it mean to be a leader? Among all the ideas and writings about leadership, three aspects stand out—people, influence, and goals. Leadership occurs among people, involves the use of influence, and is used to attain goals.2Influence means that the relationship among people is not passive. Moreover, influence is designed to achieve some end or goal. Thus, leadership as defined here is the ability to influence people toward the attainment of goals. This definition captures the idea that leaders are involved with other people in the achievement of goals. Leadership is reciprocal, occurring among people.3 Leadership is a “people” activity, distinct from administrative paperwork or problem-solving activities.
Remember This
· • The attitudes and behaviors of leaders shape the conditions that determine how well employees can do their jobs; thus, leaders play a tremendous role in the .
Leadership is, of course, subjective. But its foundation stems from one thing: the ability of an individual to establish a following among other individuals or teams
Searches related to Leadership report
project report on leadership styles
project report on leadership pdf
democratic leadership report
leadership essay
i opt leadership styles
internship report on leadership
report writing
leadership styles pdf
Thoughts on leadership
"Leadershipisafunctionofknowingyourself,havingavisionthatiswellcommunicated,buildingtrustamongcolleagues,andtakingeffectiveactiontorealizeyourownleadershippotential."
Prof. Warren Bennis
What is leadership?
What is leadership?
“Leadershipismobilizingtheactionsandeffortsofotherstoachievecommongoals.”
GO AND DO IT!
LET’S DO IT!
Leader
Manager
1.
The manager is an administrator.
2.
Managers react to change.
3.
the managers create strategies.
4.
Drives Team Members
5.
Managers try to be heroes.
6.
Managers take credit.
7.
A manager questions in how and when.
8.
Managers exercise power over people.
1.
The leader is an innovator.
2.
Leaders create change.
3.
Leaders give solutions
4.
Coaches Team Members.
5.
Leaders make heroes of everyone around them.
6.
Leaders take responsibility.
7.
A leader asks questions about what and why.
8.
Leaders develop power withpeople.
•
Autocratic leadership style
•
Paternalistic leadership style
•
Democratic leadership style
•
Laissez-faire leadership style
•
Transactional leadership style
•
Transformational leadership style
•
Situational Leadership style
Types of leadership style
•
AcommonbeliefofmanyAutocraticleadersisthatfollowersrequiredirectsupervisionatalltimesorelsetheywouldnotoperateeffectively.
•
Autocraticleadershipstyleworkswelliftheleaderiscompetentandknowledgeableenoughtodecideabouteachandeverything.
•
Autocraticisconsideredoneofthemosteffectiveleadershipstylesincasethereissomeemergencyandquickdecisionsneedtobetaken.
Autocratic leadership style
ThewayaPaternalisticleaderworksisbyactingasafatherfigurebytakingcareoftheirsubordinatesasaparentwould.
Inthisstyleofleadershiptheleadersuppliescompleteconcernforhisfollowersorworkers.
Inreturnhereceivesthecompletetrustandloyaltyofhispeople.Therelationshipbetweentheseco-workersandleaderareextremelysolid.
Theworkersareexpectedtostaywithacompanyforalongerperiodoftimebecauseoftheloyaltyandtrust.
Paternalistic leadership Style
Thedemocraticleadershipstyleconsistsoftheleadersharingthedecision-makingabilitieswithgroupmembersbypromotingtheinterestsofthegroupmembersandbypracticingsocialequality.
Thisstyleofleadershipencompassesdiscussion,debateandsharingofideasandencouragementofpeopletofeelgoodabouttheirinvolvement.
Insituationswhererolesareunclearortimeisoftheessence,democraticleadershipcanleadtocommunicationfailuresanduncompletedprojects.
Democraticleadershipworksbestinsituationswheregroupmembersareskilledandeagertosharetheirknowledge.
Democratic leadership style
Laissez-faireleadership,alsoknownasdelegateleadership,isatypeofleadershipstyleinwhichleadersarehands-offandallowgroupmemberstomakethedecisions.
Laissez-faireleadersallowfollowerstohavecompletefreedomtomakedecisionsconcerningthecompletionoftheirwork.
Itallowsfollowersahighdegreeofautonomyandself-rule,whileatthesametimeofferingguidanceandsupportwhenrequested.
Laissez-faire leadership style
Inthiskindofleadership,aclearchainofcommandisestablished.Theleadermotivateshissubordinatesbypresentingthem
Please help me add more things into each attributes. I need quite al.pdfalokkesh1
Please help me add more things into each attributes. I need quite alot
5 attributes you look for a leader
Integrity- Always do the right thing, complete honesty, always tell the true to everyone. Once
you being dishonest, people will never think about you the same anymore
Cooperation- Be able to work together to achieve common goals
Communication- Being able to express yourself so other people can understand exactly what you
mean
Courage- Willing to take risk with no insurance to success
Humility- Humble, recognize values of others, willing to admit that you could be wrong
Solution
Leadership is a process where someone influences others to reach a goal.
Integrity
Leaders bring credibility, to their followers, through their actions and integrity.They stand by
their vision & values. Their resilience brings confidence and trust among the followers. Their
actions are aligned and integrated towards the common goal for all.
Courage
Leadership is about chasing the unknown and this involves a lot of obstacles. Leaders exhibit the
courage to overcome the fear of uncertainty and persevere through difficult times. Their
perseverance and confidence in their vision offers the moral support for followers to stay on
course
Communication
Leadership is about people and communication. It is about working with others to achieve a
common goal. Leaders exhibit the ability to express their selves and their thoughts with great
clarity for others to understand. Since a leader’s role involves a lot of delegation and
coordination, communication is of paramount to them. A leader spends a lot of time in
communicating the vision and values to the subjects.
Motivation
Leaders delegate tasks to others and encourage others to progress in their endeavors. They bring
the best of their followers through motivation and through inspiration. The leader stands
exemplary to his followers. Leaders help the followers to go beyond boundaries and
psychological barriers. Leaders are inspiring through their vision and their actions.
Vision
“Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things.” - Peter Drucker
Probably the most important criteria for a leader is the ability to have a vision for future. Even a
great management team would fail without a good vision. Leaders have a good vision about
future. Leadership is about having a grand vision for human beings and mobilizing the resources
to achieve the goal. It may involve challenging status quo. A leader sets the direction and drives
the change
Management is about structure, processes, system, execution, tasks, and results. Leadership is
about goals and being correct in the long term.
“Leadership is working with goals and vision; management is working with objectives.” -
Russell Honore.
You were recently appointed as a new manager. You face a number o.docxjeffevans62972
You were recently appointed as a new manager. You face a number of issues in your new position. Please address each.
The previous manager used a transactional leadership approach, which has been relatively ineffective. Evaluate one leadership style and describe which you would take.
An experienced executive assistant discovered that she made the same amount of money as a newly hired janitor. Consider the role the human resources department plays in driving organization performance. What HR strategies would you employ to address this?
To keep people motivated in a tough economic environment, the company has shifted from annual to semiannual bonuses. Do you think offering semiannual bonuses is a good way to motivate the kind of behaviors organizations need to survive the economic downturn? What might be some potential problems associated with this approach? What other strategies would you use?
Post answers in paragraph form (minimum of 500-600 words)
SCORING AND INTERPRETATION: A recent view of leadership called Level 5 leadership says that the most successful leaders have two prominent qualities: humility and will. Give 1 point for each item marked Mostly True.
· Humility: Items 1, 2, 3, 4
· Will: Items 5, 6, 7, 8
“Humility” means a quiet, modest, self-effacing manner. A humble person puts group or organizational success ahead of personal success. “Will” means a quiet but fierce resolve to stay the course to achieve the group's desired outcome and to help the group succeed. The traits of humility and will are opposite the traditional idea of leadership as loud and self-centered. If you scored 3 or 4 on either humility or will, you are on track to Level 5 leadership, which says that ordinary people often make excellent leaders.
Remember This
·
(Daft, 2012, p.493)
Nature of Leadership
In most situations, a team, military unit, department, or volunteer group is only as good as its leader. Yet there are as many variations among leaders as there are among other individuals, and many different styles of leadership can be effective.
So, what does it mean to be a leader? Among all the ideas and writings about leadership, three aspects stand out—people, influence, and goals. Leadership occurs among people, involves the use of influence, and is used to attain goals.2Influence means that the relationship among people is not passive. Moreover, influence is designed to achieve some end or goal. Thus, leadership as defined here is the ability to influence people toward the attainment of goals. This definition captures the idea that leaders are involved with other people in the achievement of goals. Leadership is reciprocal, occurring among people.3 Leadership is a “people” activity, distinct from administrative paperwork or problem-solving activities.
Remember This
· • The attitudes and behaviors of leaders shape the conditions that determine how well employees can do their jobs; thus, leaders play a tremendous role in the .
Leadership is, of course, subjective. But its foundation stems from one thing: the ability of an individual to establish a following among other individuals or teams
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
3. What's the leadership ?
⚫Leading people
⚫Influencing people
⚫Commanding people
⚫Guiding people
4. Leader and Manger
Leader Manger
Do the right things
Focus on people
Inspire
Ask what and why?
Innovate
Create Change
Outcome oriented
Originates
Show a direction
charisma
Transformational
Problems are opportunities
Followers
Do Things right
Focus on things
Control
Ask how and when?
Administer
Mange Change
Rules oriented
Imitates
Plans and budget
Authority
Transactional
Problems are problems
Subordinates
5. Leader Traits
Be organized
Strong communication skills
Team Builder
Make a difference
Enthusiasm
Clear Vision
Coaching
Problem solving
Intelligent
Trust
Decision Maker
Creative
Good listener
⚫ Motivating
⚫ Inspiring
⚫ Honesty
⚫ Initiative
⚫ Ambitious
⚫ Self-confidence
⚫ Be Knowledge
⚫ Sociability
⚫ Adaptability
⚫ Encouraging
⚫ Be passionate
⚫ Experience
⚫ Charisma
• Be Positive
6. Leadership styles
⚫There's no “best” leadership style.
⚫What are the factors for selecting leadership
style?
1. Objectives that need to be achieved.
2. Followers.
3. Situation
• So leadership style is the approach for providing
the right way to the team members, implementing
planning strategies ,and motivating people by
including all the leadership styles.
8. Leadership styles
1)Autocratic
⚫ Leader make decision without
reference to anyone else .
⚫ Team agreement not needed.
⚫ Demotivation ,alienation of
staff as they cannot question
decision or give suggestions.
⚫ Valuable when quick decision
are needed or high level of
management control are
needed.(Military
,manufacturing)
2)Democratic (Participative)
⚫ Encourage decision
making from different
prospective.
⚫ Team agreement is needed.
⚫ Help motivation
,involvement, improving
share of ideas and
experience business.
⚫ Can delay decision making
as its time consuming.
⚫ Need knowledgeable and
skillful team members.
9. Leadership styles
3) Bureaucratic
⚫ Leader follow rules and
procedures without any
deviation
⚫ They Act as enforcer rather than
leader.
⚫ This style doesn't work in
organization that require staff to
be creative, innovative, and
flexible plus this style produce
culture of resentment..
⚫ Suitable for work involving high
level of health, safety , security
concerns.
4) Charismatic
⚫ Leaders instill inspiration,
motivation ,excitement and
commitment in staff.
⚫ They adept using body ,verbal
language can tailor their actions
and words to suit given situation
or person.
⚫ The team can become reliant on
one person and collapse if they
leave.
⚫ Similar to transformational
leader.
10. 5)Laissez –faire(Free rein style)
⚫ The leadership responsibilities are shared by all.
⚫ Leader doesn’t involved with people other than to provide
resources or advise if required.
⚫ Can be useful when team members are highly capable, able to
analyse the situation and close monitoring of decision is not
needed.
⚫ When there's full trust and confidence in the team members as it
depend on good teamwork and good interpersonal relation.
⚫ Not suitable for lesser experienced employees or poor self
motivation people.
⚫ This French phrase mean (let them do it)
11. 6)Task Orientated
⚫Focus only on getting the job done.
⚫Monitor and organize peoples work and put structure
,plan , roles ensure deadlines are met.
⚫Leaders work well with staff who can not self manage
their time.
12. Transformational and transactional
⚫ 7)Transformational
⚫ Leaders arouse emotions in their followers
which motivates them to act .
⚫ Leadership is proactive and forms new
expectations in followers.
⚫ Leaders are distinguished by their capacity
to inspirational motivation and provide
individualized consideration,
intellectual stimulation and idealized
influence to their followers.
⚫ Leaders create learning opportunities for
their followers and stimulate followers to
solve problems
⚫ Leaders possess good visioning, and
management skills, to develop strong
emotional bonds with followers
⚫ leader changes the organizational culture.
⚫ 8)Transactional
⚫ Leaders are aware of the link between the
effort and reward.
⚫ Leadership is responsive and its basic
orientation is dealing with present issues
⚫ Leaders rely on standard forms of
inducement, reward, punishment and
sanction to control followers.
⚫ Leaders motivate followers by setting goals
and promising rewards for desired
performance
⚫ Leadership depends on the leader’s power
to reinforce subordinates for their successful
completion of the bargain.
⚫ leaders work within the organizational
culture as it exists.
⚫ Transactional is four element contingent
reward, active management by exception,
passive management by exception and
laissez faire.
13. Leadership theories:-
⚫1-Great man Theory
⚫2-BehavioralTheory.
⚫ 3-Situational Theory.
⚫4-Contingency Theory.
⚫5-Trait Theory.
⚫6-ParticipativeTheory.
⚫7-MangementTheory.
⚫8-Servant Theory.
14. 1)Great man Theory
Great leader are born, not made.
They will arise when there's a greet need.
" leaders possess characteristics or traits not found in
the rest of the population. This concept is based on the
belief that great leaders are not made but born with
unique characteristics which allow them to rise to the
occasion during difficult periods in history to
overcome obstacles and lead their nation successfully.
15. 2)Behavioral theory
Based upon the belief that great leaders are made, not
born.
This leadership theory focuses on the actions of
leaders not on mental qualities or internal states,
According to this theory, people can learn to become
leaders through teaching and observation.
Country
club(accommodating)
Team leaderor
managment(sound)
Impoverished(indifferent)
Produce or perish authority-
compliance(dictatorial)
Middleof the
road(status quo)
High
High
Low
Low Concern forproduction
Concern For
people
16. Concern for people:-this level to which leader considers people , interests,
development and needs when accomplishing a task.
Concern for production:-this level to which leader emphasizes,
organizational , productivity when accomplishing a task.
Its known by managerial gird.
3)Situational leadership
Choosing the Right Leadership Style for the Right People
A)The Hersey-Blanchard Situational Leadership Theory was created by Dr
Paul Hersey, a professorand authorof "The Situational Leader," and Ken
Blanchard, authorof the best selling "The One-Minute Manager," among others.
The theory states that instead of using just one style, successful leaders should
change their leadershipstyles based on the maturityof the people they're leading
and thedetailsof the task.
Using this theory, leaders should beable to place moreor lessemphasison the
task, and more or less emphasis on the relationships with the people they're
leading, depending on what's needed toget the jobdone successfully.
17. Leadership styles
⚫ According to Hersey and Blanchard, there are four main leadership
styles:4S
⚫ Telling (S1) – Leaders tell their people exactly what to do, and how to do
it. (one way communication)
⚫ Selling (S2) – Leaders still provide information and direction, but
there's more communication with followers (two way). Leaders "sell"
their message to get the team on board.
⚫ Participating (S3) – Leaders focus more on the relationship and less
on direction. The leader works with the team, and shares decision-
making responsibilities.
⚫ Delegating (S4) – Leaders pass most of the responsibility onto the
follower or group. The leaders still monitor progress, but they're less
involved in decisions.
⚫ As you can see, styles S1 and S2 are focused on getting the task done.
Styles S3 and S4 are more concerned with developing team members'
abilities to work independently.
18. Maturity level
Maturity Maturity
level
Description
M1 Low People at this level of maturity are at the bottom level of the scale.
They lack the knowledge, skills, or confidence to work on their own,
and they often need to be pushed to take the task on.( unable,
unwilling)
M2 Moderate At this level, followers might be willing to work on the task, but they
still don't have the skills to do it successfully( unable ,willing )
M3 Moderate followers are ready and willing to help with the task. They have more
skills than the M2 group, but they're still not confident in their
abilities( capable , unwilling)
M4 High These followers are able to work on their own. They have high
confidence and strong skills, and they're committed to the task.(
capable ,willing )
According to Hersey and Blanchard, knowing when to use each style is
largely dependent on the maturity of the person or group you're
leading. They break maturity down into four different levels:
19. Development level
A good leader develops “the competence and commitment of their
people so they’re self-motivated rather than dependent on others for
direction and guidance.
According to Hersey's "the situational book ,the leader’s high, realistic
expectation causes high performance of followers; the leader’s low
expectations lead to low performance of followers.
According to Ken Blanchard, "Four combinations of competence and
commitment make up what we call 'development level.'“
“competence” mean (ability, knowledge, and skill)
“commitment” (confidence and motivation)
20.
21. B) Vroom and Yetton's Normative Model
⚫ Decision acceptance increases commitment and effectiveness of action.
⚫ Participation increases decision acceptance.
⚫ Vroom and Yetton defined five different decision procedures. Two are
autocratic (A1 and A2), two are consultative (C1 and C2) and one is
Group based (G2).
⚫ A1: Leader takes known information and then decides alone.
⚫ A2: Leader gets information from followers, and then decides alone.
⚫ C1: Leader shares problem with followers individually, listens to ideas
and then decides alone.
⚫ C2: Leader shares problems with followers as a group, listens to ideas
and then decides alone.
⚫ G2: Leader shares problems with followers as a group and then seeks
and accepts consensus agreement.
⚫ This types effect on decision quality and acceptance.
22. c) House Path-Goal Theory
⚫The Path-Goal Theory of Leadership was developed to
describe the way that leaders encourage and support their
followers in achieving the goals they have been set by
making the path that they should take clear and easy.
⚫In particular, leaders:
⚫1-Clarify the path so subordinates know which way to go.
⚫2-Remove roadblocks that are stopping them going there.
⚫3-Increasing the rewards along the route
⚫House and Mitchell (1974) describe four styles of leadership :
supportive ,directive, participative, achievement oriented.
23. 4) Contingency Theory
⚫ Contingency theory is similar to situational theory in that there is an
assumption of no simple one right way.
⚫ The main difference is that situational theory tends to focus more on the
behaviors that the leader should adopt, given situational factors (often
about follower behavior),
⚫ whereas contingency theory takes a broader view that includes contingent
factors about leader capability and other variables within the situation.
⚫ Fiedler's Least Preferred Co-worker (LPC) Theory
⚫ Leaders prioritize between task-focus and people-focus.
⚫ Relationships, power and task structure are the three key factors that drive effective
styles
⚫ Leader-Member Relations: The extent to which the leader has the support
and loyalties of followers and relations with them are friendly and
cooperative.
⚫ Task structure: The extent to which tasks are standardized, documented
and controlled.
⚫ Leader's Position-power: The extent to which the leader has authority to
assess follower performance and give reward or punishment
24. Fiedler identified the a Least Preferred Co-Worker scoring for leaders by asking
them first to think of a person with which they worked that they would like least
to work with again, and then to score the person on a range of scales between
positive factors (friendly, helpful, cheerful, etc.) and negative factors (unfriendly,
unhelpful, gloomy, etc.).
A high LPC leader generally scores the other person as positive and a low LPC
leader scores them as negative.
High LPC leaders tend to have close and positive relationships and act in a
supportive way, even prioritizing the relationship before the task.
Low LPC leaders put the task first and will turn to relationships only when they
are satisfied with how the work is going.
A high LPC approach is best when leader-member relations are poor, except
when the task is unstructured and the leader is weak, in which a low LPC style is
better.
25. 5)Trait theory
The trait model of leadership is based on the behavior and personality
characteristics of many leaders both successful and unsuccessful and is
used to predict leadership effectiveness.
Assume that people inherit certain qualities and traits that make them
better suited to leadership.(born not made)
The resulting lists of traits are then compared to those of potential leaders
to assess their likelihood of success or failure.
Successful leaders definitely have interests, abilities, and personality traits
that are different from those of the less effective leaders.
identify physiological (appearance, height, and weight), demographic (age,
education and socioeconomic background), personality, self-confidence,
and aggressiveness), intellective (intelligence, decisiveness, judgment, and
knowledge), task-related (achievement drive, initiative, and persistence),
and social characteristics (sociability and cooperativeness) charisma ,
flexibility ,creativity with leader emergence and leader effectiveness.
26. Advantages of theory
a) It serves as a yardstick against which the leadership traits of an individual can be
assessed
b) It gives a detailed knowledge and understanding of the leader element in the leadership
process.
c) The manager aware of their strengths and weaknesses and thus they get an
understanding of how they can develop their leadership qualities.
Limitations of The Trait Theory
a) The list of possible traits to be very long. More than 100 different traits of successful
leaders in various leadership positions have been identified.
b) There is also a disagreement over which traits are the most important for an effective
leader .
c) The model attempts to physical traits such as, height and weight, to effective leadership.
Most of these factors relate to situational factors. For example, a minimum weight and
height might be necessary to perform the tasks efficiently in a military leadership
position. In business organizations, these are not the requirements to be an effective
leader.
d) Not all traits are born some are developed .
e) How do we explain people who possess those qualities but are not leaders? This
question is one of the difficulties in using trait theories to explain leadership.
27. 6)Participative Theory:
⚫It’s the same of transformational style.
7) ManagementTheory:
⚫It’s the same of transactional style.
8)ServantTheory:
⚫The servant-leader is servant first… It begins with the
natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first.
Then conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead.
⚫Characteristics of being a servant leader
a)listening: communication skills is motivated to actively listen, hear
what is not said.
b)Empathy: employees are seen as needing appreciation and respect.
c)Healing: problem solver ,manages conflict.
28. d)Awareness: self and general awareness, holistic
e)Persuasion: convince not coerce
f)Conceptualization: personal vision, implements goals and strategy,
think outside limits of business.
g)Foresight: can see what could happen, learn and reflect on the past and
can use this in future.
h)Stewardship: openness and persuasion are more important than
control
j)Commitment to growth: people have value beyond what they can
contribute, everyone involved in decision, personal ,professional and
spiritual growth.
k)Community building: within the organization and between
organizations.
29. Facts
⚫ A good leader inspires people to have confidence in their leader
while a greet leader inspires people to have confidence in
themselves.
⚫ A leader is one who inspires, motivates, and leads people to
accomplish the organizational goals.
⚫ “You don’t have to be in a management position to be a leader,
leaders are found throughout all levels in an organization”
⚫ “Leadership plays a major role in determining the success or
failure of an organization”
“Leadership skills can be developed, if you want to be a successful
leader you must work to develop your skills.”
⚫ “Leadership is the ability to direct people, more important, to
have those people accept that direction”. (Lombardi, 2001)
30. Its better to lead from behind and to put others
in front,
especially when you celebrate victory when nice
things occur.
you take front line when theirs danger.
then people will appreciate your leadership.
(Nelson Mandela)